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The diagnosis and treatment of bone disorders in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) represent a clinical challenge. CKD leads to mineral and bone complications starting early in the course of renal failure. Recently, we have observed the positive relationship between intensified central kynurenine turnover and bone strength in rats with subtotal 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6 Nx)-induced CKD. The aim of the present study was to determine the association between peripheral kynurenine pathway metabolites and bone strength in rats with 5/6 Nx-induced CKD. The animals were sacrificed 1 and 3 months after 5/6 Nx or sham operation. Nephrectomized rats presented higher concentrations of serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, and parathyroid hormone both 1 and 3 months after nephrectomy. These animals revealed higher concentrations of kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine in the serumand higher gene expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) as a physiological receptor for kynurenine and AhR-dependent cytochrome in the bone tissue. Furthermore, nephrectomy significantly increased the number of osteoclasts in the bone without affecting their resorptive activity measured in serum. These changes were particularly evident in rats 1 month after 5/6 Nx. The main bone biomechanical parameters of the tibia were unchanged between nephrectomized and sham-operated rats but were significantly increased in older compared to younger animals. A similar trend was observed for geometrical parameters measured with calipers, bone mineral density based on Archimedes' method and image of bone microarchitecture obtained from micro-computed tomography analyses of tibial cortical bone. In nephrectomized animals, peripheral kynurenine levels correlated negatively with the main parameters of bone biomechanics, bone geometry, and bone mineral density values. In conclusion, our data suggest that CKD-induced elevated levels of peripheral kynurenine cause pathological changes in bone structure via AhR pathway. This finding opens new opportunities for the treatment/prevention of osteoporosis in CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I Diagnostics i was able to uphold its high standards for published papers due to the outstanding efforts of our reviewers. Regardless of whether the articles they examined were ultimately published, the editors would like to express their appreciation and thank the following reviewers for the time and dedication that they have shown I Diagnostics i : hose of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). Thanks to the efforts of our reviewers in 2022, the median time to first decision was 18 days and the median time to publication was 38 days. [Extracted from the article]

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2021, 10, 865 37 of 99 Hudson, Geoffrey Iacono, Pierluigi Huebner, Hanna Iacopi, Elisabetta Hueso, Miguel Iaculli, Flavia Hugelshofer, Michael Ianiro, Gianluca Hughes, Christopher V. Iannaccone, Andrea Hughes, David T. Iannuzzi, Clara Hughes, Jennifer Iasevoli, Felice Huh, Joo Young Iatí, Giuseppe Huhn, Ragnar Ibáñez-Costa, Alejandro Huling, Jennifer Ichibori, Yasuhiro Hull, Chris Ichida, Fukiko Hull, Louise Ichikawa, Hajime Hüls, Anke Ichikawa, Tetsuo Hulsebosch, Claire E. Ickmans, Kelly Hultcrantz, Rolf Idicula, Titto T Hultdin, Johan Idolazzi, Luca Hultin, Magnus Idrovo, Juan-Pablo Hultqvist, Jenny Ierardi, Enzo Humenberger, Michael Ifantides, Cristos Humpel, Christian Iga, Junichi Humrich, Jens Y. Iglesias-Osma, Maria Carmen Hung, Kenneth Iglseder, Bernhard Hung, Li-Fang Ignee, Andre Hunt, Beverley Jane Ignjatovic, Vera Hunt, William R. Igoe, Ann Hunter, Elizabeth G. Ihemelandu, Chukwuemeka Huotari, Matti Iijima, Kazutoshi Hupin, David Iijima, Takehiko Huppler, Anna R. Ijare, Omkar B. Hurford, William Ikada, Yoshito Hurtado-Fernández, Elena Ikeda, Keigo Hurtubise, Karen Ikeda, Youko Husby, Paul J. A. Ikeda, Yuki Huselstein, Céline Ikegaya, Naoki Hussain, Mulazim Ikezawa, Kenji Hussain, Rashad Ikuta, Toshikazu Hussain, Sultana Monira Ilatovskaya, Daria Husson, Olga Ildefonso, Cristhian J. Hutt, Axel Iliadi, Anna Huttner, Inken Iliescu, Cezar A. Hutton, George Joseph Iliou, Marie Christine Huynh-Do, Uyen Illek, Beate Hwang, Hun-Gyu Illuminati, Giulio Hwang, Hyeon Seok Ilves, Outi Hwang, Jae-Joon Imai, Chihaya Hwang, Ki-Chul Imai, Hisao Hwang, Mark Imai, Yoichi Hwang, Seung Rim Imamura, Masahiro Hwang, Yong Il Imamura, Teruhiko Hwu, Ruth S. Imamura, Yoshiki Hyatt, Hayden Imataki, Osamu Hyer, Steve Imbert, Véronique Hyink, Deborah Pinson Imbery, Terence A. Hynnekleiv, Torfinn Immins, Tikki Hytti, Maria Impellizzeri, Alessandra Iaccarino, Guido Impellizzeri, Pietro Iaccino, Enrico Inaki, Noriyuki J. Clin. [Extracted from the article]

