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1. Design of Ex-Vessel Magnetic Probes for JET-EP

Author

G. Chitarin, F. Basso, V. Coccorese, S. Peruzzo, N. Pomaro, T. Edlington, C. Sowden, S. Cramp, K. Fullard, JET-EFDA contributors, G., Chitarin, F., Basso, Coccorese, Vincenzo, S., Peruzzo, N., Pomaro, T., Edlington, C., Sowden, S., Cramp, K., FULLARD AND JET EFDA CONTRIBUTORS, and K., Fullard

Subjects
Physics, Jet (fluid), magnetic equilibrium, JET, magnetic measurements, Magnetic structure, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Rotational symmetry, magnetic diagnostics, Flux, Plasma, Fusion power, Magnetic field, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, ex-vessel system, JET-EP, General Materials Science, Plasma diagnostics, Aerospace engineering, business, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

A new magnetic diagnostics system has been designed for the 2005 JET experimental campaigns onward. The system, which is integrated into the existing magnetic diagnostics, consists of in-vessel and ex-vessel sensors, and is intended to provide an improvement in the accuracy and reliability of the present equilibrium reconstruction and iron modelling capabilities [V. Coccorese, et al., Design of new magnetic sensors for JET, in: Proceedings of the 15th Topical Conference High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics, April 19–22, 2004, San Diego, CA, USA, in press]. In this paper, the ex-vessel system is described, which consists of an array of pick-up coils, Hall probes and flux loops probes to be installed in the proximity of the upper horizontal iron limbs and inside the iron collar. The sensors are designed to produce an absolute measurement of the magnetic field configuration in the vicinity of the magnetic structure of the machine, which is considered valuable information for the tuning of the axisymmetric models used for plasma equilibrium reconstruction. On the basis of recent results obtained with Hall probe prototypes on JET, the choice of type and location of probes, together with other design and manufacturing issues of the ex-vessel magnetic diagnostics are presented and discussed.

Published
2005
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2. Status of the halo current sensor project for JET-EP

Author

P. Sonato, W.R. Baker, P. Beaumon, C. Damiani, P. Fiorentin, A. Guigon, K .Fullard, A. Goodyear, L .Grando, S.Huntley, N .Lam, A. Lioure, A. Loving, D. Marcuzzi, S. Mills, S. Peruzzo, N. Pomaro, V. Riccardo, M. Way, and JET-EFDA Contributors

Subjects
Physics, Tokamak, Toroid, Toroidal and poloidal, halo currents, Mechanical Engineering, halo current sensors, Plasma, Mechanics, Fusion power, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, JET, law, Electromagnetic coil, ITER, JET-EP, General Materials Science, Current sensor, Rogowski coil, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

Halo currents (HCs), flowing through the plasma and the vacuum vessel during plasma disruptive events, induce severe mechanical stresses in the plasma facing components and in the vessel, and are a major concern for present and future fusion experiments like ITER. The new system of halo current sensors (HCS) designed for JET-EP (enhanced performance, EP) should help to evaluate HC density distribution, localization and rotation as well as toroidal and poloidal current asymmetries. The HCS system will include four identical mechanical structures each including eight Rogowski coils and two toroidal pick-up coils. The Rogowski coils will measure directly the current flowing through some of the tiles of the upper dump plate. The toroidal field pick-up coils will estimate the total poloidal HC. The coil assemblies are installed at the top of the vessel close to secondary X-point in four octants equally spaced along the toroidal coordinate. In the paper, the design and the manufacturing of the HCS system are presented in detail.

Published
2005
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3. QTL and association analysis for skin and fibre pigmentation in sheep provides evidence of a major causative mutation and epistatic effects

Author

Herman W. Raadsma, K. Fullard, Elisabeth Jonas, Colin Cavanagh, Imke Tammen, Peter C. Thomson, Malcolm R Fleet, and Jaime Gongora

Subjects
Genetics, education.field_of_study, Candidate gene, Pigmentation, Wool, Quantitative Trait Loci, Haplotype, Population, Epistasis, Genetic, General Medicine, Quantitative trait locus, Biology, Major gene, Quantitative Trait, Heritable, Mutation, Animals, Epistasis, Microsatellite, Animal Science and Zoology, education, Sheep, Domestic, Genetic association
Abstract

Summary The pursuits of white features and white fleeces free of pigmented fibre have been important selection objectives for many sheep breeds. The cause and inheritance of non-white colour patterns in sheep has been studied since the early 19th century. Discovery of genetic causes, especially those which predispose pigmentation in white sheep, may lead to more accurate selection tools for improved apparel wool. This article describes an extended QTL study for 13 skin and fibre pigmentation traits in sheep. A total of 19 highly significant, 10 significant and seven suggestive QTL were identified in a QTL mapping experiment using an Awassi × Merino × Merino backcross sheep population. All QTL on chromosome 2 exceeded a LOD score of greater than 4 (range 4.4–30.1), giving very strong support for a major gene for pigmentation on this chromosome. Evidence of epistatic interactions was found for QTL for four traits on chromosomes 2 and 19. The ovine TYRP1 gene on OAR 2 was sequenced as a strong positional candidate gene. A highly significant association (P

Published
2013
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4. Design of the new magnetic sensors for Joint European Torus

Author

S. Cramp, H. Altmann, A. Loving, Angelo Cenedese, N. Pomaro, C. A. Marren, T. Edlington, Simone Peruzzo, V. Riccardo, F. Basso, F. DegliAgostini, Filippo Sartori, Jet Efda contributors, S.N. Gerasimov, K. Fullard, V. Coccorese, E. McCarron, Raffaele Albanese, E. R. Solano, Giuseppe Chitarin, S. Huntley, N. Lam, J. Tidmarsh, Diego Marcuzzi, Luca Grando, C. Sowden, Coccorese, Vincenzo, Albanese, Raffaele, H., Altmann, S., Cramp, T., Edlington, K., Fullard, S., Gerasimov, S., Huntley, N., Lam, A., Loving, V., Riccardo, F., Sartori, C., Marren, E., Mccarron, C., Sowden, J., Tidmarsh, JET EFDA, Contributor, F., Basso, A., Cenedese, G., Chitarin, F., Degli Agostini, L., Grando, D., Marcuzzi, S., Peruzzo, N., Pomaro, and E. R., Solano

Subjects
Physics, Jet (fluid), NUCLEAR FUSION, PLASMA, Acoustics, Divertor, Joint European Torus, Fluid mechanics, Plasma, INSTRUMENTS, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Electromagnetic coil, Limiter, Magnetohydrodynamics, Instrumentation
Abstract

A new magnetic diagnostics system has been designed for the 2005 Joint European Torus (JET) experimental campaigns onward. The new system, which adds to the existing sensors, aims to improve the JET safety, reliability, and performance, with respect to: (i) equilibrium reconstruction; (ii) plasma shape control; (iii) coil failures; (iv) VDEs; (v) iron modeling; and (vi) magnetohydrodynamics poloidal mode analysis. The system consists of in-vessel and ex-vessel sensors. The former are a set of 38 coil pairs (normal and tangential), located as near as possible to the plasma. Coils are generally grouped in rails, in order to ease remote handling in-vessel installation. The system includes: (i) two outer poloidal limiter arrays (2x7 coil pairs); (ii) two divertor region arrays (2x7 coil pairs); and (iii) two top coil arrays (2x5 coil pairs). Ex-vessel sensors, including discrete coils, Hall probes, and flux loops (26 in total) will be installed on the iron limbs, in order to provide experimental data for the treatment of iron in equilibrium codes. The design is accompanied by a software analysis, aiming to predict the expected improvement. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics.

Published
2004
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5. Upgraded bolometer system on JET for improved radiation measurements

Author

A. Jachmich, L. C. Ingesson, R.A. Pitts, G. F. Matthews, Jet-Efda Contributors, W. Fundamenski, S. Sanders, V. Philipps, A. Huber, Julia Fuchs, Ph. Mertens, W. Zeidner, F. Mast, J. Fink, S. Dalley, P. Beaumont, K. McCormick, K. Fullard, and P. Andrew

Subjects
Physics, Accuracy and precision, Tokamak, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Divertor, Bolometer, Radiation, law.invention, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Temporal resolution, General Materials Science, Tomography, business, Image resolution, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

Two new main-vessel bolometric cameras (KB5) with horizontal and vertical views of the plasma cross-section have been installed on JET, providing a substantial upgrade in capabilities: more viewing chords (24 chords for each camera), higher energy range (up to 8 keV), higher sensitivity (∼6.2 V/W), lower noise and therefore, lower detectable signals (∼2 μW/cm 2 at a bandwidth of 200 Hz), higher temporal resolution (∼2 ms). In addition, three new dedicated divertor bolometer cameras (KB3) with 12 lines-of-sight in total, optimised views and technical improvements have replaced the old ones. The combination of KB3 and KB5 systems provides measurements with significantly improved spatial resolution, allowing the divertor and main chamber radiation fractions to be clearly resolved. The sensitivity measured with an in situ electrical method matches very well with that obtained using a light source calibration. The deviation between the two methods is less than 7% and is in the range of the measurement accuracy. The experimentally measured geometric functions closely match those computed using the design values of geometry. Tomographic reconstructions of high density divertor plasmas with ITER-like configuration are presented which clearly demonstrate the capability of the new diagnostic.

Published
2007
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6. Improved radiation measurements on JET – First results from an upgraded bolometer system

Author

S. Jachmich, Julia Fuchs, Jet-Efda Contributors, M. R. de Baar, S. Sanders, K. Fullard, S. Dalley, G. F. Matthews, F. Mast, G. Kirnev, Juergen Rapp, P. Beaumont, L. C. Ingesson, M. F. Stamp, A. G. Meigs, K. McCormick, P. Andrew, A. Huber, V. Philipps, P. Lomas, W. Zeidner, R. Sartori, Ph. Mertens, W. Fundamenski, G. Saibene, and J. Fink

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Jet (fluid), business.industry, Divertor, Bolometer, Plasma, Radiation, Fusion power, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, General Materials Science, business, Image resolution, Ohmic contact
Abstract

To improve the quality of radiation measurements, two new bolometric cameras with horizontal and vertical views of the plasma cross-section have been installed on JET. These cameras provide measurements with significantly improved spatial resolution, allowing the divertor and main chamber radiation fractions to be clearly resolved. Analysis of radiation profiles under attached and detached divertor conditions as well during the formation of an X-point MARFE (XPM) close to an ohmic density limit are presented. The radiation power fraction y = P rad /P heat increases from 0.5 to 0.8 just before XPM onset. A large fraction of this radiation is located in the divertor (P div rad /P tot rad = 0.56 at low density and about 0.67 at XPM onset). In addition, spatial distributions of radiation in recent ITER-like configuration discharges are presented.

Published
2007
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7. Development review of transient recorders with onboard isolation on JET

Author

A. Horton, B. Alper, P. Thomas, S. E. Dorling, M. Jennison, R. Lucock, K. Fullard, and C. Perry

Subjects
Jet (fluid), Tokamak, business.industry, Computer science, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical engineering, law.invention, Data acquisition, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Sampling (signal processing), law, Control system, General Materials Science, Isolation (database systems), Transient (oscillation), business, Galvanic isolation, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

The JET tokamak is currently using about 7000 transient recorder channels for data acquisition, mainly sampling at 5 kHz but including a few at 1 MHz or higher. Nearly half of the channels are provided by module designs with front ends that are galvanically isolated to over 1000 V. Performing analogue-to-digital conversion before isolation provides many benefits. This paper reviews three such designs that have been commissioned or developed by control and data acquisition systems (CODAS) personnel over the past 10 years and examines the trends.

Published
2006
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8. Assembly, installation and commissioning of the new halo current sensors system for JET

Author

Peruzzo S., K. Fullard, L.Grando, S. Huntley, N. Lam, N. Pomaro, V. Riccardo, P. Sonato, and JET-EFDA contributors

Subjects
Halo currents, Jet (fluid), Toroid, Computer science, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Toroidal field, Phase (waves), VDE, Fusion power, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Disruptions, Rogowski coils, General Materials Science, JET-EP, Halo, Aerospace engineering, Current (fluid), business, Rogowski coil, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

This paper presents the status of the halo current sensors (HCS) diagnostic enhancement project for JET. The HCS system includes four sets of probes located in four octants equally spaced along the toroidal coordinate, with a total of 24 Rogowski coils and 5 toroidal field pick-up coils. These sensors are meant to provide a measurement of the current flowing through each single tile of the upper dump plate and an estimate of the total poloidal halo current flowing through the first wall structures. The HCS system was installed in the JET vacuum vessel in March 2005 during the 2004/2005 shutdown and the acquisition of signals started during the restart phase of the machine in autumn 2005. This paper firstly summarises the critical aspects encountered during the final phase of the procurement of the system and the in-vessel installation, which was accomplished using the remote handling system. The paper then focuses on the analysis and interpretation of the data collected during the functional commissioning of the new system, carried out during the restart phase of the machine preceding the experimental campaigns.

Published
2007
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10. Design of the New Magnetic Sensors for JET

Author

COCCORESE, VINCENZO, ALBANESE, Raffaele, H. ALTMANN, F. BASSO, A. CENEDESE, G. CHITARIN, S. CRAMP, F. DEGLIAGOSTINI, T. EDLINGTON, K. FULLARD, S. GERASIMOV, L. GRANDO, S. HUNTLEY, N. LAM, A. LOVING, D. MARCUZZI, C. MARREN, E. MC CARRON, S. PERUZZO, N. POMARO, V. RICCARDO, F. SARTORI, C. SOWDEN, J. TIDMARSH AND JET EFDA CONTRIBUTORS, Coccorese, Vincenzo, Albanese, Raffaele, H., Altmann, F., Basso, A., Cenedese, G., Chitarin, S., Cramp, F., Degliagostini, T., Edlington, K., Fullard, S., Gerasimov, L., Grando, S., Huntley, N., Lam, A., Loving, D., Marcuzzi, C., Marren, E., MC CARRON, S., Peruzzo, N., Pomaro, V., Riccardo, F., Sartori, C., Sowden, and J., TIDMARSH AND JET EFDA CONTRIBUTORS

Abstract

A new Magnetic Diagnostics system has been designed for the 2005 JET experimental campaigns onward. The new system, which adds to the existing sensors, aims to improve the JET safety,reliability and performance, with respect to: i) equilibrium reconstruction; ii) plasma shape control; iii) coil failures; iv) VDEs; v) iron modelling; vi) MHD poloidal mode analysis. The system consists of in-vessel and ex-vessel sensors. The former are a set of 38 coil pairs (normal and tangential), located as near as possible to the plasma. Coils are generally grouped in rails, in order to ease Remote Handling invessel installation. The system includes: i) 2 outer poloidal limiter arrays (2 x 7 coil pairs); ii) 2 Divertor region arrays (2 x 7 coil pairs); iii) 2 Top coil arrays (2 x 5 coil pairs). Ex-vessel sensors, including discrete coils, Hall probes and flux loops (26 in total) will be installed on the iron limbs, in order to provide experimental data for the treatment of iron in equilibrium codes. The design is accompanied by a software analysis, aiming to predict the expected improvement.

Published
2004

11. Latest JET results in deuterium and deuterium - tritium plasmas

Author

I. D. Young, N. Bainbridge, N. Dolgetta, R. A. M. Van der Linden, Philip Andrew, S. M. Scott, C. Caldwell-Nichols, R. Reichle, D. Campling, J. Mills, D.F.H. Start, P. G. Doyle, L.-G. Eriksson, A. Taroni, F.G. Rimini, T. Winkel, G. Corrigan, P. Breger, J. J. Davis, W. Zwingmann, M. Cox, L. Scibile, M. Gadeberg, B. Alper, S. Knipe, M.L. Watkins, P. Schild, C. D. Challis, A. Meigs, T. Lovegrove, C. Ingesson, E. Traneus, E. Deksnis, R. Mohanti, P. Miele, D.J. Ward, D. Stork, L. Galbiati, H. E. Clarke, M.A. Pick, B. Fischer, A. M. Edwards, L. Svensson, R. König, W. Parsons, M. De Benedetti, P. Noll, S. Papastergiou, N. C. Hawkes, B. Esposito, D. Ciric, G. McCracken, F. Hurd, A. Burt, R.D. Monk, J.K. Ehrenberg, J.P. Christiansen, A. Vadgama, J. M. Adams, R. D. Gill, J.G. Cordey, A. Gibson, Wolfgang Kerner, P. E. Stott, D. O'Brien, D. Bond, D. Young, T. Elevant, G. Vlases, M. Fichtmuller, R. Ostrom, M. von Hellermann, J. Tait, B. Haist, J.C.M. de Haas, P. Smith, R. Giannella, R. Claesen, N. P. Hawkes, M. Ottaviani, G. Fishpool, A. Howman, P. A. McCullen, A. C. Bell, A. Tabasso, R. Simonini, K. Guenther, N. Zornig, Q. Yu, V. Schmidt, N. Deliyanakis, J. How, Y. Baranov, I. Coffey, Michael Loughlin, S. A. Arshad, B. Patel, B. E. Keen, L. Lauro-Taroni, A. Kaye, P. Kupschus, D. Chiron, Shane Cooper, P. Chuilon, H. Altmann, M. Brandon, T. T. C. Jones, Y. Ul'Haq, D.V. Bartlett, F. Junique, F. Soldner, B. Ingram, C. Terella, R. Smith, G. Newbert, C. Lowry, B. Schunke, B.J.D. Tubbing, L. D. Horton, J. Jacquinot, N. G. Kidd, P. Card, J.P. Coad, P.R. Thomas, P. Barker, F. Nave, A. Sibley, P. Stangeby, T. P. Hughes, R. Parkinson, G.A. Cottrell, C. F. Maggi, S. E. Sharapov, R. Saunders, C. Gowers, A. Gondhalekar, J.A. Hoekzema, D. Wilson, A. Tanga, H. Brelen, E. Springmann, A.W. Edwards, S. J. Davies, K. Fullard, D. Martin, L. Roquemore, Ambrogio Fasoli, R. Walton, P.D. Morgan, A. Peacock, G. Murphy, J. G. Krom, W. Zhang, M. Salisbury, S. Clement, C. Gormezano, P. Nielsen, K. D. Lawson, G. Conway, M. J. Watson, D. Godden, O. Pogutse, G. Saibene, H. Guo, T. Wade, J. W. Farthing, J. L. Hemmerich, P. Svensson, S. Puppin, S. K. Erents, J.A. Dobbing, M. Johnson, P. Strachen, Henrik Bindslev, L. Rossi, P. Twyman, K. Blackler, H. Jaeckel, T. Bonicelli, S. E. Dorling, G. Matthews, M. L. Browne, B. Schokker, P. van Belle, A. C. Maas, J. F. Jaeger, H. Duquenoy, A. Rolfe, H. McBryan, P. Ageladarakis, Filippo Sartori, O.N. Jarvis, S. Ericsson, T. Hender, A. Paynter, T. Businaro, V. Riccardo, M. Huart, M. J. Mantsinen, F. Milani, A. Rossi, M. Keilhacker, P. Brennan, P. J. Lomas, Robin Barnsley, Annika Ekedahl, M. Endler, G. Radford, J. F. Junger, A. V. Chankin, P. Stubberfield, Jan Egedal, E. M. Jones, N. Davies, H.P.L. de Esch, B. Balet, D.D.R. Summers, C. Perry, A. Santagiustina, G. T. A. Huysmans, V. V. Parail, K. Thomsen, D. Bailey, J. Mart, A. Dines, M. Irving, G.J. Sadler, V.P. Bhatnagar, E. Righi, E. Oord, R. Stagg, A. C. C. Sips, W. J. Brewerton, R. T. Ross, H. D. Falter, F. Jensen, Sean Conroy, V. Marchese, Nicholas Watkins, M. Lennholm, J. Spence, M.F. Stamp, T. Budd, P. J. Harbour, M. Schmid, M. Buzio, B. Macklin, S. L. Dmitrenko, P. Smeulders, R. Middleton, D.H.J. Goodall, F.B. Marcus, J. Dorr, S. J. Cox, K.-D. Zastrow, A. Perevezentsev, A. J. Bickley, R. J. H. Pearce, D. N. Borba, M. Tabellini, J. Lingertat, E. Bertolini, R. Cusack, R. Lasser, J. Plancoulaine, N. Peacock, M. Wheatley, J. Ellis, M. Baronian, R. Prentice, A. Haigh, W. Obert, and C. J. Hancock

Subjects
Jet (fluid), Materials science, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Ion, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Shear (sheet metal), Ignition system, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Deuterium, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Tritium, Neutron
Abstract

All major JET systems have been fully commissioned for D-T and the DTE1 series of experiments has started with the D-T fuel mixture and operating conditions foreseen for ITER. In the area of ITER physics, significant results have been produced in both D-D and D-T. In D-D, the LH threshold power database has been extended, the bounds on edge-electron temperature and density in ELMy H-modes have been defined and the advantages of Types I and III ELMy discharges have been compared. In D-T plasmas, the isotope effect on H-mode threshold power and transport has been determined so that a more accurate assessment can be made of the ignition margin and heating requirements for ITER. Trace tritium experiments have provided first particle transport measurements and an assessment of the ITER reference ion-cyclotron resonance-frequency heating scenarios has been started, In the area of fusion performance, record D-D neutron yields have been obtained by controlling the plasma and current profiles in hot ion ELM-free H-modes and optimized shear modes. In D-T, internal transport barriers have been readily established in optimized shear discharges and Alfven eigenmodes have been observed.

