3,596 results on '"J. C. Barnes"'
Search Results
2. History of incarceration and age-related neurodegeneration: Testing models of genetic and environmental risks in a longitudinal panel study of older adults
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Peter T. Tanksley, Matthew W. Logan, and J. C. Barnes
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Medicine ,Science - Published
- 2023
3. The Genome-Wide Study of Human Social Behavior and Its Application in Sociology
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Peter T. Tanksley, Ryan T. Motz, Rachel M. Kail, J. C. Barnes, and Hexuan Liu
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social science genomics ,sociogenomics ,genome-wide association ,polygenic scores ,heritability ,candidate genes ,Sociology (General) ,HM401-1281 - Abstract
Recent years have seen a push for the integration of modern genomic methodologies with sociological inquiry. The inclusion of genomic approaches promises to help address long-standing issues in sociology (e.g., selection effects), as well as open up new avenues for future research. This article reviews the substantive findings of behavior genetic/genomic research, both from the recent past (e.g., twin/adoption studies, candidate gene studies) and from contemporary genomic analyses. The article primarily focuses on modern genomic methods available to sociologists (e.g., polygenic score analysis) and their various applications for answering sociological questions. The article concludes by considering a number of areas to which genomic researchers and sociologists should pay close attention if a consilience between genomic methods and sociological research is to be fully realized.
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- 2019
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4. Optimizing Community Supervision Practices with the Elo-rating System: A Proof-of-Concept
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Shahin Tasharrofi and J. C. Barnes
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- 2022
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5. Training as an opportunity for change: A pretest–posttest study of pre-service correctional officer orientations
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Alexander L. Burton, Cheryl Lero Jonson, J. C. Barnes, William T. Miller, and Velmer S. Burton
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Law - Published
- 2022
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6. Life-Course Persistent Antisocial Behavior and Accelerated Biological Aging in a Longitudinal Birth Cohort
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Stephanie Langevin, Ashalom Caspi, J. C. Barnes, Grace Brennan, Richie Poulton, Suzanne C. Purdy, Sandhya Ramrakha, Peter T. Tanksley, Peter R. Thorne, Graham Wilson, and Terrie E. Moffitt
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Adult ,Aging ,Adolescent ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,developmental_psychology ,Antisocial Personality Disorder ,Middle Aged ,antisocial trajectories ,biological aging ,crime ,accelerated aging ,Humans ,Birth Cohort ,Longitudinal Studies ,Aged ,Antipsychotic Agents - Abstract
Prior research shows that individuals who have exhibited antisocial behavior are in poorer health than their same-aged peers. A major driver of poor health is aging itself, yet research has not investigated relationships between offending trajectories and biological aging. We tested the hypothesis that individuals following a life-course persistent (LCP) antisocial trajectory show accelerated aging in midlife. Trajectories of antisocial behavior from age 7 to 26 years were studied in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, a population-representative birth cohort (N = 1037). Signs of aging were assessed at age 45 years using previously validated measures including biomarkers, clinical tests, and self-reports. First, we tested whether the association between antisocial behavior trajectories and midlife signs of faster aging represented a decline from initial childhood health. We then tested whether decline was attributable to tobacco smoking, antipsychotic medication use, debilitating illnesses in adulthood, adverse exposures in childhood (maltreatment, socioeconomic disadvantage) and adulthood (incarceration), and to childhood self-control difficulties. Study members with a history of antisocial behavior had a significantly faster pace of biological aging by midlife, and this was most evident among individuals following the LCP trajectory (β, 0.22, 95%CI, 0.14, 0.28, p ≤ 0.001). This amounted to 4.3 extra years of biological aging between ages 25–45 years for Study members following the LCP trajectory compared to low-antisocial trajectory individuals. LCP offenders also experienced more midlife difficulties with hearing (β, −0.14, 95%CI, −0.21, −0.08, p ≤ 0.001), balance (β, −0.13, 95%CI, −0.18, −0.06, p ≤ 0.001), gait speed (β, −0.18, 95%CI, −0.24, −0.10, p ≤ 0.001), and cognitive functioning (β, −0.25, 95%CI, −0.31, −0.18, p ≤ 0.001). Associations represented a decline from childhood health. Associations persisted after controlling individually for tobacco smoking, antipsychotic medication use, midlife illnesses, maltreatment, socioeconomic status, incarceration, and childhood self-control difficulties. However, the cumulative effect of these lifestyle characteristics together explained why LCP offenders have a faster Pace of Aging than their peers. While older adults typically age-out of crime, LCP offenders will likely age-into the healthcare system earlier than their chronologically same-aged peers. Preventing young people from offending is likely to have substantial benefits for health, and people engaging in a LCP trajectory of antisocial behaviors might be the most in need of health promotion programs. We offer prevention and intervention strategies to reduce the financial burden of offenders on healthcare systems and improve their wellbeing.
