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kamal al-Din رزAbd al-Razzaq al-Marqandi (d. 816-887 AH) is one of the historians of the Timurid era. It is based on Iranian and Islamic traditions. Accordingly, the present study seeks to answer the question: How are the Mongolian traditions, cultural, cultural and historical traditions of Iranian society and its impact on the post-patriarchal political legitimacy reflected in the thought of Kamaluddin Abdul Razzaq Samarkandi?The result of the research, which has been done with a descriptive-analytical approach, indicates that: tribal traditions such as the Timurids' union with the Mongol Berlas tribe, the racial duality of courtiers, the continuity and continuity of Iranian identity from antiquity to the Timurid period, linking Iranian culture with Islamic identity, special attention to the coherence of Shari'a and Tariqah, attention to the principles of Iranshahri and its components including culture, the coherence of religion and politics and justice and the judiciary are the most important ideas of Samarkandi in identifying Iranian identity existed in the Timurid era, which resulted in the granting of political legitimacy to the Timurid rulers and the justification of their rule.

Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth infestation is one of the major constraints to maize production in the Nigeria savannas. The application of nitrogen fertilizer to Striga-resistant hybrids may reduce Striga infection and increase grain yields. The objective of this study was to assess the performance of six maize hybrids at low (30 kg ha−1) and high (120 kg ha−1) nitrogen application under natural infestation with Striga in northern Nigeria in 2014 and 2015. The two nitrogen rates and the six hybrids were arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. The nitrogen treatment was assigned to the main plot while the maize hybrids were assigned to the subplot. Data were collected on number of emerged Striga plants, Striga damage score, total dry matter and grain yield. Results showed that the application of nitrogen at 120 kg ha−1 reduced the number of Striga plants by 58% compared to application at 30 kg N ha−1 in Kafin Madaki and by 48% in Tudun Wada. Nitrogen application at 120 kg N ha−1 also reduced Striga damage rating by 22% in Kafin Madaki and by 33% in Tudun Wada. Both the commercial hybrid (OBASUPER 1) and the susceptible hybrid (8338-1) exhibited higher Striga damage ratings compared to the new hybrids at both locations. Grain yield was 86 and 98% higher in Kafin Madaki and Tudun Wada, respectively, when N was applied at 120 kg N ha−1 than at 30 kg N ha−1. The hybrids M1124-3 and M1227-14 produced grain yields that were significantly higher than those of the other hybrids in all locations. Our results showed that the application of 120 kg N ha−1 to Striga-resistant maize hybrids will reduce Striga infection and increase grain yield.

This study explores the entrepreneurial landscape of Warmindo ventures established by the Kuningan community in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, with a particular focus on the perspective of Sharia entrepreneurship. The research explores the motivations, strategies, and success factors behind these ventures, considering both the entrepreneurs' aspirations and the perceptions of their primary customer base, namely the students of Universitas Islam Indonesia (UII). Drawing upon a combination of field research and literature review, the study employs qualitative descriptive methods, including in-depth interviews with Warmindo entrepreneurs and UII students. The comparative analysis juxtaposes the findings with existing literature on conventional and Islamic entrepreneurship, shedding light on the alignment between economic goals and religious values among the Kuningan community entrepreneurs. The results indicate a prevailing focus on material prosperity among Warmindo entrepreneurs, with limited attention to spiritual fulfillment or adherence to Sharia principles in their business practices. Conversely, UII students exhibit a nuanced perspective, emphasizing the importance of ethical business conduct and the integration of religious values in economic endeavors. Despite the stagnancy observed in the entrepreneurs' economic goals, there is potential for growth and alignment with Sharia principles through increased awareness and education on Islamic entrepreneurship.