Published
1997
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12. Review of neutral beam heating on JET for physics experiments and the production of high fusion performance plasmas

Author

R. König, N. Peacock, E. Martin, L. Lauro-Taroni, D.V. Bartlett, B. Ingram, G. Vlases, A. Sibley, C. Terella, C. Lowry, N. A. Gottardi, T. Elevant, G. Saibene, J. Christiansen, M. Baronian, A. Tesini, T. Raimondi, A. J. Bickley, J. How, H. van der Beken, A. Haigh, N. C. Hawkes, M. C. Ramos de Andrade, H. Morsi, G. Murphy, M. Botman, A. Dines, A. Gondhalekar, C. Gormezano, M. Irving, H. Brelen, M. Tabellini, B. Schunke, B.J.D. Tubbing, G. Sadler, P. R. Thomas, C. Gowers, P. E. Stott, G. Corrigan, S. Cooper, W. J. Brewerton, H. D. Falter, M. Keilhacker, A. Korotkov, V. Marchese, M. Cox, P. Breger, M. Nilsen, T. Szabo, M. L. Watkins, R. Claesen, C. J. Hancock, I. D. Young, S. Ali-Arshad, M. J. Watson, O. N. Jarvis, E. Bertolini, C. Walker, S. Clement, Y. Baranov, W. Bailey, G. Celentano, C. Froger, K. D. Lawson, D. Stork, D.F.H. Start, A. Cherubini, R. Monk, S. L. Dmitrenko, H. Jaeckel, S. Richards, C. A. Steed, L. G. Eriksson, S. F. Mills, S. J. Booth, P. G. Doyle, P. Meriguet, R. J. M. Pearce, H. Duquenoy, G. Radford, R. Prentice, F. Jensen, M. A. Pick, C. D. Challis, B. Alper, R. Wolf, J. Lingertat, F. Soldner, M. O'Mullane, N. Deliyanakis, P. Nielsen, A. C. Bell, R. Lasser, E. Deksnis, J. P. Coad, P. J. Harbour, E. M. Jones, T. Budo, F. Marcus, N. Davies, B. Balet, F.G. Rimini, M. Comiskey, T. Wade, P. Burton, T. Bonicelli, P. Gaze, K. Fullard, D. Martin, W. Zwingmann, T. Winkel, M. Ottaviani, P. Massmann, J. O'Rourke, D. Bond, P. Boucquey, P. Barabaschi, R. D. Gill, M. Cooke, B. Patel, W. Suverkroop, A. Kaye, D. Chiron, T. Businaro, D. Goodall, M.F. Stamp, G. B. Denne-Hinnov, R. Ostrom, A. Girard, L. Horton, F. Trevalion, C. Woodward, J. Ehrenberg, M. Johnson, A. Loarte, S. Puppin, R. Simoni, J. Jacquinot, A. Galetsas, W. Obert, M. Schmid, J. F. Junger, J. F. Jaeger, P. Andrew, L. Rossi, K. Borras, P. Smeulders, R. Reichle, A. Rolfe, J. Plancoulaine, P. Chuilon, T. T. C. Jones, R. Barnsley, A. Gibson, P. Card, N. Dolgetta, R. Rookes, M. Rapisarda, A. Colton, P. Schild, H. Buttgereit, M. von Hellermann, C. Perry, Henrik Bindslev, M. Garribba, F. Hurd, J. Mart, C. Sborchia, S. M. Scott, K. Blackler, A. Santagiustina, G. Bosia, C. Cottrell, I. Coffey, G. Newbert, S. Papastergiou, P. Butcher, L. Svensson, G. Vayakis, O. Da Costa, T. Hender, S. Weber, C. F. Maggi, V. V. Parail, P. Froissard, A. Taroni, A.E. Costley, J. P. Poffe, V.P. Bhatnagar, A. C. Maas, Y. Agarici, K. Thomsen, H. McBryan, Francesco Porcelli, H. Altmann, T. J. Wijnands, T. Brown, R. T. Ross, D. O'Brien, R. N. Litunovski, J. J. Davies, R. Russ, P. Kupschus, Annika Ekedahl, G. Magyar, G. Fishpool, H. Deesch, A. C. C. Sips, N. G. Kidd, C. Caldwell-Nichols, T. P. Hughes, M. Newmann, R. Sartori, S. Corti, S. K. Erents, T. Martin, R. Haange, A. M. Edwards, J.A. Dobbing, M. Gadeberg, G. Matthews, Laurie Porte, M. Wykes, D. Wilson, S. J. Davies, J. M. Adams, D. Ward, Wolfgang Kerner, L. Zannelli, J. G. Cordey, A. Tanga, P. Peacock, P. Bertoldi, H. Summers, L. Galbiati, W. J. Dickson, N. P. Hawkes, Michael Loughlin, David Campbell, D. Summers, P. Stangeby, D. Campling, J. L. Hemmerich, G. Benali, S. E. Dorling, J.A. Hoekzema, P. Haynes, J. L. Salanave, F. Junique, M. Salisbury, M. Brusati, J. Wesson, E. Oord, R. Giannella, M. Bures, J. Freiling, G. Janeschitz, M. Huart, E. Righi, G. Sanazzaro, P. J. Lomas, G. Deschamps, P. Stubberfield, M. Lennholm, E. Thompson, B. Macklin, P. J. Howarth, L. P. D. F. Jones, B. E. Keen, P. Noll, M. Brandon, R. Smith, P. Barker, F. Nave, P.D. Morgan, and P. Crawley

Subjects
Physics, Fusion, Jet (fluid), Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear engineering, Plasma, Neutral beam injection, Ion, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Nuclear fusion, General Materials Science, Tritium, Beam (structure), Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

The JET neutral beam injection system has proved to be both effective and reliable as a plasma heating device. The ion heating and plasma fuelling characteristics of the system are ideally suited to the production of high fusion performance plasmas while the flexibility in the choice of beam species (H, D, T, 3 He or 4 He) and the ability to inject into almost any JET plasma configuration allows a wide variety of related physics experiments to be carried out. The capability to inject (for the first time) tritium beams was essential to the successful execution of the first tritium experiments in which 1.7 MW of power from DT fusion reactions was generated.

Published
1995
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13. Overview of high performance H-modes in JET

Author

A. C. C. Sips, A.E. Costley, F. Hurd, G. Saibene, M. Salisbury, M. Brusati, C. Perry, P. J. Harbour, T. Martin, J. P. Poffe, Laurie Porte, H. van der Beken, N. C. Hawkes, J. Wesson, M. Bures, G. Janeschitz, M. Huart, A. Santagiustina, G. Bosia, H. Altmann, J. L. Salanave, A. Dines, N. G. Kidd, F. Junique, E. Righi, P. J. Lomas, P. G. Doyle, J. G. Cordey, G. Magyar, V. V. Parail, K. Thomsen, A. Gondhalekar, M. Irving, C. Gowers, R. Ostrom, C. Woodward, A. Galetsas, A. Loarte, P. Card, P. Trevalion, A. M. Edwards, T. P. Hughes, F. Jensen, M. Newman, C. Caldwell-Nichols, N. Peacock, P. Smeulders, A. Korotkov, A. Colton, P. Chuilon, T. T. C. Jones, F.G. Rimini, T. Winkel, P. Stubberfield, M. A. Pick, J.A. Hoekzema, T. Szabo, J. M. Adams, R. Prentice, Wolfgang Kerner, L. Zannelli, M. Rapisarda, D.F.H. Start, L. G. Eriksson, P. Schild, M. Wykes, D. Wilson, S. J. Davies, A. Sibley, P. Haynes, B. Alper, R. Wolf, T. Elevant, R. T. Ross, J. O'Rourke, E. Thompson, C. J. Hancock, R. Haange, P. E. Stott, A. Tesini, B. Macklin, M. Baronian, W. J. Brewerton, M.F. Stamp, L. P. D. F. Jones, A. C. Maas, B. E. Keen, A. Taroni, H. Morsi, G. Murphy, H. D. Falter, M. Keilhacker, I. D. Young, M. von Hellermann, A. Girard, A. Haigh, M. Cooke, A. Cherubini, Henrik Bindslev, D. Goodall, L. Horton, S. K. Erents, J.A. Dobbing, M. Gadeberg, E. Deksnis, G. Matthews, M. Comiskey, T. Wade, F. Marcus, M. Schmid, P. Burton, M. Garribba, G. Newbert, P. Barabaschi, A. Peacock, V. Marchese, C. Froger, K. D. Lawson, P. Noll, M. Brandon, G. Sadler, P. R. Thomas, C. F. Maggi, W. Bailey, D. Ward, K. Blackler, A. Rolfe, T. J. Wijnands, R. Barnsley, G. Celentano, R. Russ, Annika Ekedahl, G. Vayakis, T. Bonicelli, P. Froissard, C. Walker, J. Jacquinot, J. Plancoulaine, P. Kupschus, N. Dolgetta, Y. Agarici, D. Summers, M. Ottaviani, H. Brelen, S. Ali-Arshad, C. Sborchia, R. Claesen, C. A. Steed, S. F. Mills, A. Gibson, R. Smith, B. Schunke, B.J.D. Tubbing, J. Mart, H. McBryan, L. Svensson, J. J. Davis, S. M. Scott, R. J. M. Pearce, J. P. Coad, F. Soldner, T. Budd, P. Stangeby, E. M. Jones, V.P. Bhatnagar, C. D. Challis, R. Rookes, D. Campling, I. Coffey, W. Zwingmann, A. C. Bell, E. Oord, D. O'Brien, P. Gaze, N. Davies, D. Bond, David Campbell, P. Barker, F. Nave, G. B. Denne-Hinnov, S. Papastergiou, R. Monk, S. L. Dmitrenko, B. Balet, P. Butcher, L. Rossi, K. Borras, O. Da Costa, R. Giannella, P. Massmann, R. D. Gill, R. Sartori, J. Lingertat, S. Weber, R. N. Litunovski, H. Buttgereit, J. Ehrenberg, B. Patel, R. Lasser, N. A. Gottardi, A. Kaye, T. Brown, J. Christiansen, T. Businaro, L. Lauro-Taroni, C. Gormezano, O. N. Jarvis, S. Clement, A. J. Bickley, J. Freiling, D.V. Bartlett, D. Chiron, M. Botman, B. Ingram, C. Terella, C. Lowry, W. Obert, M. Tabellini, S. Corti, S. Cooper, P. Bertoldi, E. Bertolini, H. Summers, P.D. Morgan, P. Crawley, R. Reichle, Francesco Porcelli, G. Sanazzaro, G. Corrigan, T. Raimondi, G. Deschamps, M. J. Watson, M. C. Ramos de Andrade, G. Fishpool, H. Deesch, J. L. Hemmerich, G. Benali, Y. Baranov, H. Jaeckel, S. E. Dorling, G. Radford, S. J. Booth, J. F. Junger, H. Duquenoy, M. Lennholm, L. Galbiati, W. J. Dickson, N. P. Hawkes, R. Simonini, Michael Loughlin, T. Hender, M. Cox, P. Breger, W. Suverkropp, M. Nilsen, M. L. Watkins, S. Puppin, D. Stork, S. Richards, P. Nielsen, P. Boucquey, G.A. Cottrell, A. Tanga, P. J. Howarth, K. Fullard, D. Martin, M. Johnson, J. F. Jaeger, P. Andrew, P. Meriguet, Ralf König, M. O'Mullane, N. Deliyanakis, E. Martin, G. Vlases, and J. How

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Diamagnetism, Plasma, Atomic physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Phenomenology (particle physics), Scaling, Ion
Abstract

An account is given of the high performance plasmas established by development of the H-mode regime in JET in the experimental campaigns up to 1992. High performance in this case is measured in terms of the confinement enhancement achieved over the L-mode scaling as measured using the plasma diamagnetism. Three JET H-mode regimes have achieved enhancement factors (H G DIA ) over Goldston L-mode scaling of 2.5 < H G DIA < 4.0. These are the Pellet Enhanced Performance (PEP) H-MODE, the high bootstrap fraction (high β POL ) H-mode and the Hot Ion (HI) H-mode. The phenomenology of these three regimes is reviewed and contrasts and common threads are elucidated

Published
1994
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15. The anomalous currents in the front foils of the JET lost alpha diagnostic KA-2

Author

F. E. Cecil, Jet-Efda Contributors, K. Fullard, Anna Salmi, A. Horton, D. S. Darrow, A. Murari, K. W. Hill, and V. G. Kiptily

Subjects
Physics, Jet (fluid), plasma diagnostics, Tokamak devices, Faraday cup, SPHERICAL TORUS EXPERIMENT, Plasma, Alpha particle, Radiation, gold, plasma toroidal confinement, plasma transport processes, Ion, symbols.namesake, nickel, Physics::Plasma Physics, FAST-ION LOSS, symbols, Plasma diagnostics, Atomic physics, plasma impurities, Instrumentation, Beam (structure), deuterium
Abstract

We have examined the observed currents in the front foils of the JET Faraday cup lost alpha particle diagnostic KA-2. In particular, we have sought to understand the currents during Ohmic plasmas for which the ion flux at the detectors was initially assumed to be negligible. We have considered two sources of this current: plasma ions (both deuterium and impurity) in the vicinity of the detector (including charge exchange neutrals) and photoemission from scattered UV radiation. Based upon modeling and empirical observation, the latter source appears most likely and, moreover, seems to be applicable to the currents in the front foil during ELMy H-mode plasmas. A very thin gold or nickel foil attached to the present detector aperture is proposed as a solution to this problem, and realistic calculations of expected fluxes of lost energetic neutral beam ions during TF ripple experiments are presented as justification of this proposed solution.

Published
2010
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16. Observation of alpha particle loss from JET plasmas during ion cyclotron resonance frequency heating using a thin foil Faraday cup detector array

Author

K. Fullard, A. Horton, D. S. Darrow, F. E. Cecil, Jet-Efda Contributors, V. G. Kiptily, and A. Murari

Subjects
Physics, Jet (fluid), Tokamak, Faraday cup, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Alpha particle, law.invention, Ion, symbols.namesake, chemistry, law, Physics::Plasma Physics, symbols, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Atomic physics, Instrumentation, Helium, Ion cyclotron resonance
Abstract

The loss of MeV alpha particles from JET plasmas has been measured with a set of thin foil Faraday cup detectors during third harmonic heating of helium neutral beam ions. Tail temperatures of ∼ 2 MeV have been observed, with radial scrape off lengths of a few centimeters. Operational experience from this system indicates that such detectors are potentially feasible for future large tokamaks, but careful attention to screening rf and MHD induced noise is essential.

Published
2010
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17. The assessment of impact on nuclear power plant structures in the United Kingdom

Author

K. Fullard, M.R. Baum, and P. Barr

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Engineering, business.industry, Impact assessment, Mechanical Engineering, Experimental data, Impact test, Construction engineering, law.invention, Design studies, Missile, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Containment, law, Nuclear power plant, Forensic engineering, General Materials Science, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, business, Waste Management and Disposal, Reactor pressure vessel
Abstract

Impact research in the United Kingdom has embraced a wide range of topics during the last fifteen years and advice has been provided in the form of guidelines for use in safety assessments and design studies. It is now the intention to produce a comprehensive Impact Assessment Procedure encompassing the definition of loading, whipping pipe effects and the response of steel and concrete targets. This paper is restricted to introducing the methods used for characterising missiles from pressurised vessels and for determining the impact damage produced in concrete targets. Considerable reliance has been placed on the interpretation of experimental data and guidance is therefore limited by the availability of such data. This paper indicates the extent to which advice can be given and the issues which still need further attention. An example is given of the use of the methods for characterising missiles from a cylindrical pressure vessel.

Published
1991
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18. Ovine Disease Resistance: Integrating Comparative and Functional Genomics Approaches in a Genome Information-Poor Species

Author

David Piedrafita, K. Fullard, S. Widjayanti, N. Clairoux Subandriyo, E. Estuningsih, Terry W. Spithill, N.M. Kingsford, Endang Tri Margawati, and Herman W. Raadsma

Subjects
Comparative genomics, Genetics, Candidate gene, Animal Genetics, business.industry, Genomics, Biology, medicine.disease, Genome, medicine, Livestock, Fasciolosis, business, Functional genomics
Abstract

In combination with goats, sheep represent the two most numerous agricultural species for which no cultural or ethical restrictions apply in their use as a source for milk, fibre and red meat. Particularly, in the developing world these species often represent the sole asset base for small-holder livestock farmers. Despite their global significance, genomic tools and approaches in disease resistance have lagged behind the efforts in the economically more influential beef and dairy cattle industries. In particular, infectious diseases have a significant economic impact on livestock production systems worldwide. The most frequently investigated diseases in sheep have focused on the economically important burdens including gastrointestinal nematodes, dermatophilosis, footrot, myiases and fasciolosis. In this study we describe the use of Indonesian Thin Tail sheep (ITT) as a resource which has been shown to have innate and acquired resistance to tropical fasciolosis (Fasciola gigantica). Using the contrast between the resistant ITT and the highly susceptible Merino in a combined functional and comparative genomics approach, we have identified putative QTL (quantitative trait loci) for an extensive panel of parasite and immune response phenotypes and putative resistance pathways and effector molecules. On refinement of candidate gene analyses and effector mechanisms we propose to map these in the economically important target species, namely cattle and buffalo. In addition we exploit the relative susceptibility of ITT sheep to temperate fasciolosis (Fasciola hepatica) to contrast parasite–host interactions and identify parasite immune evasion strategies to boost the discovery of new vaccine candidates and effector pathways, which may be amenable to exogenous control. The study highlights the power and utility of direct gene discovery in ruminant model systems. To overcome the shortage of genomic tools required for such investigations, we have drawn on the development of integrated comparative maps and alignment H.W. Raadsma Reprogen-Centre for Advanced Technologies in Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden NSW, Australia J.P. Gustafson et al. (eds.), Genomics of Disease, 89 C © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2008 90 H.W. Raadsma et al. to the genome information–rich species such as human, murine and recently cattle. Similarly the use of bovine transcriptome tools have shown cross utility in sheep. The only species-specific requirement is the development of genome-wide high resolution SNP mapping tools which are now under development.

