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TTMV::RARA is a recently reported fusion gene associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), caused by the integration of torque teno mini virus (TTMV) genomic fragments into the second intron of the RARA gene. Currently, there have been only six documented cases, with clinical presentations showing significant variability. Although initial responses to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) treatment may be observed in patients with TTMV::RARA-APL, the overall prognosis remains unfavorable among infrequent reported cases. This article presents a pediatric case that manifested as PML::RARA-negative APL with central nervous system involvement at onset. The patient experienced both intramedullary and extramedullary relapse one year after undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Upon identification as TTMV::RARA-APL and subsequent administration of two rounds of ATRA-based treatment, the patient rapidly developed multiple RARA ligand-binding domain mutations and demonstrated extensive resistance to ATRA and various other therapeutic interventions. Additionally, the patient experienced ARID1A mutant clone expansion and progressed MYC-targeted gene activation. This case represents the first documentation of extramedullary involvement at both the initial diagnosis and relapse stages, emphasizing the intricate clinical features and challenges associated with the rapid accumulation of multiple ATRA-resistant mutations in TTMV::RARA-APL, characterizing it as a distinct and complex sub-entity of atypical APL.

Exotic spin-dependent force are among the possible extensions of the Standard Model that can be probed by precision measurements. Here, the authors use a spin-exchange-relaxation free (SERF) K-Rb-21Ne comagnetometer to improve limits on spin- and velocity dependent forces.

Over the past two decades, biodegradable metals (BMs) have emerged as promising materials to fabricate temporary biomedical devices, with the purpose of avoiding potential side effects of permanent implants. In this review, we first surveyed the current status of BMs in neuroscience, and briefly summarized the representative stents for treating vascular stenosis. Then, inspired by the convincing clinical evidence on the in vivo safety of Mg alloys as cardiovascular stents, we analyzed the possibility of producing biodegradable cerebrovascular Mg alloy stents for treating ischemic stroke. For these novel applications, some key factors should also be considered in designing BM brain stents, including the anatomic features of the cerebral vasculature, hemodynamic influences, neuro-cytocompatibility and selection of alloying elements. This work may provide insights into the future design and fabrication of BM neurological devices, especially for brain stents.

In this manuscript, we report torque teno mini virus (TTMV) as a cause of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) lacking PML::RARA in a 3-year-old boy. Astolfi et al. firstly identified partial integration of the TTMV genome into RARA intron 2, which resulted in in-frame TTMV::RARA fusion in two APL-like pediatric cases without PML::RARA in November 2021. This fascinating report identified an unexpected exogenous genetic cause of APL and could be of great importance for diagnosing and managing APL. Here we report the third childhood APL-like case caused by TTMV integration and investigate the location and structure of the integrated TTMV sequence. These findings suggest TTMV::RARA is a recurrent cause of APL lacking PML::RARA. Considering the widespread prevalence of TTMV in the population, more TTMV::RARA positive APL-like cases might remain to be identified. Establishing a bioinformatic analysis strategy optimized for the highly variable TTMV genome sequence may facilitate the identification of TTMV::RARA by whole transcript sequencing. An effective PCR protocol to identify TTMV::RARA based on a profound analysis of the conservation of TTMV segments in the fusion transcript is also expected. Also, further investigation is needed to elucidate the oncogenic mechanisms of TTMV integration and the clinical features of TTMV::RARA positive patients.

The human brain undergoes tremendous changes during the first decade of life. The susceptibility of the immature central nervous system to factors such as adverse environments and genetic factors is attributed to its plasticity. Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) occur once the immature brain veers off the typical developmental trajectory. However, little is known about the neurophysiological traits of atypically developing children because it is challenging for them to remain still during recording. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a noninvasive neuroimaging technique with high-spatiotemporal resolution. An ultralow magnetic field produced by neural electrical activity can be detected using a highly sensitive whole-head magnetometer array. Current cryogenic SQUID-MEG combined with individual MRI has shown great potential in reflecting neural activity under resting states and during tasks. MEG instrumentation for children is expected to be an effective tool for investigating brain dynamics, which provides neuropsychological evidence for atypical development in communication ability. In this paper, the advantages of pediatric MEG in neurodevelopmental disorder studies are discussed first and compared with those of several noninvasive functional imaging modalities. Existing commercial pediatric MEG systems are summarized based on their respective characteristics and parameters. State-of-the-art newly emerging sensing techniques based on spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) along with their application in detecting infants’ brain responses are introduced. Recent discoveries on MEG biomarkers in children with NDDs are then summarized concerning disorders that have comorbidities in communication, such as specific language impairment (SLI), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), dyslexia and stuttering. Progress on multimodality research and total-field wearable SERF magnetometers offers insight into the neuropsychological substrates of communication disorders.