Kamal al-Din Abdul Razzaq Samarkandi (816-887 AH) is one of the historians of the Timurid era who, by examining his most important historical work called Informed Al-Saadin and the Bahrain Assembly, can be seen that he has entered the field of identity approaches based on Iranian and Islamic traditions. Accordingly, the present research seeks to answer the question: How are the Mongolian traditions, cultural, cultural and historical identity of Iranian society and its impact on postpatriarchal political legitimacy reflected in the thought of Kamaluddin Abdul Razzaq Samarkandi? The results of the research conducted with a descriptiveanalytical approach indicate that: tribal traditions such as the Timurids' union with the Mongol Berlas tribe, the racial duality of courtiers, the continuity and continuity of Iranian identity from antiquity to the Timurids, the connection of Iranian culture with Islamic identity. Paying special attention to the continuity of Sharia and Tariqat, paying attention to the principles of Iranshahri and its components such as Farhaizadi, the connection of religion and politics and justice and the judiciary are the most important ideas of Samarkand in identifying Iranian identity in the Timurid era. It has been their rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article summarises previous studies on corruption in the rural sector after Indonesia's Village Law was passed. It uses a non-systematic multidisciplinary survey of forty peerreviewed social science literature from 2014-2023 in the Scopus and Google Scholar databases to explore various complex factors that lead to village fund corruption and the set of conceptually proposed intervention measures to fight it. Public officials have frequently misused the granted autonomy, as proved by the rampant corruption in recent years. Beyond direct financial motives and low salaries, inadequate information provision and institutional weaknesses emerge as additional contributors to corruption. Various tactics, including manipulation of budgets, creation of fictitious reports, hindrance of public facility construction, misappropriation through unproductive enterprises, establishment of "ghost" villages, and solicitation of bribes, are employed by corruptors. Previous authors suggested that effective village governance can prevent and address such a worst maladministration by implementing robust practices like internal control, accountability, transparency, and compliance with regulations. Other proposed solutions to combat village fund corruption are empowering village officials, using advanced technologies, intensifying external audits, getting the community more involved, and enforcing strict legal sanctions. This overview urges evidence-based policies, collaboration, and systemic efforts for inclusive development and equitable outcomes in Indonesia's rural areas. While macro-level studies and specific effective formulas still need to be improved, we call for future research to address this gap by conducting a rigorous exploration of village corruption and producing the best ways to stop it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of Ahlu sunnah wal jamaah (Aswaja) remains a subject of frequent debate. This article endeavors to provide a comprehensive exploration of the Aswaja concept through the perspective of the archipelago scholar, K. Abu Fadlol As-Senori, a disciple of KH. Hashim Ash`ari, the founder of the Nahdlatul Ulama. This article also strives to establish a connection between the concept of Aswaja as it is found and the Aswaja concept of KH. Hashim Ash`ari. This research is a descriptive-qualitative study. This study revealed that Aswaja, as defined by K. Abul Fadlol, encompasses four distinct groups: (1) the Muhadditsin, (2) the Sufiyyah (3) the Ash'ariyah and (4) Maturidiyah. As a student of KH. Hashim Ash`ari, the Aswaja concept of K. Abul Fadlol has a very big aspect of similarity. The concept of Aswaja from both becomes the foundation for building moderation in religion. Both also reject hardline Islamists who claim to be Aswaja

This research investigates the encountered problems and strategies for teaching English to an inclusive classroom comprised of law-conflicted students. This research is based on an educational ethnography study conducted in Tojong-Ojong in Central Lombok District, Indonesia. This research highlights on the issues regarding the problems faced and strategies applied by the English teacher, challenging teachers' capability to assist the troubled students on the subject, their utilization of teaching approach with limited learning resources while adjusting the needs of these students, and managing the impact of internal and external on students' engagement and disengagement in the learning process. This penitentiary applies to equivalency program of A,B,C packages. However, this study focuses on protégés with C-Package equivalency, involving 12 students in total. There is only 1 certified English teacher assisted with a tutor without significant teaching qualification. Qualitative method was applied in this study by combining teacher interview, students' questionnaire, observation with video and audio recording, and field notes. The results of the collected data shows several problems occurred during the teaching and learning process and what strategies used by teacher to overcome them. The problems and strategies were categorized into three parts. The problems were concerning (1) teacher-related, (2) student-related and (3) teaching-related problems, while the strategies including (1) course materials, (2) teaching approach, and (3) teacher strategies.