Published
2008
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19. First results with the modified JET

Author

S. Clement, P. Nielsen, D. V. Bartlett, R. Goulding, M. Bures, P. Boucquey, R. Claesen, M. Cox, P. Breger, W. Suverkropp, M. L. Watkins, S. Richards, C. J. Hancock, I. D. Young, P. Card, T. Raimondi, H. Jaeckl, R. Ostrom, J. Mart, Henrik Bindslev, E. van der Goot, C. Woodward, D. Summers, R. König, B. Schunke, T. Hender, E. Thompson, F. Sartori, F. Cecil, P. Chuilon, T. T. C. Jones, S. Milani, G. Saibene, R. Prentice, B. Macklin, L. Svensson, J. Lingertat, P. Smeulders, R. L. Shaw, N. Watkins, R. J. M. Pearce, H. van der Beken, N. C. Hawkes, J. Jacquinot, P. Stubberfield, N. G. Kidd, T. P. Hughes, T. Elevant, R. Monk, W. Zwingmann, J.A. Hoekzema, S. Papastergiou, G. Vlases, R. Lasser, B. Fischer, S. L. Dmitrenko, C. D. Challis, L. Lauro-Taroni, F. Hurd, R. T. Ross, R. Cusack, D. Wilson, H. Brelen, David Campbell, A. C. Maas, G. Cottrell, E. Bertolini, J. How, J. Plancoulaine, R. Russ, O. Da Costa, K. Lawson, J. P. Poffe, N. Peacock, L. Porte, L. Galbiati, S. Ali-Arshad, B. Ingram, B. Alper, R. Wolf, K. Fullard, E. Oord, H. Altmann, A. M. Edwards, C. Terella, C. Lowry, D. Martin, E. Deksnis, A. Rossi, D. O'Brien, S. J. Davies, J. J. Davis, F. Marcus, R. Giannella, C. Walker, V. Bhatnagar, C. A. Steed, A. Gibson, F. Jensen, A. Ekedahl, M. Baronian, J. M. Adams, M. A. Pick, E. M. Jones, N. P. Hawkes, G. D'Antona, P. Schild, L. Horton, J. Freiling, D. Bond, G. Sadler, Wolfgang Kerner, D. Stork, N. Davies, S. K. Erents, R. Simonini, Michael Loughlin, M. Stamp, M. Schmid, P. J. Harbour, L. Zannelli, M. Schaffer, R. D. Gill, F. Nguyen, M. Gadeberg, A. Tanga, A. Haigh, B. Balet, F. Junique, G. Matthews, M. Johnson, G. Sanazzaro, P. R. Thomas, T. Budd, J. L. Hemmerich, G. Benali, A. Peacock, S. E. Dorling, G. McCormick, J. Dobbing, J. F. Jaeger, P. Andrew, P. Froissard, C. Perry, A. Santagiustina, M. von Hellermann, W. Bailey, D. Ward, C. Caldwell-Nichols, B. Patel, G. Celentano, T. Wade, V. V. Parail, T. Businaro, E. Lazzaro, A. C. Bell, G. Vayakis, G. Fishpool, H. Deesch, F. Rimini, S. Colombi, S. Puppin, B. Tubbing, W. Obert, A. C. C. Sips, F. Soldner, J. Christiansen, A. Sibley, N. Zornig, A. Rookes, M. Salisbury, A. Kaye, D. Chiron, N. A. Gottardi, J. Wesson, S. Sharapov, T. Martin, S. Weber, P. Lomas, D. Campling, P. Lamalle, A. Rolfe, M. Cooke, D. Goodall, A. J. Bickley, N. Deliyanakis, P. Morgan, A. Tesini, B. Fechner, I. Hutchinson, M. Garribba, R. Reichle, F. Porcelli, R. Barnsley, G. Newbert, G. Murphy, M. Tabellini, P. Stangeby, M. Huart, S. Cooper, E. Righi, L. Rossi, K. Borras, L. G. Eriksson, C. F. Maggi, C. Froger, J. G. Cordey, N. Dolgetta, H. Buttgereit, O. Pogutse, Y. Agarici, S. M. Scott, S. Ishida, D. F. Start, P. E. Stott, A. Meigs, W. J. Brewerton, H. D. Falter, M. Keilhacker, J. P. Coad, V. Marchese, A. Dines, A. Gondhalekar, M. Irving, C. Gowers, H. Guo, K. Thomsen, C. Laviron, C. Gormezano, A. Taroni, A. Howman, P. Kupschus, T. Szabo, M. Ottaviani, P. Burton, P. Ageladarakis, O. N. Jarvis, J. Ehrenberg, P. Savrukhin, T. Bonicelli, M. J. Watson, Y. Baranov, H. Duquenoy, T. Brown, Ambrogio Fasoli, P. G. Doyle, P. Crawley, G. Radford, L. P. D. F. Jones, B. E. Keen, P. Noll, M. Brandon, U. Gerstel, T. Winkel, R. Smith, J. F. Junger, E. Lyadina, P. Barker, F. Nave, P. J. Howarth, M. Lennholm, K. Blackler, H. McBryan, C. Grisolia, R. Sartori, and H. Summers

Subjects
Physics, Jet (fluid), Nuclear engineering, Divertor, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Power (physics), Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, ___, Power handling, Electron heating, Current (fluid), Scaling
Abstract

JET was extensively modified in the 1992/93 shutdown. The new pumped divertor and many new systems were brought into operation early in 1994. Operations have progressed to 4MA plasma current and, with substantial additional heating, H-mode confinement results confirm the expected scaling. The high power handling capability of the pumped divertor with sweeping is estimated at 20MW for 20s. H-mode plasmas have large Type I ELMs. With lower hybrid heating alone, 2MA full current drive has been achieved with good efficiency, with ICRF power, effective heating and direct electron heating have been demonstrated.

Published
1994
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20. Numerical Prediction of Ballistic Performance of Thin Concrete Plate.

Author

Kamran, Asif, Mohd, and Iqbal, M. A.

Subjects
REINFORCING bars, REINFORCED concrete, COMPUTER simulation, PROJECTILES, VELOCITY
Abstract

This research explores the ability of 60 mm thick reinforced concrete (RC) plates to resist impacts from ogive-nosed hard steel projectiles. The projectiles used in the present study have a diameter of 19 mm, a length of 200 mm, and a mass of 0.4 kg impacted on the RC plates with incident velocities ranging from 92 m/s to 161 m/s. Numerical simulations were conducted using ABAQUS/Explicit finite element software to validate the experimental results. The Holmquist–Johnson–Cook (HJC) material model was employed to simulate the constitutive behavior of concrete, while the Johnson–Cook (JC) material model was used to simulate the material response of reinforcing steel bars. The residual velocities obtained from the simulations closely matched the actual experimental results, showing a polynomial correlation with the incidence velocities of the projectiles. Moreover, the experimentally and numerically determined ballistic limit for the 60 mm thick RC plate was found to be 108 m/s and 109.5 m/s, respectively. In contrast, the ballistic limit calculated using empirical mathematical expressions was 107.4 m/s. This alignment between predicted, calculated, and actual ballistic limits underscores the reliability and accuracy of both numerical and empirical approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2025
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21. Plasma heating in JET

Author

A Ainsworth, H Altmann, R J Anderson, J Arbez, D Bartlett, W Bailey, K Behringer, E Bertolini, P Bertoldi, C H Best, V Bhatnagar, R J Bickerton, G Boissin, T Bonicelli, S Booth, A Boschi, G Bosia, M Botman, H Brelen, H Brinkschulte, M L Browne, M Brusati, T Budd, M Bures, P Butcher, H Buttgereit, D Cacaut, C Caldwell-Nichols, D Campbell, J Carwardine, G Celentano, C D Challis, A Cheetman, J Christiansen, C Christodoulopoulos, P Chuilon, R Claesen, J P Coad, M Cooke, J G Cordey, W Core, S Corti, A E Costley, G Cottrell, J Dean, E Deksnis, G Deschamps, K J Dietz, J Dobbing, S E Dorling, D F Duechs, G Duesing, H Duquenoy, L de Kock, A Edwards, W Engelhardt, F Erhorn, B Eriksson, H Falter, T Hellsten, J L Hemmerich, R Hemsworth, F Hendriks, R F Herzog, L Horton, J How, M Huart, A Hubbard, M Hugon, P Jones, J Kaeline, A Kaellne, A Kaye, B E Keen, M Keilhacker, G Kinahan, A Konstantellos, P Kupschus, P Lallia, J R Last, N Foden, C Froger, K Fullard, A Galetsas, A Gallacher, A Gibson, R D Gill, A Geode, A Gondhalekar, N A Gottardi, C Gowers, R Granetz, B Green, S Gregoli, F S Griph, R Haange, C J Hancock, P Harbour, R F Herog, J Kaellne, L Lauro-Taroni, E Lazzaro, R C Lobel, P Lomas, M Lorenzo-Gottardi, C Lowry, G Magyar, D Maissonneir, M Malacarne, V Marchese, P Massmann, P McMullen, M J Mead, P Meriguet, V Merlo, S Mills, P Millward, A Moissonnier, P L Mondini, P Morgan, G Murphy, M F Nave, L Nickesson, P Nielson, P Noll, S Nowak, W Obert, B Oliver, M Olsson, J O'Rourke, M G Pacco, J Paillere, L Pannacione, S Papastergiou, D Pasini, M Pescatore, J Planncoulaine, J P Poffe, R Prentice, T Raimondi, C Raymond, P H Rebut, J Removille, W Riediker, R Roberts, A Rolfe, R T Ross, G Sadler, J Saffert, N Salmon, A Sand, A Santagiustina, R Saunders, M Schmid, F C Schueller, K Selin, R Shaw, D Sigournay, R Simonini, P Smeulders, L Sonnerup, K Sonnenberg, M Stamp, C A Steed, D Stork, P E Stott, T E Stringer, D Summers, A Tanga, A Taroni, A Terrington, A Tesini, P R Thomas, E Thompson, F Tibone, R Tivery, E Usselmann, H Van der Beken, M Von Hellerman, J E Van Montfoort, T Wade, C Walker, B A Wallander, M Walravens, K Walter, M L Watkins, M Watson, D Webberley, J Wesson, J Wilks, T Winkel, C Woodward, M Wykes, D Young, L Zennelili, J Zwart, B Beaumont, D Gambier, D Moreau, J Ehrenberg, H Jaeckel, S Kissel, U Kuephnapfel, R Mueller, A Staebler, A Weller, J H Hamnen, M Evrared, M Gadeberg, K Thomsen, P Dupperrex, G Tonetti, N Lopez-Cardozo, B Tubbing, J Von Seggern, J Tagle, F Bombarda, G Bracco, R Giannella, R Carolan, M Cox, M Forrest, D Goodall, N Hawkes, P Haynes, J Hugill, K D Lawson, G McCracken, J Partridge, N Peacock, J Snipes, T Todd, H Schamel, H Summers, and S Tsuji

Subjects
Jet (fluid), Settore FIS/03, Materials science, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Resonance, Electron temperature, Plasma, Sawtooth wave, Electron, Atomic physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Neutral beam injection, Ion
Abstract

Heating the JET plasma well above temperatures reached in the ohmic phase is the aim of the two additional heating systems planned for JET: ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRF) and neutral beam injection (NBI). Operations with the latter started in February 1986, initially with hydrogen injection, up to a power level of 7 MW. ICRF power has been delivered to the plasma by three antennae and has reached power levels of 6 MW for 2 s. In most experiments, the frequency of the waves is adjusted to position the minority ion resonance layer close to the centre of the discharge, resulting in a centrally peaked power deposition profile. Results have also shown that the increase of the volume averaged electron temperature was much less dependent on the radial position of the ion resonance layer than were the central temperatures of both ions and electrons which can both approach 5 keV. In cases of 'on axis' heating, large increases in the sawtooth activity is observed with sawtooth periods exceeding 0.3 s. Initial results with NBI have shown a decrease of the global energy confinement time with additional power similar to the one observed with ICRF heating.

Published
1986
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22. CODAS: The JET Control and Data Acquisition System

Author

K. Fullard, H. Van Der Beken, C. H. Best, E. M. Jones, R. F. Herzog, and C.A. Steed

Subjects
business.industry, Computer science, Interface (computing), General Engineering, Minicomputer, law.invention, Data acquisition, law, Control system, Eurocard, Instrumentation (computer programming), business, Host (network), Computer hardware, Computer Automated Measurement and Control
Abstract

The hardware and software structure of the control and data acquisition system (CODAS) of the Joint European Torus is described. CODAS is a large distributed real-time process control system. The operation is centralized in two adjacent control rooms through a fully programmable man-machine interface. The plant interface is based on CAMAC instrumentation and Eurocard signal conditioning. The system is based on a network of minicomputers with a link to a host mainframe.

Published
1987
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23. Authors

Author

P. H. Rebut, B. E. Keen, M. Huguet, K. Dietz, J. L. Hemmerich, J. R. Last, E. Bertolini, P. L. Mondino, P. Noll, H. van der Beken, C. H. Best, K. Fullard, R. F. Herzog, E. M. Jones, C. A. Steed, R. Claesen, G. Duesing, H. Altmann, H. Falter, A. Goede, R. Haange, R. S. Hemsworth, P. Kupschus, D. Stork, E. Thompson, A. Kaye, J. Jacquinot, P. Lallia, T. Wade, P. Millward, A. Ainsworth, C. J. Caldwell-Nichols, R. Lobel, C. J. Hancock, J. R. Dean, and T. Raimondi

Subjects
General Engineering
Published
1987
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24. Start up and initial operation of JET

Author

K.J. Dietz, D. Bartlett, G. Bäumel, K. Behringer, E. Bertolini, C. Best, R.J. Bickerton, F. Bombi, A. Boschi, M.L. Browne, M. Brusati, A. Bulliard, D. Campbell, P.J. Carolan, R. Clausing, J. Christiansen, P. Chuilon, J.G. Gordey, A. Costley, L. De Kock, D.F. Düchs, G. Duesing, R.K.F. Emergy, W.W. Engelhardt, T. Eriksson, M.J. Forrest, C. Froger, K. Fullard, A. Gibson, R. Gill, A. Gondhalekar, C. Gowers, B.J. Green, J. Hemmerich, M. Huart, C.A. Hugenholtz, M. Huguet, O.N. Jarvis, B.E. Jensen, H. Krause, P. Kupschus, J. Last, E. Lazzaro, G.M. McCracken, G. Magyar, F.K. Mast, M. Mead, P.L. Mondino, P. Morgan, A.W. Morris, L. Nickesson, H. Niedermeyer, P. Noll, J. Paillere, N.J. Peacock, M. Pick, C. Raymond, P.H. Rebut, R. Ross, G. Sadler, V. Schmidt, F.C. Schüller, K. Sonnenberg, M.F. Stamp, C.A. Steed, A. Stella, P.E. Stott, D. Summers, A. Tanga, P.R. Thomas, E. Usselmann, P. Van Belle, H. Van Der Beken, J.E. Van Montfoort, F. Waelbroeck, J.A. Wesson, T. Winkel, J. Winter, and J. Zwart

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Jet (fluid), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Impurity, Chemistry, General Materials Science, Plasma, Electron, Radius, Atomic physics, Start up, Line (formation)
Abstract

After five years of construction JET started its operation in June 1983. In December plasmas with peak currents of 3 MA were produced. Flat top times of a few seconds were obtained for currents of 2.4 MA. The plasmas were slightly elongated ( ~ 20%) with a minor radius of about 1 m. Line densities (peak values) reached 7 × 10 19 m −2 , electron temperatures on the axis 1.5–2 keV and energy confinement times 0.3 s. The paper describes the state of the machine, the methods employed for impurity control and summarises the experimental results obtained during 1983.

Published
1984
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25. Development of design guidance for low velocity impacts on concrete floors

Author

P. Barr and K. Fullard

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Engineering, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, High velocity, Reinforced concrete, Empirical research, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Risk analysis (engineering), Forensic engineering, General Materials Science, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, business, Engineering design process, Waste Management and Disposal
Abstract

It has been recognised in the UK, that where designers or safety assessors have to consider the effects of dropped loads on various targets, there is uncertainty associated with the fact that these are low velocity impacts. This uncertainty arises for a variety of load/target combinations, but in this paper we concern ourselves with loads which are massive and with reinforced concrete floor targets. The major uncertainty for dropped load assessments, lies in the fact that the designer does not have access, in general, to relevant data. Instead, it is usual, for design purposes, to make use of empirical formulae which are intended for high velocity missiles. The design process involves using the empirical formulae not only for the local damage which they are intended to address, but also to define a load-time history or impulse for the purposes of determining slab response. This paper indicates the range of events that need to be considered, the manner in which the designer approaches the task of making his assessment of the target and the limits of applicability of the available empirical methods. The programme now in progress in the UK is outlined and some of the results emerging are presented.

Published
1989
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27. ICRF studies on JET

Author

J Jacquinot, R J Anderson, J Arbez, D Bartlett, B Beaumont, K Behringer, E Bertolini, V P Bhatnagar, T Bonicelli, G F Bosia, H W Brinkschulte, M L Browne, M Brusati, M Bures, D Campbell, J P Christiansen, C O A Christodoulopoulos, P Chuilon, R Claesen, J P Coad, J G Cordey, S Corti, A Costley, G Cottrell, B Denne, K Dietz, S Ejima, S K Erents, B T Eriksson, M Evrard, K Fullard, D Gambier, R D Gill, N Gottardi, B Green, G Grosso, N C Hawkes, T Hellsten, J L Hemmerich, M Huguet, O N Jarvis, E Jones, A S Kaye, H Kimura, J de Kock, L de Kock, H Krause, P P Lallia, J Last, E Lazzaro, P J Lomas, G Magyar, M Mansfield, V Marchese, F K Mast, G M McCracken, P Mondino, P Morgan, R M Niestadt, J O'Rourke, H Piekaar, J Plancoulaine, P H Rebut, G Rhoden, G Sadler, F Sand, A Santaquistina, M S Schmid, F Schueller, S Segre, A Sibley, M F Stamp, C A Steed, P E Stott, D Summers, A Tanga, J A Tagle, P R Thomas, K Thomsen, B J D Tubbing, M Valisa, H Van der Beken, M Watkins, T J Wade, and C I Walker

Subjects
Physics, Jet (fluid), Energy, Hydrogen, Tokamak, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, ICRH, Plasma Heating, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Impurity, JET, Helium-3, Quadrupole, Antenna (radio), Atomic physics, Deposition, Scaling, Confinement
Abstract

Two antennae have been installed in JET and operated to the maximum design capability of the generators. 4.5 MW, 10 MJ have been coupled to the plasma which heated up to a maximum stored energy of 3 MJ with central temperatures of T e0=5 keV and T i0=4 keV without increase of the relative impurity concentration. Degradation of energy confinement is observed according to an L mode scaling. The effect of k/sub //// shaping is discussed using a quadrupole antenna. Hydrogen and helium 3 minority heating regimes give similar results.