Abstract A superluminescent diode (SLD) as an alternative of laser is used to detect optical rotation for atomic spin precession. A more uniform Gauss configuration without additional beam shaping and a relatively high power of the SLD have a potential for atomic magnetometers, which is demonstrated in theory and experiments. In addition, the robustness and compactness enable a more practical way for optical rotation detections, especially for applications in magnetoencephalography systems.

An improved target field method is proposed for the cylindrical coil design to meet the constraint of limited coil volume. It realizes the design of uniform magnetic field coil by predetermining the coil configuration and optimizing the coordinate positions of the target field points. Compared with conventional methods, this current density distribution is divided into two symmetric subregions to solve the problem of reserving a gap in the coil center for setting the light-passing holes. Therefore, this method is more applicable in the miniature atomic devices with optical paths. Moreover, the overall coil performance can be significantly improved using the optimized configuration of coil design parameters. The numerical evaluation shows that the coil designed by this method has remarkable advantages over the nested saddle coil, whose uniformity performance can be improved by about one order of magnitude. The measurements show that the relative magnetic field uniformities of the proposed coils reach 4 × 10-4 and 3 × 10-4 along the z-axis in the range of ±0.24 R. The measurement results match well with the theoretical simulation.

Spin-exchange relaxation-free atomic spin gyroscope (SERF gyro) has ultrahigh theoretical sensitivity and is regarded as one of the most potential atomic gyroscopes. To investigate its rotation response, a high linear atomic spin precession detection module was developed firstly by modifying the fiber reflective Sagnac interferometer for atomic spin precession detection and operating it in closed-loop mode. The SERF gyro based on K-Rb-21Ne comagnetometer was built and tested and appeared obvious nonlinear response feature. The nonlinear rotation response model was deduced by assuming the rotation-induced nuclei spin procession detecting as an in-situ magnetometer inside the SERF gyro and the fitting curves are in good agreement with the experimental results. The optimized pump power for maximum sensitivity and measurable dynamic range were analyzed theoretically and demonstrated experimentally. The investigation results show that the nonlinear rotation response is an intrinsic property of SERF gyro and its measurable dynamic range is limited due to the saturation characteristic of the sum of pumping and relaxation rate. This indicates that SERF gyro is propitious to a position gyroscope with high sensitivity.

The ferrite magnetic shield can provide a low-noise magnetic environment for various ultrahigh-sensitivity measurements. The low-frequency complex permeability, which determines the magnetic hysteresis noise and the shielding factor, is a key parameter of the ferrite shield and thus should be measured accurately. In this paper, the measurement error of conventional coil method is analyzed at low frequency, and an improved method is proposed which could eliminate the measurement error introduced by the wire resistance. Using this method, four ferrite samples made of PC40 and PC47 materials are measured. The measurement accuracy of the low-frequency complex permeability has improved by two orders of magnitude. On the basis of the measurement results, magnetic hysteresis noise and the shielding factor of ferrite shields are calculated. The calculated results of the noise analysis indicate that the PC40 material has lower magnetic hysteresis noise. This study can help select the ferrite materials and estimate the performance for low-noise magnetic shield design.

In a spin-exchange-relaxation-free (SERF) atomic magnetometer with ultrahigh sensitivity, the ac-Stark shift generated by circularly polarized light results in the attenuation of the SERF atomic magnetometer response, and the virtual magnetic field gradient induced by the ac-Stark shift can reduce the sensitivity of the SERF atomic magnetometer. In this paper, we use a hybrid optical pumping method to address the ac-Stark shift problem. By switching between left-hand and right-hand circularly polarized lights and compensating the residual magnetic field of the magnetometer, the ac-Stark shift could be reduced and then suppressed effectively.

In the optically pumped systems, the spin polarization of the atoms is generally derived by employing additional modulations, in which way an extra perturbation will be introduced and thus affect the normal operation of the sensors. By investigating the absorption principle of the circularly polarized pump laser, here, we demonstrate the feasibility of extracting the electron-spin polarization from the transmitted intensity of the pump beam. This scheme can detect real-time polarization without disturbing the normal operation of the sensor, and the experimental result agrees well with the theory. This research is of value to the research and development of optically pumped systems, especially the magnetometer, and the comagnetometer operated in the spin-exchange relaxation free regime.

A novel uniform magnetic field coil structure with two pairs of saddle coils nested is proposed in order to minish the aspect ratio without losing much field uniformity, which is significant in innovative miniature atomic instruments and sensors. Optimal configuration parameters are obtained from the Taylor expansion of the magnetic field. The remainder terms are used to estimate the field uniformity and optimize the configuration while minishing computation time. Compared with traditional saddle coils, the nested saddle coils have unique advantages in miniature applications where the aspect ratios are strictly limited. The optimized nested saddle coils were manufactured by Flexible Printed Circuit (FPC) technology and the magnetic field uniformities were verified experimentally using a flux-gate magnetometer. Furthermore, the example application of a miniature nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) gyro demonstrates the practical use of the nested coils.