Peer review is the driving force of journal development, and reviewers are gatekeepers who ensure that the I International Journal of Molecular Sciences i maintains its standards for the high quality of its published papers. Thanks to the cooperation of our reviewers, in 2020, the median time to first decision was 15 days and the median time to publication was 33 days. [Extracted from the article]

2021, 11, 63 8 of 10 Ramadan, Qasem M. Samiotaki, Martina Ramírez Sánchez, Manuel Sandra, Lopez-Leon Ramkhelawon, Bhama Sandritter, Tracy L. Ramos, Erivan Sandy-Hodgetts, Kylie Ramos-Petersen, Laura Santos, Jerran Ranstam, Jonas Sanz, Miguel A. Rao, Rammohan V. Sasagawa, Masa Rasool, Suhail Satitsuksanoa, Pattraporn Ratajczak, Monika Schaefer, Bradley Rather, Gulam Schiavone, Marco Raya-González, Javier Schmutzler, Andreas Raymond, Josette Schuchardt, Mirjam Raz, Vered Schultz, Stephen Rekaya, Romdhane Schumm, Walter R. Remijn, Lianne Scicchitano, Pietro Rengo, Marco Scioscia, Crescenzio Respino, Matteo Scomparin, Anna Reszka, Edyta Scoppola, Alessandro Revuri, Vishnu Seguí-Ripoll, José Miguel Ribas-Maynou, Jordi Sellers, Diane Ricchiuto, Piero Senbonmatsu, Takaaki Riccò, Matteo Sepuru, Krishna Mohan Rivera, Victor Serafini, Gianluca Rizos, Emmanouil Serralheiro, Pedro Roca, Josep Setty, Bhuvana Roceanu, Adina Sfondrini, Maria Francesca Rodrigues, Célia F. Shah, Jainil Rodriguez, Anna Shah, Ravi Rodríguez, Matías Morín Shan, Zack Y Rodriguez-Lafrasse, Claire Shankar, Eswar Romeo, Domenico Sharma, Umakant Rossi, Amerigo Sheng, Kuanwei Rossi, Gemma Sherratt, R. Simon Rossides, Marios Shibata, Yasushi Rozerta, Sokou Shibukawa, Goro Rubben, Albert Shidal, Chris Rückschloß, Thomas Shin, Donghee Ruiz, Manuel J. Shmatov, Mikhail Rüppel, Jonas Short, Michala Saba, Laura Shui, Hao-ai Sabloff, Mitchell Shukla, Surendra Kumar Sachmechi, Issac Siegel, Tiffany Porta Sadée, Wolfgang Silva, Catarina Saenz De Viteri Vazquez, Manuel Silva, Mihiri Saito, Yuichi Sirbu, Ovidiu Sak, Jaros law J. Skladany, Lubomir Sakata, Naoaki Skonieczna- Zydecka, Karolina Sakkas, Giorgos K. Skuja, Sandra Saku, Takashi So, Jonathan Salamon, Katherine S. Sokol, Elizabeth Salehzadeh-Yazdi, Ali Sokolis, Dimitrios P. J. Pers. [Extracted from the article]