Published
1986
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28. Overview of JET results

Author

F. Romanelli, F. Laxaback, I. Abel, V. Afanesyev, G. Agarici, K. M. Aggarwal, M. Airila, R. Akers, T.h. Alarcon, A. Alexeev, A. Alfier, P. Allan, S. Almaviva, A. Alonso, M. Alonso, B. Alper, H. Altmann, D. Alves, V. Amosov, G. Anda, F. Andersson, E. Andersson Sund́en, V. Andreev, Y. Andrew, M. Angelone, M. Anghel, A. Anghel, C. Angioni, G. Apruzzese, N. Arcis, P. Arena, A. Argouarch, M. Ariola, A. Armitano, R. Armstrong, G. Arnoux, S. Arshad, G. Artaserse, J. F. Artaud, A. Ash, E. Asp, O. Asunta, C. V. Atanasiu, G. Atkins, M. D. Axton, C. Ayres, A. Baciero, V. Bailescu, B. Baiocchi, R. A. Baker, I. Balboa, C. Balorin, N. Balshaw, J. W. Banks, Y. F. Baranov, D. Barbier, I. L. Barlow, M. A. Barnard, R. Barnsley, L. Barrena, L. Barrera, M. Baruzzo, V. Basiuk, G. Bateman, P. Batistoni, N. Baumgarten, L. Baylor, B. Bazylev, P. S. Beaumont, K. Beausang, M. B́ecoulet, N. Bekris, M. Beldishevski, A. C. Bell, F. Belli, M. Bellinger, P. S. A. Belo, ́.E. Belonohy, P. E. Bennett, N. A. Benterman, G. Berger By, H. Bergsåker, H. Berk, J. Bernardo, B. Bertrand, M. N. A. Beurskens, B. Bieg, B. Bienkowska, T. Biewer, T. M. Biewer, M. Bigi, R. Bilato, J. Bird, J. Bizarro, T. R. Blackman, P. Blanchard, E. Blanco, J. Blum, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, D. Boilson, I. Bolshakova, T. Bolzonella, L. Boncagni, G. Bonheure, X. Bonnin, D. Borba, A. Borthwick, A. Botrugno, C. Boulbe, F. Bouquey, C. Bourdelle, K. v. Bovert, M. Bowden, T. Boyce, H. J. Boyer, A. Bozhenkov, R. J. Brade, J. M. A. Bradshaw, J. Braet, V. Braic, G. C. Braithwaite, C. Brault, H. Braune, B. Breizman, S. Bremond, P. D. Brennan, A. Brett, J. Breue, S. Brezinsek, M. D. J. Bright, F. Briscoe, M. Brix, M. Brombin, B. C. Brown, D. P. D. Brown, A. Bruschi, J. Brzozowski, J. Bucalossi, M. A. Buckley, T. Budd, R. Budny, R. V. Budny, P. Bunting, P. Buratti, G. Burcea, P. R. Butcher, R. J. Buttery, R. Caç̃ao, G. Calabr`o, C. P. Callaghan, J. P. Caminade, P. G. Camp, D. C. Campling, J. Canik, B. Cannas, A. J. Capel, P. J. Card, A. Cardinali, T. Carlstrom, P. Carman, D. Carralero, L. Carraro, T. Carter, B. B. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, A. Casati, C. Castaldo, J. Caughman, R. Cavazzana, M. Cavinato, M. Cecconello, F. E. Cecil, A. Cenedese, C. Centioli, R. Cesario, C. D. Challis, M. Chandler, C. Chang, A. Chankin, I. T. Chapman, D. J. Child, P. Chiru, G. Chitarin, I. Chugonov, I. Chugunov, D. Ciric, F. Clairet, R. H. Clarke, R. Clay, M. Clever, J. P. Coad, P. A. Coates, V. Cocilovo, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J. Coenen, I. Coffey, L. Colas, M. Cole, S. Collins, S. Combs, J. Compan, J. E. Conboy, S. Conroy, N. Cook, S. P. Cook, D. Coombs, S. R. Cooper, Y. Corre, G. Corrigan, S. Cortes, D. Coster, G. F. Counsell, X. Courtois, M. Cox, T. Craciunescu, S. Cramp, F. Crisanti, O. Croft, K. Crombe, B. J. Crowley, N. Cruz, L. Cupido, M. Curuia, R. A. Cusack, A. Czarnecka, S. Dalley, E. T. Daly, A. Dalziel, D. Darrow, O. David, N. Davies, J. J. Davis, I. E. Day, C. Day, R. De Angelis, G. deArcas, M. R. de Baar, E. delaCal, E. de la Luna, J. L. de Pablos, G. De Temmerman, P. C. de Vries, F. Degli Agostini, E. Delabie, D. del Castillo Negrete, L. Delpech, G. Denisov, A. J. Denyer, R. F. Denyer, S. Devaux, P. Devynck, L. Di Matteo, L. DiPace, P. J. Dirken, A. Dnestrovskiy, D. Dodt, K. Dominiczak, S. E. Dorling, D. Douai, A. P. Down, P. T. Doyle, J. R. Drake, T. Dreischuh, V. Drozdov, P. Dumortier, D. Dunai, I. Duran, F. Durodíe, K. Dylst, R. Eaton, T. Edlington, A. M. Edwards, D. T. Edwards, P. K. Edwards, T.h. Eich, A. Ekedahl, T. Elevant, A. Elfimov, B. Ellingboe, C. G. Elsmore, B. Emmoth, G. Ericsson, L. G. Eriksson, A. Eriksson, B. Esposito, H. G. Esser, T. Estrada, E. A. Evangelidis, G. E. Evans, G. D. Ewart, D. T. Ewers, G. Falchetto, D. Falie, J. G. A. Fanthome, D. Farina, J. W. Farthing, A. Fasoli, B. Faugeras, N. Fedorczak, R. C. Felton, C. Fenzi, H. Fernandes, J. A. Ferreira, J. Ferreira, J. Ferron, J. A. Fessey, L. Figini, A. Figueiredo, J. Figueiredo, P. Finburg, K. H. Finken, U. Fischer, N. Fitzgerald, J. Flanagan, C. Fleming, A. Fonseca, A. D. Forbes, O. Ford, A. Formisano, D. Fraboulet, R. J. Francis, L. Frassinetti, R. Fresa, J. P. Friconneau, D. Frigione, J. C. Fuchs, K. Fullard, W. Fundamenski, M. Furno Palumbo, J. Gafert, K. Ǵal, R. Galṽao, S. Garavaglia, X. Garbet, J. Garcia, M. Gar cia Munoz, W. Gardner, P. Garibaldi, D. Garnier, L. Garzotti, M. Gatu Johnson, P. Gaudio, E. Gauthier, J. W. Gaze, D. F. Gear, J. Gedney, S. J. Gee, M. Gelfusa, E. Genangeli, S. Gerasimov, A. Geraud, T. Gerbaud, M. Gherendi, N. Ghirelli, J. C. Giacalone, L. Giacomelli, C. S. Gibson, C. Gil, S. J. Gilligan, C. G. Gimblett, D. Gin, E. Giovannozzi, C. Giroud, G. Giruzzi, S. Glowacz, J. Godwin, J. K. Goff, P. Gohil, V. Goloborod’ko, B. Gonçalves, M. Goniche, S. Gonzales, S. M. Gonźalezde Vicente, A. Goodyear, N. Gorelenkov, G. Gorini, R. Goulding, B. Graham, D. Graham, M. E. Graham, G. Granucci, J. Graves, N. R. Green, H. Greuner, E. Grigore, F. S. Griph, C. Grisolia, G. Gros, G. Grossetti, M. Groth, S. Gr̈unhagen, M. P. Gryaznevich, R. Guirlet, B. Gulejova, J. Gunn, A. Gupta, P. Guzdar, P. Hacek, L. J. Hackett, S. Hacquin, B. Haist, A. Hakola, S. J. Hall, S. P. HallworthCook, D. T. Hamilton, H. Han, R. C. Handley, S. Harding, J. D. W. Harling, D. Harting, M. J. Harvey, T. D. V. Haupt, E. Havlickova, N. C. Hawkes, R. Hawryluk, J. H. Hay, N. Hayashi, P. W. Haydon, I. R. Hayward, S. Hazel, P. J. L. Heesterman, W. Heidbrink, J. Heikkinen, C. Hellesen, T. Hellsten, O. N. Hemming, T. C. Hender, M. Henderson, C. Hennig, V. Hennion, C. Hidalgo, S. Higashijima, J. W. Hill, M. Hill, K. Hill, J. Hillairet, D. Hillis, T. Hirai, M. Hitchin, J. Hobirk, C. Hogan, C. H. A. Hogben, G. M. D. Hogeweij, I. C. Hollingham, R. Holyaka, D. A. Homfray, G. Honeyands, S. H. Hong, C. Hopf, B. A. Horn, A. R. Horton, L. D. Horton, S. P. Hotchin, M. R. Hough, W. Houlberg, D. F. Howell, M. Hron, A. Huber, T. M. Huddleston, Z. Hudson, M. Hughes, M. Ḧuhnerbein, C. C. Hume, A. J. Hunt, C. L. Hunter, T. S. Hutchinson, S. Huygen, G. Huysmans, V. Hyn̈onen, S. Ide, R. Igreja, C. Illescas, F. Imbeaux, D. Ivanova, E. Ivings, S. Jachmich, G. Jackson, P. Jacquet, K. Jakubowska, M. Jakubowski, P. V. James, R. J. E. Jaspers, S. Jednorog, I. Jenkins, M. A. C. Jennison, C. Jeskins, O. Jin Kwon, E. Joffrin, M. F. Johnson, R. Johnson, T. Johnson, D. Jolovic, V. Jonauskas, E. M. Jones, G. Jones, H. D. Jones, T. T. C. Jones, M. Jouvet, C. Juṕen, I. Kachtchouk, J. Kaczmarczyk, A. Kallenbach, J. K̈allne, D. Kalupin, S. Ḱalvin, G. Kamelander, R. Kamendje, A. Kappatou, S. Karttunen, W. Kasparek, I. Katramados, M. Kaufmann, G. Kaveney, A. S. Kaye, M. J. Kear, D. L. Keeling, D. Kelliher, M. Kempenaars, P. Khilar, N. G. Kidd, M. Kiisk, K. M. Kim, R. F. King, D. J. Kinna, V. Kiptily, G. Kirnev, N. Kirneva, K. Kirov, A. Kirschner, R. Kisielius, D. Kislov, G. Kiss, T. Kiviniemi, G. Kizane, A. Klein, A. Klix, M. Knaup, K. Kneuper, H. Kneupner, P. J. Knight, S. J. Knipe, M. Kocan, F. K̈ochl, G. Kocsis, C. Konz, T. Koppitz, A. Korotkov, H. R. Koslowski, V. Kotov, M. D. Kovari, K. Kovarik, G. Kramer, A. Krasilnikov, V. Krasilnikov, S. Kraus, A. Kreter, K. Krieger, A. Kritz, Y. Krivchenkov, U. Kruezi, M. Krychowiak, S. Krylov, I. Ksiazek, M. Kubic, S. Kuhn, W. K̈uhnlein, T. Kurki Suonio, A. Kurowski, B. Kuteev, A. Kuyanov, R. La Haye, M. Laan, C. Labate, A. Lachichi, N. Lam, P. Lang, M. T. Large, I. Lassiwe, J. R. Last, K. D. Lawson, M. Laxåback, R. A. Layne, E. Lazzaro, F. LeGuern, B. LeBlanc, H. J. Leggate, M. Lehnen, M. Leigheb, I. Lengar, M. Lennholm, E. Lerche, C. N. Lescure, Y. Li, A. Li Puma, Y. Liang, J. Likonen, Y. Lin, J. Linke, S. A. Linstead, B. Lipshultz, X. Litaudon, A. G. Litvak, Y. Liu, T. Loarer, A. Loarte, R. C. Lobel, P. J. Lomas, F. D. Long, J. L̈onnroth, D. J. Looker, J. Lopez, P.h. Lotte, M. J. Loughlin, A. B. Loving, C. Lowry, T. Luce, R. M. A. Lucock, A. Lukanitsa, A. M. Lungu, C. P. Lungu, A. Lyssoivan, P. Macheta, A. S. Mackenzie, M. Macrae, G. Maddaluno, G. P. Maddison, J. Madsen, P. Maget, C. Maggi, H. Maier, J. Mailloux, M. Makowski, C. J. Manning, M. Mansfield, M. E. Manso, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, M. Maraschek, C. Marchetto, M. A. Marchitti, M. Mardenfeld, J. L. Marechal, M. Marinelli, A. Marinoni, M. Marinucci, J. M̈arki, D. Marocco, C. A. Marren, D. Martin, D. L. Martin, G. Martin, Y. Martin, J. R. Mart́ın Soĺıs, K. Masaki, A. Masiello, M. Maslov, C. Maszl, A. Matilal, M. Mattei, G. F. Matthews, F. Maviglia, C. R. May, M. Mayer, M. L. Mayoral, D. Mazon, C. Mazzotta, E. Mazzucato, P. McCarthy, K. G. McClements, K. McCormick, P. A. McCullen, D. McCune, D. C. McDonald, R. Mcgregor, J. P. Mckivitt, A. Meakins, F. Medina, A. G. Meigs, M. Menard, L. Meneses, S. Menmuir, I. R. Merrigan, P.h. Mertens, A. Messiaen, H. Meyer, M. Miele, P. Migliucci, A. G. Miller, S. F. Mills, J. J. Milnes, K. Min Kim, T. Mindham, F. Mirizzi, E. Mirones, M. Mironov, R. Mitteau, J. Mlynar, P. Mollard, I. Monakhov, P. Monier Garbet, R. Mooney, S. Moradi, D. Moreau, P.h. Moreau, L. Moreira, A. Morgan, P. D. Morgan, C. Morlock, A. Moro, A. W. Morris, G. L. Mort, C. Mrozek, A. Mueck, H. W. M̈uller, M. Murakami, A. Murari, I. Mustata, F. Nabais, E. Nardon, G. Nash, V. Naulin, M. F. F. Nave, R. Nazikian, I. Nedzelski, C. R. Negus, J. D. Neilson, A. Neto, R. Neu, O. Neubauer, G. J. Newbert, M. Newman, K. J. Nicholls, A. Nicolai, L. Nicolas, P. Nieckchen, P. Nielsen, A. H. Nielsen, S. K. Nielsen, G. Nielson, J. Nieto, M. P. S. Nightingale, C. Noble, M. Nocente, M. Nora, H. Nordman, M. Norman, J. M. Noterdaeme, S. Nowak, I. Nunes, F. Ognissanto, T. O’Gorman, S. Olariu, A. Oleynikov, M. O’Mullane, J. Ongena, F. Orsitto, O. I. Oswuigwe, M. Ottaviani, N. Oyama, D. Pacella, K. Paget, S. Palazzo, J. Pamela, S. Pamela, R. Panek, L. Pangione, A. Panin, T.h. Panis, A. Pankin, A. Pantea, V. Parail, T.h. Parisot, A. Parkin, A. Parsloe, B. T. Parsons, R. Pasqualotto, P. Pastor, R. Paterson, M. K. Paul, D. Peach, R. J. H. Pearce, B. J. Pearson, I. J. Pearson, L. C. Pedrick, M. A. Pedrosa, B. Pegourie, R. Pereira, E. Perelli Cippo, G. Pereverzev, A. Perevezentsev, C.h. PerezvonThun, V. Pericoli Ridolfini, A. Perona, Y. Perrot, S. Peruzzo, S. Peschanyy, G. Petravich, L. Petrizzi, V. Petrov, V. Petrzilka, V. Philipps, G. Piazza, F. Piccolo, A. Pietropaolo, M. Pillon, S. D. Pinches, T. Pinna, G. Pintsuk, P. Piovesan, F. Pisano, R. Pitts, B. Plaum, V. Plyusnin, M. Polasik, F. M. Poli, N. Pomaro, O. Pompilian, L. Poncet, P. J. Pool, S. Popovichev, F. Porcelli, M. T. Porfiri, C. Portafaix, A. Pospieszczyk, G. Possnert, G. Prestopino, P. Prior, R. Prokopowicz, I. Proverbio, R. Pugno, M. E. Puiatti, K. Purahoo, V. Pustovitov, T.h. P̈utterich, D. P̈uttmann Kneupner, E. Rachlew, R. Rademaker, T. Rafiq, M. S. J. Rainford, G. Ramogida, K. Rantam̈aki, J. Rapp, J. J. Rasmussen, G. Ratt́a, G. Ravera, M. Reich, R. Reichle, D. Reiser, R. Reiss, D. Reiter, D. Rendell, C. Reux, G. Rewoldt, T. T. Ribeiro, V. Riccardo, D. Richards, F. Rigollet, F. G. Rimini, L. Rios, M. Riva, J. E. C. Roberts, R. J. Robins, D. S. Robinson, S. A. Robinson, D. W. Robson, H. Roche, M. R̈odig, N. Rodionov, V. Rohde, A. Rolfe, M. Romanelli, A. Romano, J. Romero, E. Ronchi, S. Rosanvallon, C.h. Roux, S. Rowe, M. Rubel, L. Ruchko, M. Ruiz, C. Ruset, M. Russell, A. Ruth, L. Ryc, A. Rydzy, F. Ryter, J. Rzadkiewicz, S. Saarelma, F. Sabathier, R. Sabot, S. Sadakov, P. Sagar, G. Saibene, A. Saille, F. Saint Laurent, A. Salmi, R. Salomaa, F. Salzedas, U. Samm, P. Sanchez, S. Sanders, S. G. Sanders, G. Sandford, K. Sandland, P. Sandquist, D. E. G. Sands, M. I. K. Santala, F. Sartori, R. Sartori, O. Sauter, A. Savelyev, A. Savtchkov, S. C. Scales, A. Scarabosio, N. Schaefer, C.h. Schlatter, V. Schmidt, A. Schmidt, O. Schmitz, S. Schmuck, M. Schneider, M. Scholz, K. Scḧopf, B. Schweer, J. Schweinzer, B. Scott, M. Seki, L. Semeraro, A. Semerok, G. Sergienko, F. Serra, M. Sertoli, M. M. J. Shannon, S. E. Sharapov, S. R. Shaw, A. Shevelev, R. Sievering, C. A. Silva, P. A. Simmons, A. Simonetto, D. Simpson, S. Sipila, A. C. C. Sips, A. Sirinelli, H. Sj̈ostrand, D. Skopintsev, K. S.l.a.b.k.o.w.s.k.a., P. G. Smith, J. Snipes, L. Snoj, S. Snyder, S. Soare, E. R. Solano, S. Soldatov, A. Soleto, W. Solomon, C. Soltane, P. Sonato, A. Sopplesa, A. Sorrentino, J. Sousa, C. B. C. Sowden, C. Sozzi, P. Sp̈ah, T. Spelzini, J. Spence, F. Spineanu, P. Spuig, A. Sẗabler, R. D. Stagg, M. F. Stamp, V. Stancalie, P. Stangeby, C. Stan Sion, D. E. Starkey, M. J. Stead, A. V. Stephen, A. L. Stevens, J. Stober, R. B. Stokes, D. Stork, D. Stoyanov, J. Strachan, P. Strand, M. Stransky, D. Strauss, D. Strintzi, W. Studholme, Y. SuNa, F. Subba, H. P. Summers, Y. Sun, C. Surdu Bob, E. Surrey, D. J. Sutton, J. Svensson, D. Swain, B. D. Syme, I. D. Symonds, T. Szepesi, A. Szydlowski, F. Tabares, V. Takalo, H. Takenaga, T. Tala, A. R. Talbot, C. Taliercio, C. Tame, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, L. Taroni, G. Telesca, A. Terra, A. O. Terrington, D. Testa, J. M. Theis, J. D. Thomas, P. D. Thomas, P. R. Thomas, V. K. Thompson, H. Thomsen, C. Thomser, A. Thyagaraja, P. A. Tigwell, I. Tiseanu, R. Tivey, J. M. Todd, T. N. Todd, M. Z. Tokar, S. Tosti, P. Trabuc, J. M. Travere, W. Treutterer, P. Trimble, A. Trkov, E. Trukhina, M. Tsalas, H. Tsige Tamirat, E. Tsitrone, D. Tskhakaya jun, O. Tudisco, S. Tugarinov, M. M. Turner, G. Turri, S. G. J. Tyrrell, N. Umeda, B. Unterberg, H. Urano, A. J. Urquhart, I. Uytdenhouwen, A. Vaccaro, A. P. Vadgama, G. Vagliasindi, D. Valcarcel, M. Valisa, J. Vallory, M. Valovic, D. Van Eester, B. van Milligen, G. J. van Rooij, C. A. F. Varandas, S. Vartanian, V. Vdovin, J. Vega, G. Verdoolaege, J. M. Verger, L. Vermare, C. Verona, T.h. Versloot, M. Vervier, J. Vicente, S. Villari, E. Villedieu, F. Villone, J. E. Vince, G. J. Vine, B. Viola, E. Vitale, R. Vitelli, M. Vlad, I. Voitsekhovitch, M. Vrancken, K. Vulliez, C. W. F. Waldon, M. Walker, M. J. Walsh, J. Waterhouse, M. L. Watkins, M. J. Watson, T. Wauters, M. W. Way, C. R. Webb, J. Weiland, H. Weisen, M. Weiszflog, R. Wenninger, A. T. West, J. M. Weulersse, B. Weyssow, M. R. Wheatley, A. D. Whiteford, A. M. Whitehead, A. G. Whitehurst, A. M. Widdowson, R. C. Wieggers, C. Wiegmann, S. Wiesen, A. Wilson, D. Wilson, D. J. Wilson, H. R. Wilson, M. Wischmeier, D. M. Witts, R. C. Wolf, J. Wolowski, P. Woscov, G. M. Wright, J. Wright, G. S. Xu, V. Yavorskij, V. Yerashok, J. Yorkshades, C. Young, D. Young, I. D. Young, X. Yuhong, L. Zabeo, A. Zabolotsky, L. Zaccarian, R. Zagorski, F. S. Zaitsev, S. Zajac, L. Zakharov, R. Zanino, V. Zaroschi, K. D. Zastrow, I. Zatz, B. Zefran, W. Zeidner, M. Zerbini, T. Zhang, Y. Zhu, E. Zilli, O. Zimmermann, V. Zoita, S. Zoletnik, W. Zwingman, JET EFDA Contributors, ALBANESE, Raffaele, AMBROSINO, GIUSEPPE, BELLIZIO, TERESA, CARANNANTE, GIUSEPPE, COCCORESE, VINCENZO, DE TOMMASI, GIANMARIA, MIANO, GIOVANNI, PIRONTI, ALFREDO, QUERCIA, ANTONIO, RUBINACCI, GUGLIELMO, J., Pamela, EMILIA R., Solano, AND JET EFDA, Contributor, J. M., Adam, G., Agarici, M., Agarici, H., Akhter, Albanese, Raffaele, Romanelli, F., Laxaback, F., Abel, I., Afanesyev, V., Agarici, G., Aggarwal, K. M., Airila, M., Akers, R., Alarcon, T. h., Alexeev, A., Alfier, A., Allan, P., Almaviva, S., Alonso, A., Alonso, M., Alper, B., Altmann, H., Alves, D., Ambrosino, Giuseppe, Amosov, V., Anda, G., Andersson, F., Andersson