In the calibration of coil constants using the Free Induction Decay (FID) signal of noble gases, we analyse the effects of the pulse-driven magnetic field detuning on the calibration results. This method is based on the inverse relation between the π/2 pulse duration and its amplitude. We confirmed that obtaining a precise frequency is a prerequisite for ensuring the accuracy of research using the initial amplitude of the FID signal. In this paper, the spin dynamics of noble gases and its time-domain solution under the driving pulse have been discussed with regard to different detuning ranges. Experimental results are in good agreement with our theoretical predictions, which indicate the correctness of our theoretical deduction. Therefore, the frequency of the pulse-driven magnetic field is an important factor to the calibration of coil constants, it should be determined with a high degree of accuracy.

We propose an average Rb polarization model to analyze the influence of temperature on the spin polarization of Rb and 129Xe in a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Gyroscope (NMRG) with low pump power. This model is essentially based on summing the Rb spin polarization along the direction of the pump beam and dividing the result by the cell length. We experimentally study the spin polarization of Rb and 129Xe atoms as a function of the cell temperature at low values of the pump power. The experimental results and the values calculated with the average Rb polarization model are in good agreement for both Rb and 129Xe. The spin polarization of Rb atoms decreases with increasing cell temperature, with a decreasing trend which is rapid at temperatures below 110 °C, and slower at temperatures above 110 °C. The experimental values of the 129Xe polarization, obtained with a pump power of 1 mW, first increase to a maximum P 129Xe−ave = 0.66 % at 118 °C, and then decreases as the temperature increases. Increasing the power of the pump beam shifts the temperature maximum to a higher value. Our model is suitable for the analysis of Rb and 129Xe polarization at high temperature and low pump power, i.e. when the power of the pump beam is completely absorbed within a few millimeters of the front window of the cell. Therefore, the present model can provide theoretical support for the improvement of the Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR) of the NMRG, and to determine its optimal working temperature.

We propose a method for the precise determination of nuclear spin polarization, based on the atomic magnetometers, which employs the effective magnetic field produced by the spin polarization of 129Xe nuclei. This effective magnetic field can be estimated by measuring the initial induced voltage of the Free Induction Decay (FID) signal of the 129Xe nuclei, which is based on the calibration coefficient between the transverse magnetic field and the output voltage signal of the atomic magnetometer, by using an off-resonant transverse driven magnetic field. Compared with the method based on measuring the longitudinal relaxation time of the 129Xe nuclei and the spin polarization of alkali-metal atoms, our method can directly measure the nuclear spin polarization, without being affected by inaccuracies in the measurement of the spin polarization of alkali-metal atoms.

We propose a precise method to calibrate the coil constants of spin-precession gyroscopes and optical atomic magnetometers. This method is based on measuring the initial amplitude of Free Induction Decay (FID) of noble gases, from which the π/2 pulse duration can be calculated, since it is inversely proportional to the amplitude of the π/2 pulse. Therefore, the coil constants can be calibrated by measuring the π/2 pulse duration. Compared with the method based on the Larmor precession frequency of atoms, our method can avoid the effect of the pump and probe powers. We experimentally validated the method in a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Gyroscope (NMRG), and the experimental results show that the coil constants are 436.63±0.04 nT/mA and 428.94±0.02 nT/mA in the x and y directions, respectively.

The airborne Position Orientation System (POS) can accurately measure space-time reference information and plays a vital role in aerial remote sensing system. It may be applied in a direct georeference system for optical camera and a motion imaging system for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), which further advances efficiency and quality of imaging sensors. In this paper, the operation principle and components of airborne POS are introduced. Some key technologies of airborne POS are summarized. They include the error calibration and compensation, initial alignment, lever arm error modeling, time synchronization, and integrated estimation method. A high precision airborne POS has been developed and applied to a variety of aerial remote sensing systems.

Unbalance in magnetically levitated rotor (MLR) can cause undesirable synchronous vibrations and lead to the saturation of the magnetic actuator. Dynamic balancing is an important way to solve these problems. However, the traditional balancing methods, using rotor displacement to estimate a rotor’s unbalance, requiring several trial-runs, are neither precise nor efficient. This paper presents a new balancing method for an MLR without trial weights. In this method, the rotor is forced to rotate around its geometric axis. The coil currents of magnetic bearing, rather than rotor displacement, are employed to calculate the correction masses. This method provides two benefits when the MLR’s rotation axis coincides with the geometric axis: one is that unbalanced centrifugal force/torque equals the synchronous magnetic force/torque, and the other is that the magnetic force is proportional to the control current. These make calculation of the correction masses by measuring coil current with only a single start-up precise. An unbalance compensation control (UCC) method, using a general band-pass filter (GPF) to make the MLR spin around its geometric axis is also discussed. Experimental results show that the novel balancing method can remove more than 92.7% of the rotor unbalance and a balancing accuracy of 0.024 g mm kg−1 is achieved.

