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In the scientific literature, there is a lack of a systematic approach to credit risk factors. In addition, insufficient attention is still paid to analysing the macroeconomic factors of consumer loan credit risk. Thus, this research aims to evaluate the macroeconomic factors of consumer loan credit risk in Central and Eastern European countries' banking systems. The findings of the study can be formulated as follows. After analysing scientific literature on credit risk factors, an improved and detailed (at five different levels) classification of factors influencing banking credit risk is proposed. This classification can be beneficial for more enhanced analysis of the factors influencing banking credit risk for the whole loan portfolio as well as for different types of loans, e.g., consumer loans. For quantitative evaluation of the impact of macroeconomic factors on consumer loan credit risk, the methods of panel data analysis and bivariate and multiple regressions are employed. Eleven CEE countries in the period from 2008 to 2020 are analysed. The results revealed that the aggregate of general macroeconomic condition factors is negatively related to consumer loan NPLs. Moreover, the economic growth, stock market, foreign exchange market, and institutional environment factors proved to be risk-decreasing, while credit market and bond market factors had a risk-increasing impact. The results of this research might help financial institutions manage credit risk more efficiently and also might be relevant to governments and central banks when selecting and applying fiscal and monetary policy measures. This study also makes policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article conducts a systematic literature review of 52 papers on the determinants of non-performing loans (NPL) published for 2006-2022 in peer-reviewed journals. This paper adds to the development of this emerging field of systematic review in non-medical field settings by mapping existing research to inform future research exploits. This study synthesizes NPL studies by applying the systematic review methodology. The data synthesis is done through first and second-level codes. The first level codes group studies according to bank-specific, borrower-specific and comparative (Islamic vs conventional bank types). The literature is conscientiously analyzed through 13 subcategories using an open coding process. The literature synthesis shows that borrower-specific factors that may determine NPL include borrower profile, internal factors, external factors, and social issues. Also, the bank-specific factors that may influence NPL growth include economic conditions, management competence, profit maximization, and information economics. The findings highlight that the way borrower profiles, banks-specific factors and macroeconomic factors interact to influence NPL still needs more understanding. Further, Islamic banks and conventional banks seem to behave similarly regarding many bank-specific and macroeconomic factors even though the profit and loss sharing contract used in Islamic banks was deemed to moderate NPL positively. But the borrower-specific factors' interaction with bank-specific and macroeconomic factors of Islamic banks clients remains unclear. This highlights an important research gap in understanding the behavior of Islamic bank borrowers towards NPL prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]