Sund́en, E., Andreev, V., Andrew, Y., Angelone, M., Anghel, M., Anghel, A., Angioni, C., Apruzzese, G., Arcis, N., Arena, P., Argouarch, A., Ariola, M., Armitano, A., Armstrong, R., Arnoux, G., Arshad, S., Artaserse, G., Artaud, J. F., Ash, A., Asp, E., Asunta, O., Atanasiu, C. V., Atkins, G., Axton, M. D., Ayres, C., Baciero, A., Bailescu, V., Baiocchi, B., Baker, R. A., Balboa, I., Balorin, C., Balshaw, N., Banks, J. W., Baranov, Y. F., Barbier, D., Barlow, I. L., Barnard, M. A., Barnsley, R., Barrena, L., Barrera, L., Baruzzo, M., Basiuk, V., Bateman, G., Batistoni, P., Baumgarten, N., Baylor, L., Bazylev, B., Beaumont, P. S., Beausang, K., B́ecoulet, M., Bekris, N., Beldishevski, M., Bell, A. C., Belli, F., Bellinger, M., Bellizio, Teresa, Belo, P. S. A., Belonohy, ́. E., Bennett, P. E., Benterman, N. A., Berger By, G., Bergsåker, H., Berk, H., Bernardo, J., Bertrand, B., Beurskens, M. N. A., Bieg, B., Bienkowska, B., Biewer, T., Biewer, T. M., Bigi, M., Bilato, R., Bird, J., Bizarro, J., Blackman, T. R., Blanchard, P., Blanco, E., Blum, J., Bobkov, V., Boboc, A., Boilson, D., Bolshakova, I., Bolzonella, T., Boncagni, L., Bonheure, G., Bonnin, X., Borba, D., Borthwick, A., Botrugno, A., Boulbe, C., Bouquey, F., Bourdelle, C., Bovert, K. v., Bowden, M., Boyce, T., Boyer, H. J., Bozhenkov, A., Brade, R. J., Bradshaw, J. M. A., Braet, J., Braic, V., Braithwaite, G. C., Brault, C., Braune, H., Breizman, B., Bremond, S., Brennan, P. D., Brett, A., Breue, J., Brezinsek, S., Bright, M. D. J., Briscoe, F., Brix, M., Brombin, M., Brown, B. C., Brown, D. P. D., Bruschi, A., Brzozowski, J., Bucalossi, J., Buckley, M. A., Budd, T., Budny, R., Budny, R. V., Bunting, P., Buratti, P., Burcea, G., Butcher, P. R., Buttery, R. J., Caç̃ao, R., Calabr`o, G., Callaghan, C. P., Caminade, J. P., Camp, P. G., Campling, D. C., Canik, J., Cannas, B., Capel, A. J., Carannante, Giuseppe, Card, P. J., Cardinali, A., Carlstrom, T., Carman, P., Carralero, D., Carraro, L., Carter, T., Carvalho, B. B., Carvalho, P., Casati, A., Castaldo, C., Caughman, J., Cavazzana, R., Cavinato, M., Cecconello, M., Cecil, F. E., Cenedese, A., Centioli, C., Cesario, R., Challis, C. D., Chandler, M., Chang, C., Chankin, A., Chapman, I. T., Child, D. J., Chiru, P., Chitarin, G., Chugonov, I., Chugunov, I., Ciric, D., Clairet, F., Clarke, R. H., Clay, R., Clever, M., Coad, J. P., Coates, P. A., Coccorese, Vincenzo, Cocilovo, V., Coda, S., Coelho, R., Coenen, J., Coffey, I., Colas, L., Cole, M., Collins, S., Combs, S., Compan, J., Conboy, J. E., Conroy, S., Cook, N., Cook, S. P., Coombs, D., Cooper, S. R., Corre, Y., Corrigan, G., Cortes, S., Coster, D., Counsell, G. F., Courtois, X., Cox, M., Craciunescu, T., Cramp, S., Crisanti, F., Croft, O., Crombe, K., Crowley, B. J., Cruz, N., Cupido, L., Curuia, M., Cusack, R. A., Czarnecka, A., Dalley, S., Daly, E. T., Dalziel, A., Darrow, D., David, O., Davies, N., Davis, J. J., Day, I. E., Day, C., De Angelis, R., Dearcas, G., de Baar, M. R., Delacal, E., de la Luna, E., de Pablos, J. L., De Temmerman, G., DE TOMMASI, Gianmaria, de Vries, P. C., Degli Agostini, F., Delabie, E., del Castillo Negrete, D., Delpech, L., Denisov, G., Denyer, A. J., Denyer, R. F., Devaux, S., Devynck, P., Di Matteo, L., Dipace, L., Dirken, P. J., Dnestrovskiy, A., Dodt, D., Dominiczak, K., Dorling, S. E., Douai, D., Down, A. P., Doyle, P. T., Drake, J. R., Dreischuh, T., Drozdov, V., Dumortier, P., Dunai, D., Duran, I., Durodíe, F., Dylst, K., Eaton, R., Edlington, T., Edwards, A. M., Edwards, D. T., Edwards, P. K., Eich, T. h., Ekedahl, A., Elevant, T., Elfimov, A., Ellingboe, B., Elsmore, C. G., Emmoth, B., Ericsson, G., Eriksson, L. G., Eriksson, A., Esposito, B., Esser, H. G., Estrada, T., Evangelidis, E. A., Evans, G. E., Ewart, G. D., Ewers, D. T., Falchetto, G., Falie, D., Fanthome, J. G. A., Farina, D., Farthing, J. W., Fasoli, A., Faugeras, B., Fedorczak, N., Felton, R. C., Fenzi, C., Fernandes, H., Ferreira, J. A., Ferreira, J., Ferron, J., Fessey, J. A., Figini, L., Figueiredo, A., Figueiredo, J., Finburg, P., Finken, K. H., Fischer, U., Fitzgerald, N., Flanagan, J., Fleming, C., Fonseca, A., Forbes, A. D., Ford, O., Formisano, A., Fraboulet, D., Francis, R. J., Frassinetti, L., Fresa, R., Friconneau, J. P., Frigione, D., Fuchs, J. C., Fullard, K., Fundamenski, W., Furno Palumbo, M., Gafert, J., Ǵal, K., Galṽao, R., Garavaglia, S., Garbet, X., Garcia, J., Gar cia Munoz, M., Gardner, W., Garibaldi, P., Garnier, D., Garzotti, L., Gatu Johnson, M., Gaudio, P., Gauthier, E., Gaze, J. W., Gear, D. F., Gedney, J., Gee, S. J., Gelfusa, M., Genangeli, E., Gerasimov, S., Geraud, A., Gerbaud, T., Gherendi, M., Ghirelli, N., Giacalone, J. C., Giacomelli, L., Gibson, C. S., Gil, C., Gilligan, S. J., Gimblett, C. G., Gin, D., Giovannozzi, E., Giroud, C., Giruzzi, G., Glowacz, S., Godwin, J., Goff, J. K., Gohil, P., Goloborod’Ko, V., Gonçalves, B., Goniche, M., Gonzales, S., Gonźalezde Vicente, S. M., Goodyear, A., Gorelenkov, N., Gorini, G., Goulding, R., Graham, B., Graham, D., Graham, M. E., Granucci, G., Graves, J., Green, N. R., Greuner, H., Grigore, E., Griph, F. S., Grisolia, C., Gros, G., Grossetti, G., Groth, M., Gr̈unhagen, S., Gryaznevich, M. P., Guirlet, R., Gulejova, B., Gunn, J., Gupta, A., Guzdar, P., Hacek, P., Hackett, L. J., Hacquin, S., Haist, B., Hakola, A., Hall, S. J., Hallworthcook, S. P., Hamilton, D. T., Han, H., Handley, R. C., Harding, S., Harling, J. D. W., Harting, D., Harvey, M. J., Haupt, T. D. V., Havlickova, E., Hawkes, N. C., Hawryluk, R., Hay, J. H., Hayashi, N., Haydon, P. W., Hayward, I. R., Hazel, S., Heesterman, P. J. L., Heidbrink, W., Heikkinen, J., Hellesen, C., Hellsten, T., Hemming, O. N., Hender, T. C., Henderson, M., Hennig, C., Hennion, V., Hidalgo, C., Higashijima, S., Hill, J. W., Hill, M., Hill, K., Hillairet, J., Hillis, D., Hirai, T., Hitchin, M., Hobirk, J., Hogan, C., Hogben, C. H. A., Hogeweij, G. M. D., Hollingham, I. C., Holyaka, R., Homfray, D. A., Honeyands, G., Hong, S. H., Hopf, C., Horn, B. A., Horton, A. R., Horton, L. D., Hotchin, S. P., Hough, M. R., Houlberg, W., Howell, D. F., Hron, M., Huber, A., Huddleston, T. M., Hudson, Z., Hughes, M., Ḧuhnerbein, M., Hume, C. C., Hunt, A. J., Hunter, C. L., Hutchinson, T. S., Huygen, S., Huysmans, G., Hyn̈onen, V., Ide, S., Igreja, R., Illescas, C., Imbeaux, F., Ivanova, D., Ivings, E., Jachmich, S., Jackson, G., Jacquet, P., Jakubowska, K., Jakubowski, M., James, P. V., Jaspers, R. J. E., Jednorog, S., Jenkins, I., Jennison, M. A. C., Jeskins, C., Jin Kwon, O., Joffrin, E., Johnson, M. F., Johnson, R., Johnson, T., Jolovic, D., Jonauskas, V., Jones, E. M., Jones, G., Jones, H. D., Jones, T. T. C., Jouvet, M., Juṕen, C., Kachtchouk, I., Kaczmarczyk, J., Kallenbach, A., K̈allne, J., Kalupin, D., Ḱalvin, S., Kamelander, G., Kamendje, R., Kappatou, A., Karttunen, S., Kasparek, W., Katramados, I., Kaufmann, M., Kaveney, G., Kaye, A. S., Kear, M. J., Keeling, D. L., Kelliher, D., Kempenaars, M., Khilar, P., Kidd, N. G., Kiisk, M., Kim, K. M., King, R. F., Kinna, D. J., Kiptily, V., Kirnev, G., Kirneva, N., Kirov, K., Kirschner, A., Kisielius, R., Kislov, D., Kiss, G., Kiviniemi, T., Kizane, G., Klein, A., Klix, A., Knaup, M., Kneuper, K., Kneupner, H., Knight, P. J., Knipe, S. J., Kocan, M., K̈ochl, F., Kocsis, G., Konz, C., Koppitz, T., Korotkov, A., Koslowski, H. R., Kotov, V., Kovari, M. D., Kovarik, K., Kramer, G., Krasilnikov, A., Krasilnikov, V., Kraus, S., Kreter, A., Krieger, K., Kritz, A., Krivchenkov, Y., Kruezi, U., Krychowiak, M., Krylov, S., Ksiazek, I., Kubic, M., Kuhn, S., K̈uhnlein, W., Kurki Suonio, T., Kurowski, A., Kuteev, B., Kuyanov, A., La Haye, R., Laan, M., Labate, C., Lachichi, A., Lam, N., Lang, P., Large, M. T., Lassiwe, I., Last, J. R., Lawson, K. D., Laxåback, M., Layne, R. A., Lazzaro, E., Leguern, F., Leblanc, B., Leggate, H. J., Lehnen, M., Leigheb, M., Lengar, I., Lennholm, M., Lerche, E., Lescure, C. N., Li, Y., Li Puma, A., Liang, Y., Likonen, J., Lin, Y., Linke, J., Linstead, S. A., Lipshultz, B., Litaudon, X., Litvak, A. G., Liu, Y., Loarer, T., Loarte, A., Lobel, R. C., Lomas, P. J., Long, F. D., L̈onnroth, J., Looker, D. J., Lopez, J., Lotte, P. h., Loughlin, M. J., Loving, A. B., Lowry, C., Luce, T., Lucock, R. M. A., Lukanitsa, A., Lungu, A. M., Lungu, C. P., Lyssoivan, A., Macheta, P., Mackenzie, A. S., Macrae, M., Maddaluno, G., Maddison, G. P., Madsen, J., Maget, P., Maggi, C., Maier, H., Mailloux, J., Makowski, M., Manning, C. J., Mansfield, M., Manso, M. E., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Maraschek, M., Marchetto, C., Marchitti, M. A., Mardenfeld, M., Marechal, J. L., Marinelli, M., Marinoni, A., Marinucci, M., M̈arki, J., Marocco, D., Marren, C. A., Martin, D., Martin, D. L., Martin, G., Martin, Y., Mart́ın Soĺıs, J. R., Masaki, K., Masiello, A., Maslov, M., Maszl, C., Matilal, A., Mattei, M., Matthews, G. F., Maviglia, F., May, C. R., Mayer, M., Mayoral, M. L., Mazon, D., Mazzotta, C., Mazzucato, E., Mccarthy, P., Mcclements, K. G., Mccormick, K., Mccullen, P. A., Mccune, D., Mcdonald, D. C., Mcgregor, R., Mckivitt, J. P., Meakins, A., Medina, F., Meigs, A. G., Menard, M., Meneses, L., Menmuir, S., Merrigan, I. R., Mertens, P. h., Messiaen, A., Meyer, H., Miano, Giovanni, Miele, M., Migliucci, P., Miller, A. G., Mills, S. F., Milnes, J. J., Min Kim, K., Mindham, T., Mirizzi, F., Mirones, E., Mironov, M., Mitteau, R., Mlynar, J., Mollard, P., Monakhov, I., Monier Garbet, P., Mooney, R., Moradi, S., Moreau, D., Moreau, P. h., Moreira, L., Morgan, A., Morgan, P. D., Morlock, C., Moro, A., Morris, A. W., Mort, G. L., Mrozek, C., Mueck, A., M̈uller, H. W., Murakami, M., Murari, A., Mustata, I., Nabais, F., Nardon, E., Nash, G., Naulin, V., Nave, M. F. F., Nazikian, R., Nedzelski, I., Negus, C. R., Neilson, J. D., Neto, A., Neu, R., Neubauer, O., Newbert, G. J., Newman, M., Nicholls, K. J., Nicolai, A., Nicolas, L., Nieckchen, P., Nielsen, P., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, S. K., Nielson, G., Nieto, J., Nightingale, M. P. S., Noble, C., Nocente, M., Nora, M., Nordman, H., Norman, M., Noterdaeme, J. M., Nowak, S., Nunes, I., Ognissanto, F., O’Gorman, T., Olariu, S., Oleynikov, A., O’Mullane, M., Ongena, J., Orsitto, F., Oswuigwe, O. I., Ottaviani, M., Oyama, N., Pacella, D., Paget, K., Palazzo, S., Pamela, J., Pamela, S., Panek, R., Pangione, L., Panin, A., Panis, T. h., Pankin, A., Pantea, A., Parail, V., Parisot, T. h., Parkin, A., Parsloe, A., Parsons, B. T., Pasqualotto, R., Pastor, P., Paterson, R., Paul, M. K., Peach, D., Pearce, R. J. H., Pearson, B. J., Pearson, I. J., Pedrick, L. C., Pedrosa, M. A., Pegourie, B., Pereira, R., Perelli Cippo, E., Pereverzev, G., Perevezentsev, A., Perezvonthun, C. h., Pericoli Ridolfini, V., Perona, A., Perrot, Y., Peruzzo, S., Peschanyy, S., Petravich, G., Petrizzi, L., Petrov, V., Petrzilka, V., Philipps, V., Piazza, G., Piccolo, F., Pietropaolo, A., Pillon, M., Pinches, S. D., Pinna, T., Pintsuk, G., Piovesan, P., Pironti, Alfredo, Pisano, F., Pitts, R., Plaum, B., Plyusnin, V., Polasik, M., Poli, F. M., Pomaro, N., Pompilian, O., Poncet, L., Pool, P. J., Popovichev, S., Porcelli, F., Porfiri, M. T., Portafaix, C., Pospieszczyk, A., Possnert, G., Prestopino, G., Prior, P., Prokopowicz, R., Proverbio, I., Pugno, R., Puiatti, M. E., Purahoo, K., Pustovitov, V., P̈utterich, T. h., P̈uttmann Kneupner, D., Quercia, Antonio, Rachlew, E., Rademaker, R., Rafiq, T., Rainford, M. S. J., Ramogida, G., Rantam̈aki, K., Rapp, J., Rasmussen, J. J., Ratt́a, G., Ravera, G., Reich, M., Reichle, R., Reiser, D., Reiss, R., Reiter, D., Rendell, D., Reux, C., Rewoldt, G., Ribeiro, T. T., Riccardo, V., Richards, D., Rigollet, F., Rimini, F. G., Rios, L., Riva, M., Roberts, J. E. C., Robins, R. J., Robinson, D. S., Robinson, S. A., Robson, D. W., Roche, H., R̈odig, M., Rodionov, N., Rohde, V., Rolfe, A., Romanelli, M., Romano, A., Romero, J., Ronchi, E., Rosanvallon, S., Roux, C. h., Rowe, S., Rubel, M., Rubinacci, Guglielmo, Ruchko, L., Ruiz, M., Ruset, C., Russell, M., Ruth, A., Ryc, L., Rydzy, A., Ryter, F., Rzadkiewicz, J., Saarelma, S., Sabathier, F., Sabot, R., Sadakov, S., Sagar, P., Saibene, G., Saille, A., Saint Laurent, F., Salmi, A., Salomaa, R., Salzedas, F., Samm, U., Sanchez, P., Sanders, S., Sanders, S. G., Sandford, G., Sandland, K., Sandquist, P., Sands, D. E. G., Santala, M. I. K., Sartori, F., Sartori, R., Sauter, O., Savelyev, A., Savtchkov, A., Scales, S. C., Scarabosio, A., Schaefer, N., Schlatter, C. h., Schmidt, V., Schmidt, A., Schmitz, O., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Scholz, M., Scḧopf, K., Schweer, B., Schweinzer, J., Scott, B., Seki, M., Semeraro, L., Semerok, A., Sergienko, G., Serra, F., Sertoli, M., Shannon, M. M. J., Sharapov, S. E., Shaw, S. R., Shevelev, A., Sievering, R., Silva, C. A., Simmons, P. A., Simonetto, A., Simpson, D., Sipila, S., Sips, A. C. C., Sirinelli, A., Sj̈ostrand, H., Skopintsev, D., K. S. l. a. b. k. o. w. s. k. a., Smith, P. G., Snipes, J., Snoj, L., Snyder, S., Soare, S., Solano, E. R., Soldatov, S., Soleto, A., Solomon, W., Soltane, C., Sonato, P., Sopplesa, A., Sorrentino, A., Sousa, J., Sowden, C. B. C., Sozzi, C., Sp̈ah, P., Spelzini, T., Spence, J., Spineanu, F., Spuig, P., Sẗabler, A., Stagg, R. D., Stamp, M. F., Stancalie, V., Stangeby, P., Stan Sion, C., Starkey, D. E., Stead, M. J., Stephen, A. V., Stevens, A. L., Stober, J., Stokes, R. B., Stork, D., Stoyanov, D., Strachan, J., Strand, P., Stransky, M., Strauss, D., Strintzi, D., Studholme, W., Suna, Y., Subba, F., Summers, H. P., Sun, Y., Surdu Bob, C., Surrey, E., Sutton, D. J., Svensson, J., Swain, D., Syme, B. D., Symonds, I. D., Szepesi, T., Szydlowski, A., Tabares, F., Takalo, V., Takenaga, H., Tala, T., Talbot, A. R., Taliercio, C., Tame, C., Tardini, G., Tardocchi, M., Taroni, L., Telesca, G., Terra, A., Terrington, A. O., Testa, D., Theis, J. M., Thomas, J. D., Thomas, P. D., Thomas, P. R., Thompson, V. K., Thomsen, H., Thomser, C., Thyagaraja, A., Tigwell, P. A., Tiseanu, I., Tivey, R., Todd, J. M., Todd, T. N., Tokar, M. Z., Tosti, S., Trabuc, P., Travere, J. M., Treutterer, W., Trimble, P., Trkov, A., Trukhina, E., Tsalas, M., Tsige Tamirat, H., Tsitrone, E., Tskhakaya jun, D., Tudisco, O., Tugarinov, S., Turner, M. M., Turri, G., Tyrrell, S. G. J., Umeda, N., Unterberg, B., Urano, H., Urquhart, A. J., Uytdenhouwen, I., Vaccaro, A., Vadgama, A. P., Vagliasindi, G., Valcarcel, D., Valisa, M., Vallory, J., Valovic, M., Van Eester, D., van Milligen, B., van Rooij, G. J., Varandas, C. A. F., Vartanian, S., Vdovin, V., Vega, J., Verdoolaege, G., Verger, J. M., Vermare, L., Verona, C., Versloot, T. h., Vervier, M., Vicente, J., Villari, S., Villedieu, E., Villone, F., Vince, J. E., Vine, G. J., Viola, B., Vitale, E., Vitelli, R., Vlad, M., Voitsekhovitch, I., Vrancken, M., Vulliez, K., Waldon, C. W. F., Walker, M., Walsh, M. J., Waterhouse, J., Watkins, M. L., Watson, M. J., Wauters, T., Way, M. W., Webb, C. R., Weiland, J., Weisen, H., Weiszflog, M., Wenninger, R., West, A. T., Weulersse, J. M., Weyssow, B., Wheatley, M. R., Whiteford, A. D., Whitehead, A. M., Whitehurst, A. G., Widdowson, A. M., Wieggers, R. C., Wiegmann, C., Wiesen, S., Wilson, A., Wilson, D., Wilson, D. J., Wilson, H. R., Wischmeier, M., Witts, D. M., Wolf, R. C., Wolowski, J., Woscov, P., Wright, G. M., Wright, J., G. S., Xu, Yavorskij, V., Yerashok, V., Yorkshades, J., Young, C., Young, D., Young, I. D., Yuhong, X., Zabeo, L., Zabolotsky, A., Zaccarian, L., Zagorski, R., Zaitsev, F. S., Zajac, S., Zakharov, L., Zanino, R., Zaroschi, V., Zastrow, K. D., Zatz, I., Zefran, B., Zeidner, W., Zerbini, M., Zhang, T., Zhu, Y., Zilli, E., Zimmermann, O., Zoita, V., Zoletnik, S., Zwingman, W., JET