The Eddy Current Displacement Sensor (ECDS) is widely used in the Magnetic Suspension Flywheel (MSFW) to measure the tiny clearance between the rotor and the magnetic bearings. The linear range of the ECDS is determined by the diameter of its probe coil. Wide clearances must be measured in some new MSFWs recently designed for the different space missions, but the coil diameter is limited by some restrictions. In this paper, a multi-channel ECDS equipped with dual-coil probes is proposed to extend the linear range to satisfy the demands of such MSFWs. In order to determine the best configuration of the dual-coil probe, the quality factors of the potential types of the dual-coil probes, the induced eddy current and the magnetic intensity on the surface of the measuring object are compared with those of the conventional single-coil probe. The linear range of the ECDS equipped with the selected dual-coil probe is extended from 1.1 mm to 2.4 mm under the restrictions without adding any cost for additional compensation circuits or expensive coil materials. The effectiveness of the linear range extension ability and the dynamic response of the designed ECDS are confirmed by the testing and the applications in the MSFW.

Integrating the advantage of magnetic bearings with a double gimble control moment gyroscope (DGCMG), a magnetically suspended DGCMG (MSDGCMG) is an ideal actuator in high-precision, long life, and rapid maneuver attitude control systems. The work presented here mainly focuses on performance testing of a MSDGCMG independently developed by Beihang University, based on the single axis air bearing table. In this paper, taking into sufficient consideration to the moving-gimbal effects and the response bandwidth limit of the gimbal, a special MSDGCMG steering law is proposed subject to the limits of gimbal angle rate and angle acceleration. Finally, multiple experiments are carried out, with different MSDGCMG angular momenta as well as different desired attitude angles. The experimental results indicate that the MSDGCMG has a good gimbal angle rate and output torque tracking capabilities, and that the attitude stability with MSDGCMG as actuator is superior to 10−3°/s. The MSDGCMG performance testing in this paper, carried out under moving-base condition, will offer a technique base for the future research and application of MSDGCMGs.

With the rapid development of modern physics, atomic gyroscopes have been demonstrated in recent years. There are two types of atomic gyroscope. The Atomic Interferometer Gyroscope (AIG), which utilizes the atomic interferometer to sense rotation, is an ultra-high precision gyroscope; and the Atomic Spin Gyroscope (ASG), which utilizes atomic spin to sense rotation, features high precision, compact size and the possibility to make a chip-scale one. Recent developments in the atomic gyroscope field have created new ways to obtain high precision gyroscopes which were previously unavailable with mechanical or optical gyroscopes, but there are still lots of problems that need to be overcome to meet the requirements of inertial navigation systems. This paper reviews the basic principles of AIG and ASG, introduces the recent progress in this area, focusing on discussing their technical difficulties for inertial navigation applications, and suggests methods for developing high performance atomic gyroscopes in the near future.

The second and third phases of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (CLEP) are planning to achieve Moon landing, surface exploration and automated sample return. In these missions, the inertial navigation system (INS) and celestial navigation system (CNS) are two indispensable autonomous navigation systems which can compensate for limitations in the ground based navigation system. The accurate initialization of the INS and the precise calibration of the CNS are needed in order to achieve high navigation accuracy. Neither the INS nor the CNS can solve the above problems using the ground controllers or by themselves on the lunar surface. However, since they are complementary to each other, these problems can be solved by combining them together. A new celestial assisted INS initialization method is presented, in which the initial position and attitude of the explorer as well as the inertial sensors’ biases are estimated by aiding the INS with celestial measurements. Furthermore, the systematic error of the CNS is also corrected by the help of INS measurements. Simulations show that the maximum error in position is 300 m and in attitude 40″, which demonstrates this method is a promising and attractive scheme for explorers on the lunar surface.

A new star recognition method based on the Adaptive Ant Colony (AAC) algorithm has been developed to increase the star recognition speed and success rate for star sensors. This method draws circles, with the center of each one being a bright star point and the radius being a special angular distance, and uses the parallel processing ability of the AAC algorithm to calculate the angular distance of any pair of star points in the circle. The angular distance of two star points in the circle is solved as the path of the AAC algorithm, and the path optimization feature of the AAC is employed to search for the optimal (shortest) path in the circle. This optimal path is used to recognize the stellar map and enhance the recognition success rate and speed. The experimental results show that when the position error is about 50″, the identification success rate of this method is 98% while the Delaunay identification method is only 94%. The identification time of this method is up to 50 ms.