EFDA Contributors, Romanelli, F, Laxaback, M, Abel, I, Afanesyev, V, Agarici, G, Aggarwal, K, Airila, M, Akers, R, Alarcon, T, Albanese, R, Alexeev, A, Alfier, A, Allan, P, Almaviva, S, Alonso, A, Alonso, M, Alper, B, Altmann, H, Alves, D, Ambrosino, G, Amosov, V, Anda, G, Andersson, F, Andersson Sunden, E, Andreev, V, Andrew, Y, Angelone, M, Anghel, M, Anghel, A, Angioni, C, Apruzzese, G, Arcis, N, Arena, P, Argouarch, A, Ariola, M, Armitano, A, Armstrong, R, Arnoux, G, Arshad, S, Artaserse, G, Artaud, J, Ash, A, Asp, E, Asunta, O, Atanasiu, C, Atkins, G, Axton, M, Ayres, C, Baciero, A, Bailescu, V, Baiocchi, B, Baker, R, Balboa, I, Balorin, C, Balshaw, N, Banks, J, Baranov, Y, Barbier, D, Barlow, I, Barnard, M, Barnsley, R, Barrena, L, Barrera, L, Baruzzo, M, Basiuk, V, Bateman, G, Batiston, P, Baumgarten, N, Baylor, L, Bazylev, B, Beaumont, P, Beausang, K, Becoulet, M, Bekris, N, Beldishevski, M, Bell, A, Belli, F, Bellinger, M, Bellizio, T, Belo, P, Belonohy, E, Bennett, P, Benterman, N, Berger By, G, Bergsaker, H, Berk, H, Bernardo, J, Bertrand, B, Beurskens, M, Bieg, B, Bienkowska, B, Biewer, T, Bigi, M, Bilato, R, Bird, J, Bizarro, J, Blackman, T, Blanchard, P, Blanco, E, Blum, J, Bobkov, V, Boboc, A, Boilson, D, Bolshakova, I, Bolzonella, T, Boncagni, L, Bonheure, G, Bonnin, X, Borba, D, Borthwick, A, Botrugno, A, Boulbe, C, Bouquey, F, Bourdelle, C, Bovert, K, Bowden, M, Boyce, T, Boyer, H, Bozhenkov, A, Brade, R, Bradshaw, J, Braet, J, Braic, V, Braithwaite, G, Brault, C, Braune, H, Breizman, B, Bremond, S, Brennan, P, Brett, A, Breue, J, Brezinsek, S, Bright, M, Briscoe, F, Brix, M, Brombin, M, Brown, B, Brown, D, Bruschi, A, Brzozowski, J, Bucalossi, J, Buckley, M, Budd, T, Budny, R, Bunting, P, Buratti, P, Burcea, G, Butcher, P, Buttery, R, Cacao, R, Calabro, G, Callaghan, C, Caminade, J, Camp, P, Campling, D, Canik, J, Cannas, B, Capel, A, Carannante, G, Card, P, Cardinali, A, Carlstrom, T, Carman, P, Carralero, D, Carraro, L, Carter, T, Carvalho, B, Carvalho, P, Casati, A, Castaldo, C, Caughman, J, Cavazzana, R, Cavinato, M, Cecconello, M, Cecil, F, Cenedese, A, Centioli, C, Cesario, R, Challis, C, Chandler, M, Chang, C, Chankin, A, Chapman, I, Child, D, Chiru, P, Chitarin, G, Chugonov, I, Ciric, D, Clairet, F, Clarke, R, Clay, R, Clever, M, Coad, J, Coates, P, Coccorese, V, Cocilovo, V, Coda, S, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Coffey, I, Colas, L, Cole, M, Collins, S, Combs, S, Compan, J, Conboy, J, Conroy, S, Cook, N, Cook, S, Coombs, D, Cooper, S, Corre, Y, Corrigan, G, Cortes, S, Coster, D, Counsell, G, Courtois, X, Cox, M, Craciunescu, T, Cramp, S, Crisanti, F, Croft, O, Crombe, K, Crowley, B, Cruz, N, Cupido, L, Curuia, M, Cusack, R, Czarnecka, A, Dalley, S, Daly, E, Dalziel, A, Darrow, D, David, O, Davies, N, Davis, J, Day, I, Day, C, De Angelis, R, de Arcas, G, de Baar, M, de la Cal, E, de la Luna, E, de Pablos, J, De Temmerman, G, De Tommasi, G, de Vries, P, Degli Agostini, F, Delabie, E, del Castillo Negrete, D, Delpech, L, Denisov, G, Denyer, A, Denyer, R, Devaux, S, Devynck, P, Di Matteo, L, Di Pace, L, Dirken, P, Dnestrovskiy, A, Dodt, D, Dominiczak, K, Dorling, S, Douai, D, Down, A, Doyle, P, Drake, J, Dreischuh, T, Drozdov, V, Dumortier, P, Dunai, D, Duran, I, Durodie, F, Dylst, K, Eaton, R, Edlington, T, Edwards, A, Edwards, D, Edwards, P, Eich, T, Ekedahl, A, Elevant, T, Elfimov, A, Ellingboe, B, Elsmore, C, Emmoth, B, Ericsson, G, Eriksson, L, Eriksson, A, Esposito, B, Esser, H, Estrada, T, Evangelidis, E, Evans, G, Ewart, G, Ewers, D, Falchetto, G, Falie, D, Fanthome, J, Farina, D, Farthing, J, Fasoli, A, Faugeras, B, Fedorczak, N, Felton, R, Fenzi, C, Fernandes, H, Ferreira, J, Ferron, J, Fessey, J, Figini, L, Figueiredo, A, Figueiredo, J, Finburg, P, Finken, K, Fischer, U, Fitzgerald, N, Flanagan, J, Fleming, C, Fonseca, A, Forbes, A, Ford, O, Formisano, A, Fraboulet, D, Francis, R, Frassinetti, L, Fresa, R, Friconneau, J, Frigione, D, Fuchs, J, Fullard, K, Fundamenski, W, Furno Palumbo, M, Gafert, J, Gal, K, Galvao, R, Garavaglia, S, Garbet, X, Garcia, J, Garcia Munoz, M, Gardner, W, Garibaldi, P, Garnier, D, Garzotti, L, Gatu Johnson, M, Gaudio, P, Gauthier, E, Gaze, J, Gear, D, Gedney, J, Gee, S, Gelfusa, M, Genangeli, E, Gerasimov, S, Geraud, A, Gerbaud, T, Gherendi, M, Ghirelli, N, Giacalone, J, Giacomelli, L, Gibson, C, Gil, C, Gilligan, S, Gimblett, C, Gin, D, Giovannozzi, E, Giroud, C, Giruzzi, G, Glowacz, S, Godwin, J, Goff, J, Gohil, P, Goloborod'Ko, V, Goncalves, B, Goniche, M, Gonzales, S, Gonzales de Vicente, S, Goodyear, A, Gorelenkov, N, Gorini, G, Goulding, R, Graham, B, Graham, D, Graham, M, Granucci, G, Graves, J, Green, N, Greuner, H, Grigore, E, Griph, F, Grisolia, C, Gros, G, Grossetti, G, Groth, M, Gruenhagen, S, Gryaznevich, M, Guirlet, R, Gulejova, B, Gunn, J, Gupta, A, Guzdar, P, Hacek, P, Hackett, L, Hacquin, S, Haist, B, Hakola, A, Hall, S, Hallworth Cook, S, Hamilton, D, Han, H, Handley, R, Harding, S, Harling, J, Harting, D, Harvey, M, Haupt, T, Havlickova, E, Hawkes, N, Hawryluk, R, Hay, J, Hayashi, N, Haydon, P, Hayward, I, Hazel, S, Heesterman, P, Heidbrink, W, Heikkinen, J, Hellesen, C, Hellsten, T, Hemming, O, Hender, T, Henderson, M, Hennig, C, Hennion, V, Hidalgo, C, Higashijima, S, Hill, J, Hill, M, Hill, K, Hillairet, J, Hillis, D, Hirai, T, Hitchin, M, Hobirk, J, Hogan, C, Hogben, C, Hogeweij, G, Hollingham, I, Holyaka, R, Homfray, D, Honeyands, G, Hong, S, Hopf, C, Horn, B, Horton, A, Horton, L, Hotchin, S, Hough, M, Houlberg, W, Howell, D, Hron, M, Huber, A, Huddleston, T, Hudson, Z, Hughes, M, Huehnerbein, M, Hume, C, Hunt, A, Hunter, C, Hutchinson, T, Huygen, S, Huysmans, G, Hynoenen, V, Ide, S, Igreja, R, Illescas, C, Imbeaux, F, Ivanova, D, Ivings, E, Jachmich, S, Jackson, G, Jacquet, P, Jakubowska, K, Jakubowski, M, James, P, Jaspers, R, Jednorog, S, Jenkins, I, Jennison, M, Jeskins, C, Jin Kwon, O, Joffrin, E, Johnson, M, Johnson, R, Johnson, T, Jolovic, D, Jonauskas, V, Jones, E, Jones, G, Jones, H, Jones, T, Jouvet, M, Jupen, C, Kachtchouk, I, Kaczmarczyk, J, Kallenbach, A, Kaellne, J, Kalupin, D, Kalvin, S, Kamelander, G, Kamendje, R, Kappatou, A, Karttunen, S, Kasparek, W, Katramados, I, Kaufmann, M, Kaveney, G, Kaye, A, Kear, M, Keeling, D, Kelliher, D, Kempenaars, M, Khilar, P, Kidd, N, Kiisk, M, Kim, K, King, R, Kinna, D, Kiptily, V, Kirnev, G, Kirneva, N, Kirov, K, Kirschner, A, Kisielius, R, Kislov, D, Kiss, G, Kiviniemi, T, Kizane, G, Klein, A, Klix, A, Knaup, M, Kneuper, K, Kneupner, H, Knight, P, Knipe, S, Kocan, M, Koechl, F, Kocsis, G, Konz, C, Koppitz, T, Korotkov, A, Koslowski, H, Kotov, V, Kovari, M, Kovarik, K, Kramer, G, Krasilnikov, A, Krasilnikov, V, Kraus, S, Kreter, A, Krieger, K, Kritz, A, Krivchenkov, Y, Kruezi, U, Krychowiak, M, Krylov, S, Ksiazek, I, Kubic, M, Kuhn, S, Kuehnlein, W, Kurki Suonio, T, Kurowski, A, Kuteev, B, Kuyanov, A, La Haye, R, Laan, M, Labate, C, Lachichi, A, Lam, N, Lang, P, Large, M, Lassiwe, I, Last, J, Lawson, K, Layne, R, Lazzaro, E, Le Guern, F, Leblanc, B, Leggate, H, Lehnen, M, Leigheb, M, Lengar, I, Lennholm, M, Lerche, E, Lescure, C, Li, Y, Li Puma, A, Liang, Y, Likonen, J, Lin, Y, Linke, J, Linstead, S, Lipshultz, B, Litaudon, X, Litvak, A, Liu, Y, Loarer, T, Loarte, A, Lobel, R, Lomas, P, Long, F, Loennroth, J, Looker, D, Lopez, J, Lotte, P, Loughlin, M, Loving, A, Lowry, C, Luce, T, Lucock, R, Lukanitsa, A, Lungu, A, Lungu, C, Lyssoivan, A, Macheta, P, Mackenzie, A, Macrae, M, Maddaluno, G, Maddison, G, Madsen, J, Maget, P, Maggi, C, Maier, H, Mailloux, J, Makowski, M, Manning, C, Mansfield, M, Manso, M, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Maraschek, M, Marchetto, C, Marchitti, M, Mardenfeld, M, Marechal, J, Marinelli, M, Marinoni, A, Marinucci, M, Maerki, J, Marocco, D, Marren, C, Martin, D, Martin, G, Martin, Y, Martin Solis, J, Masaki, K, Masiello, A, Maslov, M, Maszl, C, Matilal, A, Mattei, M, Matthews, G, Maviglia, F, May, C, Mayer, M, Mayoral, M, Mazon, D, Mazzotta, C, Mazzucato, E, Mccarthy, P, Mcclements, K, Mccormick, K, Mccullen, P, Mccune, D, Mcdonald, D, Mcgregor, R, Mckivitt, J, Meakins, A, Medina, F, Meigs, A, Menard, M, Meneses, L, Menmuir, S, Merrigan, I, Mertens, P, Messiaen, A, Meyer, H, Miano, G, Miele, M, Migliucci, P, Miller, A, Mills, S, Milnes, J, Min Kim, K, Mindham, T, Mirizzi, F, Mirones, E, Mironov, M, Mitteau, R, Mlynar, J, Mollard, P, Monakhov, I, Monier Garbet, P, Mooney, R, Moradi, S, Moreau, D, Moreau, P, Moreira, L, Morgan, A, Morgan, P, Morlock, C, Moro, A, Morris, A, Mort, G, Mrozek, C, Mueck, A, Mueller, H, Murakami, M, Murari, A, Mustata, I, Nabais, F, Nardon, E, Nash, G, Naulin, V, Nave, M, Nazikian, R, Nedzelski, I, Negus, C, Neilson, J, Neto, A, Neu, R, Neubauer, O, Newbert, G, Newman, M, Nicholls, K, Nicolai, A, Nicolas, L, Nieckchen, P, Nielsen, P, Nielsen, A, Nielsen, S, Nielson, G, Nieto, J, Nightingale, M, Noble, C, Nocente, M, Nora, M, Nordman, H, Norman, M, Noterdaeme, J, Nowak, S, Nunes, I, Ognissanto, F, O'Gorman, T, Olariu, S, Oleynikov, A, O'Mullane, M, Ongena, J, Orsitto, F, Oswuigwe, O, Ottaviani, M, Oyama, N, Pacella, D, Paget, K, Palazzo, S, Pamela, J, Pamela, S, Panek, R, Pangione, L, Panin, A, Panis, T, Pankin, A, Pantea, A, Parail, V, Parisot, T, Parkin, A, Parsloe, A, Parsons, B, Pasqualotto, R, Pastor, P, Paterson, R, Paul, M, Peach, D, Pearce, R, Pearson, B, Pearson, I, Pedrick, L, Pedrosa, M, Pegourie, B, Pereira, R, Perelli Cippo, E, Pereverzev, G, Perevezentsev, A, Perez von Thun, C, Pericoli Ridolfini, V, Perona, A, Perrot, Y, Peruzzo, S, Peschanyy, S, Petravich, G, Petrizzi, L, Petrov, V, Petrzilka, V, Philipps, V, Piazza, G, Piccolo, F, Pietropaolo, A, Pillon, M, Pinches, S, Pinna, T, Pintsuk, G, Piovesan, P, Pironti, A, Pisano, F, Pitts, R, Plaum, B, Plyusnin, V, Polasik, M, Poli, F, Pomaro, N, Pompilian, O, Poncet, L, Pool, P, Popovichev, S, Porcelli, F, Porfiri, M, Portafaix, C, Pospieszczyk, A, Possnert, G, Prestopino, G, Prior, P, Prokopowicz, R, Proverbio, L, Pugno, R, Puiatti, M, Purahoo, K, Pustovitov, V, Puetterich, T, Puettmann Kneupner, D, Quercia, A, Rachlew, E, Rademaker, R, Rafiq, T, Rainford, M, Ramogida, G, Rantamaeki, K, Rapp, J, Rasmussen, J, Ratta, G, Ravera, G, Reich, M, Reichle, R, Reiser, D, Reiss, R, Reiter, D, Rendell, D, Reux, C, Rewoldt, G, Ribeiro, T, Riccardo, V, Richards, D, Rigollet, F, Rimini, F, Rios, L, Riva, M, Roberts, J, Robins, R, Robinson, D, Robinson, S, Robson, D, Roche, H, Roedig, M, Rodionov, N, Rohde, V, Rolfe, A, Romanelli, M, Romano, A, Romero, J, Ronchi, E, Rosanvallon, S, Roux, C, Rowe, S, Rubel, M, Rubinacci, G, Ruchko, L, Ruiz, M, Ruset, C, Russell, M, Ruth, A, Ryc, L, Rydzy, A, Ryter, F, Rzadkiewicz, J, Saarelma, S, Sabathier, F, Sabot, R, Sadakov, S, Sagar, P, Saibene, G, Saille, A, Saint Laurent, F, Salmi, A, Salomaa, R, Salzedas, F, Samm, U, Sanchez, P, Sanders, S, Sandford, G, Sandland, K, Sandquist, P, Sands, D, Santala, M, Sartori, F, Sartori, R, Sauter, O, Savelyev, A, Savtchkov, A, Scales, S, Scarabosio, A, Schaefer, N, Schlatter, C, Schmidt, V, Schmidt, A, Schmitz, O, Schmuck, S, Schneider, M, Scholz, M, Schoepf, K, Schweer, B, Schweinzer, J, Scott, B, Seki, M, Semeraro, L, Semerok, A, Sergienko, G, Serra, F, Sertoli, M, Shannon, M, Sharapov, S, Shaw, S, Shevelev, A, Sievering, R, Silva, C, Simmons, P, Simonetto, A, Simpson, D, Sipila, S, Sips, A, Sirinelli, A, Sjoestrand, H, Skopintsev, D, Slabkowska, K, Smith, P, Snipes, J, Snoj, L, Snyder, S, Soare, S, Solano, E, Soldatov, S, Soleto, A, Solomon, W, Soltane, C, Sonato, P, Sopplesa, A, Sorrentino, A, Sousa, J, Sowden, C, Sozzi, C, Spaeh, P, Spelzini, T, Spence, J, Spineanu, F, Spuig, P, Staebler, A, Stagg, R, Stamp, M, Stancalie, V, Stangeby, P, Stan Sion, C, Starkey, D, Stead, M, Stephen, A, Stevens, A, Stober, J, Stokes, R, Stork, D, Stoyanov, D, Strachan, J, Strand, P, Stransky, M, Strauss, D, Strintzi, D, Studholme, W, Su Na, Y, Subba, F, Summers, H, Sun, Y, Surdu Bob, C, Surrey, E, Sutton, D, Svensson, J, Swain, D, Syme, B, Symonds, I, Szepesi, T, Szydlowski, A, Tabares, F, Takalo, V, Takenaga, H, Tala, T, Talbot, A, Taliercio, C, Tame, C, Tardini, G, Tardocchi, M, Taroni, L, Telesca, G, Terra, A, Terrington, A, Testa, D, Theis, J, Thomas, J, Thomas, P, Thompson, V, Thomsen, H, Thomser, C, Thyagaraja, A, Tigwell, P, Tiseanu, I, Tivey, R, Todd, J, Todd, T, Tokar, M, Tosti, S, Trabuc, P, Travere, J, Treutterer, W, Trimble, P, Trkov, A, Trukhina, E, Tsalas, M, Tsige Tamirat, H, Tsitrone, E, Tskhakaya, D, Tudisco, O, Tugarinov, S, Turner, M, Turri, G, Tyrrell, S, Umeda, N, Unterberg, B, Urano, H, Urquhart, A, Uytdenhouwen, I, Vaccaro, A, Vadgama, A, Vagliasindi, G, Valcarcel, D, Valisa, M, Vallory, J, Valovic, M, Van Eester, D, van Milligen, B, van Rooij, G, Varandas, C, Vartanian, S, Vdovin, V, Vega, J, Verdoolaege, G, Verger, J, Vermare, L, Verona, C, Versloot, T, Vervier, M, Vicente, J, Villari, S, Villedieu, E, Villone, F, Vince, J, Vine, G, Viola, B, Vitale, E, Vitelli, R, Vlad, M, Voitsekhovitch, I, Vrancken, M, Vulliez, K, Waldon, C, Walker, M, Walsh, M, Waterhouse, J, Watkins, M, Watson, M, Wauters, T, Way, M, Webb, C, Weiland, J, Weisen, H, Weiszflog, M, Wenninger, R, West, A, Weulersse, J, Weyssow, B, Wheatley, M, Whiteford, A, Whitehead, A, Whitehurst, A, Widdowson, A, Wieggers, R, Wiegmann, C, Wiesen, S, Wilson, A, Wilson, D, Wilson, H, Wischmeier, M, Witts, D, Wolf, R, Wolowski, J, Woscov, P, Wright, G, Wright, J, Xu, G, Yavorskij, V, Yerashok, V, Yorkshades, J, Young, C, Young, D, Young, I, Yuhong, X, Zabeo, L, Zabolotsky, A, Zaccarian, L, Zagorski, R, Zaitsev, F, Zajac, S, Zakharov, L, Zanino, R, Zaroschi, V, Zastrow, K, Zatz, I, Zefran, B, Zeidner, W, Zerbini, M, Zhang, T, Zhu, Y, Zilli, E, Zimmermann, O, Zoita, V, Zoletnik, S, Zwingman, W, Correction Romanelli, F, Albanese, R., Ambrosino, G., Andersson Sundén, E., Bécoulet, M., Bellizio, T., Belonohy, É., Bovert, K. V., Cação, R., Calabró, G., Carannante, G., Coccorese, V., De Arcas, G., De Baar, M. R., De La Cal, E., De La Luna, E., De Pablos, J. L., De Tommasi, G., De Vries, P. C., Del Castillo Negrete, D., Di Pace, L., Durodié, F., Formisano, Alessandro, Gál, K., Galvão, R., Garcia Munoz, M., Goloborod'Ko, V., Gonçalves, B., González De Vicente, S. M., Grünhagen, S., Hallworth Cook, S. P., Hühnerbein, M., Hynönen, V., Jupén, C., Källne, J., Kálvin, S., Köchl, F., Kühnlein, W., Le Guern, F., Lönnroth, J., Märki, J., Martín Solís, J. R., Mattei, Massimiliano, Miano, G., Müller, H. W., O'Gorman, T., O'Mullane, M., Perez Von Thun, C. h., Pironti, A., Pütterich, T. h., Püttmann Kneupner, D., Quercia, A., Rantamäki, K., Rattá, G., Rödig, M., Rubinacci, G., Schöpf, K., Sjöstrand, H., Slabkowska, K., Späh, P., Stäbler, A., Su Na, Y., Tskhakaya Jun, D., Van Milligen, B., Van Rooij, G. J., Xu, G. S., Faculdade de Engenharia, Kamendjea, R., Alarcon, Th., Andersson-Sundén, E., Andrew, P. L., Argouach, A., Balbao, I., Berger-By, G., Bergkvist, T., Coutois, X., David, E., De-Angelis, R., Del-Castillo-Negrete, D., De-Tommasi, G., Deveaux, S., Eich, Th., Erents, S. K., Gatu-Johnson, M., Holmström, K., Kurki-Suonio, T., Lauro Taroni, L., Laxaback, M., Liu, Y. Q., Llewellyn Smith, C., Maviglia, A., Mertens, Ph., Monier-Garbet, P., Moreau, Ph., Norris, C., Noterdaeme, J. -M., Paméla, J., Panis, Th., Parisot, Th., Perez Von Thun, C., Perez Von Thun, Ch., Pericoli-Ridolfini, V., Phillips, V., Pütterich, Th., Püttmann-Kneupner, D., Roux, Ch., Saint-Laurent, F., Schlatter, Ch., Sundelin, P., Surdu-Bob, C., Hompson, V. K., Tsige-Tamirat, H., Tskhakaya, D., Uytdenhoven, I., Versloot, Th., Villedieux, E., Walden, A. D., Paméla, J, and Jet, C

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, 52.55.Fa Tokamaks, spherical tokamak, Materials science, Tokamak, Physics and Astronomy (all), Condensed Matter Physics, Física [Ciências exactas e naturais], Cyclotron, law.invention, Bootstrap current, Physical sciences [Natural sciences], law, Physics::Plasma Physics, ITER, divertor, FIS/03 - FISICA DELLA MATERIA, Nuclear and High Energy Physic, Jet (fluid), Safety factor, Divertor, 52.50.Qt Plasma heating by radio-frequency field, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, magnetic confinement, Magnetic confinement fusion, Física, 52.55.Rk Power exhaust, JET, overview, Settore FIS/07 - Fisica Applicata(Beni Culturali, Ambientali, Biol.e Medicin), Computational physics, Physical sciences, ICR, ICP, helicons, ___, JET, Beta (plasma physics), Atomic physics, tokamaks
Abstract

Since the last IAEA conference, the scientific programme of JET has focused on the qualification of the integrated operating scenarios for ITER and on physics issues essential for the consolidation of design choices and the efficient exploitation of ITER. Particular attention has been given to the characterization of the edge plasma, pedestal energy and edge localized modes (ELMs), and their impact on plasma facing components (PFCs). Various ELM mitigation techniques have been assessed for all ITER operating scenarios using active methods such as resonant magnetic field perturbation, rapid variation of the radial field and pellet pacing. In particular, the amplitude and frequency of type I ELMs have been actively controlled over a wide parameter range (q(95) = 3-4.8, beta(N)

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29. Metallomic analysis of brain tissues distinguishes between cases of dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease dementia.

Author

Scholefield, Melissa, Church, Stephanie J., Jingshu Xu, and Cooper, Garth J. S.

Subjects
LEWY body dementia, ALZHEIMER'S disease, PARKINSON'S disease, TISSUE analysis, CINGULATE cortex, APOLIPOPROTEIN E4
Abstract

Background: Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) can be difficult to distinguish from Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) at different stages of its progression due to some overlaps in the clinical and neuropathological presentation of these conditions compared with DLB. Metallomic changes have already been observed in the AD and PDD brain--including widespread decreases in Cu levels and more localised alterations in Na, K, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Se. This study aimed to determine whether these metallomic changes appear in the DLB brain, and how the metallomic profile of the DLB brain appears in comparison to the AD and PDD brain. Methods: Brain tissues from ten regions of 20 DLB cases and 19 controls were obtained. The concentrations of Na, Mg, K, Ca, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Se were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Case-control differences were evaluated using Mann-Whitney U tests. Results were compared with those previously obtained from AD and PDD brain tissue, and principal component analysis (PCA) plots were created to determine whether cerebral metallomic profiles could distinguish DLB from AD or PDD metallomic profiles. Results: Na was increased and Cu decreased in four and five DLB brain regions, respectively. More localised alterations in Mn, Ca, Fe, and Se were also identified. Despite similarities in Cu changes between all three diseases, PCA plots showed that DLB cases could be readily distinguished from AD cases using data from the middle temporal gyrus, primary visual cortex, and cingulate gyrus, whereas DLB and PDD cases could be clearly separated using data from the primary visual cortex alone. Conclusion: Despite shared alterations in Cu levels, the post-mortem DLB brain shows very few other similarities with the metallomic profile of the AD or PDD brain. These findings suggest that while Cu deficiencies appear common to all three conditions, metal alterations otherwise differ between DLB and PDD/AD. These findings can contribute to our understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of these three diseases; if these changes can be observed in the living human brain, they may also contribute to the differential diagnosis of DLB from AD and/or PDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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30. 12. Structural analysis of heat exchangers

Author

K. Fullard

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Heat exchanger, Micro heat exchanger, General Materials Science, Plate fin heat exchanger, Composite material, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, Waste Management and Disposal
Published
1974
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31. The evolution of menopause in toothed whales.

Author

Ellis, Samuel, Franks, Daniel W., Nielsen, Mia Lybkær Kronborg, Weiss, Michael N., and Croft, Darren P.

Abstract

Understanding how and why menopause has evolved is a long-standing challenge across disciplines. Females can typically maximize their reproductive success by reproducing for the whole of their adult life. In humans, however, women cease reproduction several decades before the end of their natural lifespan1,2. Although progress has been made in understanding the adaptive value of menopause in humans3,4, the generality of these findings remains unclear. Toothed whales are the only mammal taxon in which menopause has evolved several times5, providing a unique opportunity to test the theories of how and why menopause evolves in a comparative context. Here, we assemble and analyse a comparative database to test competing evolutionary hypotheses. We find that menopause evolved in toothed whales by females extending their lifespan without increasing their reproductive lifespan, as predicted by the ‘live-long’ hypotheses. We further show that menopause results in females increasing their opportunity for intergenerational help by increasing their lifespan overlap with their grandoffspring and offspring without increasing their reproductive overlap with their daughters. Our results provide an informative comparison for the evolution of human life history and demonstrate that the same pathway that led to menopause in humans can also explain the evolution of menopause in toothed whales.A comparative analysis tests competing evolutionary hypotheses in toothed whales in which menopause has evolved many times as females extended their overall lifespan but not their reproductive lifespan, increasing their opportunity for intergenerational help without increasing intergenerational reproductive competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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32. Maturation of an off-channel habitat concept to conserve native fishes in the Lower Colorado River.

Author

MARSH, PAUL C., DOWLING, THOMAS E., TURNER, THOMAS F., OSBORNE, MEGAN J., and KESNER, BRIAN R.

Subjects
POPULATION genetics, WILDLIFE conservation, ENDANGERED species, NATIVE fishes, GENETIC variation
Abstract

Copyright of Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist is the property of Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2024

33. Measuring the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on colorectal cancer presentation: a retrospective comparative study.

Author

Fullard, Kirsten, Steffens, Daniel, Solomon, Michael, Shin, Joo‐Shik, and Koh, Cherry

Subjects
COVID-19 pandemic, COLORECTAL cancer, COVID-19, SURGICAL emergencies, TUMOR classification, CHI-squared test
Abstract

Backgrounds: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic provided challenges to surgical care in Australia. This study aimed to measure the potential impact of COVID‐19 on colorectal cancer presentation through surgical volume and cancer staging at a major tertiary referral hospital in the city of Sydney Australia. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed using routinely collected data from consecutive colorectal cancer patients undergoing surgery during the COVID‐19 period (1 March 2020 to 1 October 2021) and compared with the pre‐COVID‐19 period (1 March 2018 to 1 October 2019). The main outcomes included patient demographics, surgical volume (including overall, elective and emergency) and cancer staging. Differences in outcomes between the two studied periods were compared using Pearson's chi‐squared test, Fisher test or t‐test. Results: A total of 381 patients composed the COVID‐19 group (Mean age = 62.4 years) and 364 patients composed the pre‐COVID‐19 group (Mean age = 65.6 years; P<0.001). No significant differences were observed for overall, elective or emergency surgical volumes. Patients in the COVID‐19 group had a reduction in Stage I and an increase in Stage II and III disease, with Stage IV and recurrent disease being similar with a variation of <1% when compared to the pre‐COVID‐19 group (P<0.001). Conclusions: Disruptions in patient screening, diagnosis and management from elective surgery restrictions and patient hesitancy may not have resulted in observed changes to surgical volume, however, it may have contributed to an increase in Stages II and III colorectal cancer during COVID‐19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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34. Lack of intergenerational reproductive conflict, rather than lack of inclusive fitness benefits, explains absence of post-reproductive lifespan in long-finned pilot whales.

Author

McCormack, Jack L, Arbuckle, Kevin, Fullard, Karen, Amos, William, and Nichols, Hazel J

Subjects
LIFE history theory, GENERATION gap, WHALES, MICROSATELLITE repeats, GRANDMOTHERS, OLD age, EUGENICS
Abstract

Life-history theory suggests that individuals should reproduce until death, yet females of a small number of mammals live for a significant period after ceasing reproduction, a phenomenon known as post-reproductive lifespan. It is thought that the evolution of this trait is facilitated by increasing local relatedness throughout a female's lifetime. This allows older females to gain inclusive fitness through helping their offspring (known as a mother effect) and/or grandoffspring (known as a grandmother effect), rather than gaining direct fitness through reproducing. However, older females may only benefit from stopping reproducing when their direct offspring compete with those of their daughters. Here, we investigate whether a lack of post-reproductive lifespan in long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) results from minimal benefits incurred from the presence of older females, or from a lack of costs resulting from mother–daughter co-reproduction. Using microsatellite data, we conducted parentage analysis on individuals from 25 pods and find that younger females were more likely to have offspring if their mother was present in their pod, indicating that mothers may assist inexperienced daughters to reproduce. However, we found no evidence of reproductive conflict between co-reproducing mothers and daughters, indicating that females may be able to reproduce into old age while simultaneously aiding their daughters in reproduction. This highlights the importance of reproductive conflict in the evolution of a post-reproductive lifespan and demonstrates that mother and grandmother effects alone do not result in the evolution of a post-reproductive lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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35. No time to die: Evolution of a post‐reproductive life stage.

Author

Monaghan, P. and Ivimey‐Cook, E. R.

Subjects
MOLECULAR biology, DEVELOPMENTAL biology, LIFE history theory, SIZE of brain, ASIATIC elephant, NATURAL selection, REPRODUCTION, FEMALES
Abstract

In some species, permanent curtailment of reproduction part‐way through the lifespan of adult females is a feature of their evolved life history. The existence of such a post‐reproductive life stage is apparently rare; reasonably robust evidence for this is confined to only six species (humans, Asian elephants and four whales). That it occurs at all appears to contradict our view of natural selection operating to maximize fitness and special circumstances must exist to explain its occurrence. We evaluate the main hypotheses posited to explain the evolution of this life stage, why it occurs in a restricted group of animals, and why only in females. We bring together literature from multiple biological disciplines and levels of enquiry, ranging through evolutionary ecology, developmental biology, physiology, neuroscience, molecular biology, and human medicine. We conclude that while time‐limited fertility is not in itself adaptive, the duration of subsequent survival is likely to be linked to inclusive fitness benefits. We present a new hypothesis which posits that the duration of female fertility in certain long‐lived, highly encephalised species, with no post‐natal oogenesis, is limited by the need for intense screening of oocyte mitochondria. This is required to support endothermy coupled with the very high energy requirement for the development and maintenance of the exceptionally large brain size required for complex social living. This limits the number and shelf‐life of oocytes, creating an antagonistically pleotropic effect that is beneficial to the production of high performing offspring but carries the later life cost of time‐limited female fertility. But the end of the fertile period is no time to die. Inclusive fitness benefits arising from protracted parental care of offspring, overlapping generations, and kin group structures means that continued survival of post‐reproductive females is favoured by selection. We suggest further lines of research to test these ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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36. A shapelet-based neural network for binary and multi-class disruption prediction for prevention at JET.

Author

Artigues, V., de Vries, P. C., and Jenko, F.

Subjects
FUSION reactors, RECURRENT neural networks, ABSOLUTE value, EUCLIDEAN distance, TOKAMAKS, FORECASTING
Abstract

Disruptions in tokamaks remain, to this day, an unsolved issue on the path toward fusion power plants. Such events should be avoided or mitigated, requiring adequate detection of the disruption causes. However, due to the complex nature of disruption causes, this is, in general, challenging. Despite recent progress designing disruption prediction systems via data-driven methods, many questions remain open—such as disruption-type identification or the transfer of such methods between different tokamaks. We propose a shapelet-based neural network for binary and multi-class disruption identification that can be used for post-disruption analysis or real-time prediction. The performance is compared to two approaches from the literature, retrained on our data: support-vector machines similar to the advanced predictor of disruption, and a recurrent neural network. For the present study, we compiled a dataset of discharges from the Joint European Torus tokamak containing stable discharges and seven disruption types. Due to the availability of such classification, all shots predate the installation of the ITER-like wall. Using the binary and multi-class classification results, we report on the performance of the three models and discuss the advantages of our method. Our model ranks first and second on binary and multi-class tasks, respectively. The shapelets' contribution to the results is evaluated by conducting an ablation study. We show that shapelets with normalized Euclidean distance are enough for binary classification, but multi-class predictions require the absolute value of the signals. The good results obtained from locally normalized signals are promising for future cross-tokamak studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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37. A fluorophore anchored MOF for fast and sensitive sensing of Cu(II) and 3-nitrotyrosine in a physiological medium.

Author

Mukherjee, Srijan, Sarkar, Kabita, and Biswas, Shyam

Subjects
COPPER, POLLUTANTS, FLUORESCENCE quenching, METAL-organic frameworks, TEREPHTHALIC acid
Abstract

We report the solvothermal synthesis of a dansyl anchored hafnium based fluorescent metal–organic framework (MOF) having the formula [Hf6O4(OH)4(L)6]·H2O·6DMF (H2L = 2-((5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene)-1-sulfonamido)terephthalic acid). The synthesized material showed high fluorescence emission properties as well as high thermal (stable up to 330 °C) and chemical stability. It also exhibited a wide range of pH tolerance as well as a high BET surface area of 703 m2 g−1. The activated MOF showed ultra-fast (detection time < 10 s) and ultra-sensitive sensing properties towards Cu(II) and the biologically important biomarker 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NTyr) in a HEPES medium at a physiological pH of 7.4. Along with high selectivity, very low detection limits of 229 nM and 539 nM were obtained for Cu(II) and 3-NTyr respectively. Furthermore, this probe was utilised for the detection and quantification of Cu(II) and 3-NTyr in biosamples (urine and serum) with very low RSD values (2.3–4.8%). Additionally, this probe was employed to detect the presence of Cu(II) as a pollutant in various environmental water samples. Furthermore, for rapid economic detection of Cu(II), a MOF coated fluorescent paper strip was demonstrated. Thorough mechanistic investigations displayed that a complexometric interaction between Cu(II) and the probe is the main reason for the quenching of fluorescence intensity. This proposed mechanism was well supported by experimental evidence. On the other hand, the FRET mechanism is proposed based on the experimental observations for dynamic quenching of the fluorescence intensity of the probe in the presence of 3-NTyr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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38. Cryogenic sensor enabling broad-band and traceable power measurements.

Author

Girard, J.-P., Lake, R. E., Liu, W., Kokkoniemi, R., Visakorpi, E., Govenius, J., and Möttönen, M.

Subjects
MICROWAVE detectors, QUANTUM electrodynamics, COAXIAL cables, DETECTORS, RADIO frequency, BOLOMETERS
Abstract

Recently, great progress has been made in the field of ultrasensitive microwave detectors, reaching even the threshold for utilization in circuit quantum electrodynamics. However, cryogenic sensors lack the compatibility with broad-band metrologically traceable power absorption measurements at ultralow powers, which restricts their range of applications. Here, we demonstrate such measurements using an ultralow-noise nanobolometer, which we extend by an additional direct-current (dc) heater input. The tracing of the absorbed power relies on comparing the response of the bolometer between radio frequency and dc-heating powers traced to the Josephson voltage and quantum Hall resistance. To illustrate this technique, we demonstrate two different methods of dc-substitution to calibrate the power that is delivered to the base temperature stage of a dilution refrigerator using our in situ power sensor. As an example, we demonstrate the ability to accurately measure the attenuation of a coaxial input line between the frequencies of 50 MHz and 7 GHz with an uncertainty down to 0.1 dB at a typical input power of −114 dBm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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39. Calibration and thermal test results of prototype bolometer sensors for ITER fusion reactor.

Author

Jahanbakhsh, Sina, Hare, Jack Davies, Meister, Hans, Ingesson, Christian, Majewski, Marcin, Penzel, Florian, Schmitt, Stefan, Walach, Ulrich, and Dubois, Marc

Subjects
FUSION reactors, BOLOMETERS, DETECTORS, HEAT capacity, CALIBRATION, RESISTANCE heating, MODE-locked lasers
Abstract

For over 10 years, several bolometer sensors with different properties have been tested in the IBOVAC facility. The aim has been to develop a bolometer sensor that can be operated in ITER and can withstand harsh operating conditions. For this purpose, important physical properties of the sensors, i.e., cooling time constant τ, normalized heat capacity κ, and normalized sensitivity sn, have been characterized in a vacuum condition and at various temperatures up to 300 °C. The calibration is achieved by ohmic heating of the sensor absorbers by applying a DC voltage and recording exponential current fall during heating. Recently, a Python program was developed to analyze the data and extract the above mentioned parameters including the uncertainties from recorded currents. In the present series of experiments, the latest prototype sensors developed for ITER are tested and evaluated. These include three different sensor types: two with Au absorbers on ZrO2 membranes (self-supporting substrate sensors) and one with Au absorbers on Si3N4 membranes supported by a Si frame (supported membrane sensors). Tests revealed that the sensor with ZrO2 substrate can only be operated up to 150 °C, while the supported membrane sensors passed the tests up to 300 °C successfully. These results will be used, together with other upcoming tests, such as irradiation testing, to select the most suitable sensors to be employed in ITER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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40. Design and implementation of a prototype infrared video bolometer (IRVB) in MAST Upgrade.

Author

Federici, Fabio, Reinke, Matthew L., Lipschultz, Bruce, Thornton, Andrew J., Harrison, James R., Lovell, Jack J., and Bernert, Matthias

Subjects
BOLOMETERS, TOKAMAKS, VISIBLE spectra, PROTOTYPES, SPATIAL resolution
Abstract

A prototype infrared video bolometer (IRVB) was successfully deployed in the Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak Upgrade (MAST Upgrade or MAST-U), the first deployment of such a diagnostic in a spherical tokamak. The IRVB was designed to study the radiation around the lower x-point, another first in tokamaks, and has the potential to estimate emissivity profiles with spatial resolution beyond what is achievable with resistive bolometry. The system was fully characterized prior to installation on MAST-U, and the results are summarized here. After installation, it was verified that the actual measurement geometry in the tokamak qualitatively matches the design; this is a particularly difficult process for bolometers and was done using specific features of the plasma itself. The installed IRVB measurements are consistent both with observations from other diagnostics, including magnetic reconstruction, visible light cameras, and resistive bolometry, as well as with the IRVB-designed view. Early results show that with conventional divertor geometry and only intrinsic impurities (for example, C and He), the progression of radiative detachment follows a similar path to that observed for large aspect ratio tokamaks: The peak of the radiation moves along the separatrix from the targets to the x-point and high-field side midplane with a toroidally symmetric structure that can eventually lead to strong effects on the core plasma inside the separatrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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41. Overview and first measurements of the MAST Upgrade bolometer diagnostic.

Author

Lovell, J., Reinke, M. L., Field, A. R., and Lomanowski, B. A.

Subjects
BOLOMETERS, ELECTRIC noise, TOKAMAKS, DETECTORS, NEUTRINOLESS double beta decay, NEUTRAL beams
Abstract

A suite of multi-channel resistive bolometers has been implemented to measure the total radiation from Mega Amp Spherical Tokamak Upgrade plasmas, with cameras covering the core plasma and lower divertor chamber. Data are digitized and processed using novel field-programmable gate array-based electronics, offering improved compactness and new operational capabilities. A synthetic diagnostic has been developed to explore the quality of 2D reconstructions available from the system and to quantify the uncertainty on quantities such as the total radiated power. Measurements in the first campaign have demonstrated correct functioning of the diagnostic while also highlighting issues with electrical noise and some failure mechanisms of the detectors, as well as significant neutral beam fast-particle losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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42. Kangaroo Fathers Modulate Maternal Control of Offspring Sex but Not Postpartum Maternal Expenditure.

Author

Montana, Luca, Toni, Pauline, and Festa-Bianchet, Marco

Subjects
ANIMAL offspring sex ratio, PUERPERIUM, KANGAROOS, FATHERS, BIOLOGICAL fitness, SEX ratio
Abstract

When sons and daughters have different fitness costs and benefits, selection may favor deviations from an even offspring sex ratio. Most theories on sex ratio manipulation focus on maternal strategies and sex-biased maternal expenditure. Recent studies report paternal influences on both offspring sex ratio and postpartum sex-biased maternal expenditure. We used long-term data on marked kangaroos to investigate whether and how paternal mass and skeletal size, both determinants of male reproductive success, influenced (a) offspring sex in interaction with maternal mass and (b) postpartum sex-biased maternal expenditure. When mothers were light, the probability of having a son increased with paternal mass. Heavy mothers showed the opposite trend. A similar result emerged when considering paternal size instead of mass. Postpartum maternal sex-specific expenditure was independent of paternal mass or size. Studies of offspring sex manipulation or maternal expenditure would benefit from an explicit consideration of paternal traits, as paternal and maternal effects can modulate each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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43. Patterns and consequences of age-linked change in local relatedness in animal societies.

Author

Ellis, Samuel, Johnstone, Rufus A., Cant, Michael A., Franks, Daniel W., Weiss, Michael N., Alberts, Susan C., Balcomb, Kenneth C., Benton, Claire H., Brent, Lauren J. N., Crockford, Catherine, Davidian, Eve, Delahay, Richard J., Ellifrit, David K., Höner, Oliver P., Meniri, Magali, McDonald, Robbie A., Nichols, Hazel J., Thompson, Faye J., Vigilant, Linda, and Wittig, Roman M.

Published
2022
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44. Diagnostic value of 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET‐CT imaging for staging of ER+/PR+ HER2‐ breast cancer patients with metastatic disease: Comparison with conventional imaging with bone scan, diagnostic CT and 18F‐FDG PET‐CT in a prospective pilot trial

Author

Nguyen, Andrew, Fullard, Karen, Sheehan‐Dare, Gemma, Tang, Reuben, Chan, Lyn, Ho, Bao, Dear, Rachel, Keane, Joanne, Hickey, Adam, Nandurkar, Rohan, Chen, Julia, Chen, Andrew, Lim, Elgene, and Emmett, Louise

Abstract

Introduction: 18F‐Fludeoxyglucose PET‐CT (FDG) is increasingly used to stage breast cancer. Most breast cancers express the Oestrogen Receptor (ER) and Progesterone Receptor (PR), and this subtype demonstrates lower activity on FDG imaging. Somatostatin receptors (SSTR) offer a potentially improved radiotracer target for ER+/PR+ breast cancer. We present the first in vivo clinical study comparing 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET‐CT (DOTA) to FDG and conventional imaging (bone scan and diagnostic CT), in metastatic ER+/PR+ human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative breast cancer. Methods: Patients with clinically progressive metastatic ER+/PR+ HER2‐ breast cancer underwent restaging with DOTA, FDG and conventional imaging. Scans were analysed visually, and semi‐quantitatively. Wilcoxon‐Rank Scoring was used to assess significance. Results: Ten women (mean age 57 years) underwent imaging. 8/10 demonstrated disease on both DOTA and FDG. 2/10 positive on conventional imaging, but DOTA−/FDG−, and had no disease progression at 1‐year follow‐up. Heterogeneity of uptake was seen between DOTA and FDG with 5 bone lesions DOTA+/FDG− and 1 bone lesion FDG+/DOTA−. Twenty‐one visceral lesions were FDG+/DOTA− (2 patients), with 10/21 identified on conventional imaging. Maximum standard uptake values (SUV max) of DOTA were greater than FDG (10.9 vs. 6.6, P = ns). Four sites were biopsied (3 patients). 3/4 had high ER/PR expression (mean DOTA SUV max 9.4) and 1/4 low ER/PR expression (DOTA SUV max 3.1). Conclusion: Whilst we have not demonstrated DOTA to be superior to FDG in staging of ER+/PR+ breast cancers, DOTA may have a role in assessing HR status and treatment decisions; further evaluation of this is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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45. Influence of the drifts on the double‐peaked emission profile of the visible light in the upper divertor region of EAST.

Author

Guo, Jin, Lu, Zhiyuan, Jia, Guozhang, Ruan, Xinglei, Xu, Yuchen, Mao, Shifeng, Yang, Jianhua, Wang, Yumin, Meng, Lingyi, Yang, Qingquan, Xu, Guosheng, and Ye, Minyou

Subjects
VISIBLE spectra, BAFFLES (Mechanical device), IMAGING systems, COLLOIDS
Abstract

A novel double‐peaked emission profile has been observed by the visible light imaging system in EAST. In the upper divertor region, two emission peaks in the high‐field side (HFS) scrape‐off layer (SOL) and near the X‐point are identified by tomographic reconstruction. In our previous SOLPS‐ITER simulation work, the emission peaks in the HFS SOL and near the X‐point are attributed to the carbon deposition on the HFS baffle and the dome of the upper tungsten divertor, respectively. The appearance of the emission peak near the X‐point when the outer target is attached was understood by analysing the carbon transport in the private flux region (PFR). However, the simulated intensity of the emission peak in the HFS SOL is lower by one order of magnitude than that in the PFR, while they are at the similar level in the experiment. In this work, the influence of the drifts is further studied by SOLPS‐ITER simulations. Under the favourable toroidal field condition, the HFS SOL plasma transits to the detachment regime. The chemical sputtering of the carbon deposited on the inner baffle increases significantly, as well as the emission intensity of the peak in the HFS SOL. Meanwhile, the C2+ density peak in the PFR decreases due to the E × B drift towards inner target. The emission intensity in the PFR near the X‐point, therefore, decreases moderately. As a result, the intensities of the two emission peaks become comparable, which matches better with the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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46. Design and construction of magnetic diagnostics on NanChang spherical tokamak.

Author

Ouyang, T. B., Qian, Y. Z., Liu, S. Q., Yang, X. S., and Chen, X. C.

Subjects
TOKAMAKS, PLASMA currents, REQUIREMENTS engineering, EDDY currents (Electric)
Abstract

The NanChang Spherical Tokamak (NCST) is a new compact tokamak (with an aspect ratio of R/a = 1.67) for exploring the merging compression by which the plasma start-up is highly efficient. In this paper, a magnetic diagnostic system is designed, calibrated, and constructed on the NCST to meet the requirements of measurements. Based on detailed testing and analysis, the reliability of the sensors is guaranteed by optimizing the support structure and installation process. In addition, high-precision positioning equipment is utilized to ensure the installation accuracy of the sensors. During the start-up phase of the NCST, plasma currents on the order of a few kiloamperes were measured despite that the commensurate signal of eddy current is also found in the conducting structure. The magnetic diagnostic system is now completely operational and meets the requirements of the physical analysis on the NCST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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47. A phantom ultrasonic insect chorus repels low-flying bats, but most are undeterred.

Author

Sedlock, Jodi L., Gomes, Dylan G. E., Rubin, Juliette J., Woody, Sarah, Hadi, Buyung A. R., and Barber, Jesse R.

Subjects
BATS, ANIMAL behavior, ULTRASONICS, PREY availability, KATYDIDS, INSECTS, HABITATS, PREDATION
Abstract

The acoustic environment can serve as a niche axis, structuring animal behaviour by providing or obscuring salient information. Meadow katydid choruses occupy the ultrasonic, less studied, realm of this acoustic milieu, form dense populations in some habitats and present a potential sensory challenge to co-occurring ultrasonic-hearing animals. Aerial-hawking insectivorous bats foraging immediately over vegetation must listen for echoes of their prey and other cues amidst the chorus din. 2. We experimentally created the cacophony of a katydid chorus in a katydid-free rice paddy using an aggregation of 100 ultrasonic speakers in a 25 × 25 m grid to test the hypothesis that aerially hawking bats are averse to this noise source. We alternated between chorus-on and chorus-off hourly, and acoustically monitored bat activity and arthropod prey abundance. 3. We found that our phantom katydid chorus reduced bat activity nearest the sound source by 39.3% (95% CI: 7.8%-60.0%) for species whose call spectrum fully overlapped with the chorus, and elicited marginal reductions in activity in species with only partial spectral overlap. 4. Our study suggests that ultrasonic insect choruses degrade foraging habitat, potentially suppressing bats' ecosystem services as consumers of pests; and, given the global distribution of meadow katydids, may provide an underappreciated force modifying animal behaviour in other grassland habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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48. Demographic History, Not Mating System, Explains Signatures of Inbreeding and Inbreeding Depression in a Large Outbred Population.

Author

Sin, Simon Yung Wa, Hoover, Brian A., Nevitt, Gabrielle A., and Edwards, Scott V.

Subjects
INBREEDING, HETEROZYGOSITY, GENETIC models, PHENOTYPES, DNA sequencing, CHICKS
Abstract

Inbreeding depression is often found in small, inbred populations, but whether it can be detected in and have evolutionary consequences for large, wide-ranging populations is poorly known. Here, we investigate the possibility of inbreeding in a large population to determine whether mild levels of inbreeding can still have genetic and phenotypic consequences and how genomically widespread these effects can be. We apply genome-wide methods to investigate whether individual and parental heterozygosity is related to morphological, growth, or life-history traits in a pelagic seabird, Leach's storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa). Examining 560 individuals as part of a multiyear study, we found a substantial effect of maternal heterozygosity on chick traits: chicks from less heterozygous (relatively inbred) mothers were significantly smaller than chicks from more heterozygous (noninbred) mothers. We show that these heterozygosity-fitness correlations were due to general genome-wide effects and demonstrate a correlation between heterozygosity and inbreeding, suggesting inbreeding depression. We used population genetic models to further show that the variance in inbreeding was probably due to past demographic events rather than the current mating system and ongoing mate choice. Our findings demonstrate that inbreeding depression can be observed in large populations and illustrate how the integration of genomic techniques and fieldwork can elucidate its underlying causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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49. Methods to determine the radiated power in SPI-mitigated disruptions in JET.

Author

Lovell, J., Reinke, M. L., Sheikh, U. A., Sweeney, R., Puglia, P., Carvalho, P., and Baylor, L.

Subjects
BOLOMETERS, RADIATION, NEON, SPECTROMETRY
Abstract

This paper presents techniques for evaluating the radiated power in JET disruptions. Disrupting plasmas are shown to have non-axisymmetric radiation profiles, motivating the re-evaluation of the standard techniques for calculating the total radiated power at JET using bolometry. Four single-channel bolometers at different toroidal locations are exploited to quantify the radiation asymmetry. Toroidal radiation peaking factors integrated over the entire disruption of up to 1.5 have been observed when varying the quantity of neon in pellets used in disruptions mitigated by shattered pellet injection. Using synthetic bolometer diagnostics developed with the Cherab spectroscopy modeling framework, we can estimate the systematic error on total power calculations for relevant radiation profiles and improve estimates of the total radiated power. We show that the component of the systematic error on the total power due to the poloidal radiation profile can be reduced from 70% to 10% with suitable assumptions about the structure of the poloidal profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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50. Proximate Causes of Infertility and Embryo Mortality in Captive Zebra Finches.

Author

Pei (裴一凡), Yifan, Forstmeier, Wolfgang, Wang (王代平), Daiping, Martin, Katrin, Rutkowska, Joanna, and Kempenaers, Bart

Subjects
ZEBRA finch, GENETIC correlations, NATURAL selection, EMBRYOS, QUANTITATIVE genetics, AGE factors in memory
Abstract

Some species show high rates of reproductive failure, which is puzzling because natural selection works against such failure in every generation. Hatching failure is common in both captive and wild zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), yet little is known about its proximate causes. Here we analyze data on reproductive performance (the fate of >23,000 eggs) based on up to 14 years of breeding of four captive zebra finch populations. We find that virtually all aspects of reproductive performance are negatively affected by inbreeding (mean r = −0.117); by an early-starting, age-related decline (mean r = −0.132); and by poor early-life nutrition (mean r = −0.058). However, these effects together explain only about 3% of the variance in infertility, offspring mortality, fecundity, and fitness. In contrast, individual repeatability of different fitness components varied between 15% and 50%. As expected, we found relatively low heritability in fitness components (median: 7% of phenotypic variation and 29% of individually repeatable variation). Yet some of the heritable variation in fitness appears to be maintained by antagonistic pleiotropy (negative genetic correlations) between male fitness traits and female and offspring fitness traits. The large amount of unexplained variation suggests a potentially important role of local dominance and epistasis, including the possibility of segregating genetic incompatibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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