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- 2022
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7. Statistical Power, P ‐Values, and the Positive Predictive Value
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J. C. Barnes and Shannon J. Linning
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Statistics ,Psychology ,Predictive value ,Statistical power - Published
- 2021
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8. Adolescent Criminal Justice Involvement, Educational Attainment, and Genetic Inheritance: Testing an Integrative Model Using the Add Health Data
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Ryan T. Motz, Kathleen Mullan Harris, Peter T. Tanksley, J. C. Barnes, and Hexuan Liu
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Longitudinal study ,Causal inference ,Juvenile delinquency ,Conviction ,Life-span and Life-course Studies ,Association (psychology) ,Psychology ,Law ,Applied Psychology ,Educational attainment ,Social policy ,Developmental psychology ,Criminal justice - Abstract
This study integrates developmental and life-course criminology with advances in socio-genomics to investigate the complex relationships among criminal justice (CJ) involvement (e.g., arrest, conviction, and incarceration), educational attainment, and genetic inheritance. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we conduct an analysis based on a whole-genome polygenic score for educational attainment. We find that participants with lower polygenic scores for educational attainment were significantly more likely to report CJ involvement during adolescence. We then show that the association between the education polygenic score and adolescent CJ involvement risk may be attributed to gene-environment correlation mechanisms that operate via both individual factors (e.g., psychopathic personality traits and delinquency) and social factors (e.g., family characteristics and school experiences). Finally, we find evidence that adolescent CJ involvement mediates the association between the education polygenic score and male participants’ actual educational attainment. Results also indicate that the influence of CJ involvement on education was partially confounded by genetic factors. Findings in this paper not only enrich existing criminological theories on the causes and consequences of CJ involvement in the life-course process but also help to improve causal inference in the study of the impact of CJ involvement on later-in-life outcomes.
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- 2021
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9. A behavior genetic analysis of the tendency for youth to associate according to GPA.
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J. C. Barnes, Kevin M. Beaver, Jacob T. N. Young, and Michael TenEyck
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- 2014
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10. The prevalence of discrimination across racial groups in contemporary America: Results from a nationally representative sample of adults.
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Brian B Boutwell, Joseph L Nedelec, Bo Winegard, Todd Shackelford, Kevin M Beaver, Michael Vaughn, J C Barnes, and John P Wright
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
A large body of social science research is devoted to understanding the causes and correlates of discrimination. Comparatively less effort has been aimed at providing a general prevalence estimate of discrimination using a nationally representative sample. The current study is intended to offer such an estimate using a large sample of American respondents (N = 14,793) while also exploring perceptions regarding why respondents felt they were discriminated against. The results provide a broad estimate of self-reported discrimination experiences-an event that was only reported by about one-quarter of all sample members-across racial and ethnic categories.
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- 2017
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11. Aggregate-level lead exposure, gun violence, homicide, and rape.
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Brian B Boutwell, Erik J Nelson, Zhengmin Qian, Michael G Vaughn, John P Wright, Kevin M Beaver, J C Barnes, Melissa Petkovsek, Roger Lewis, Mario Schootman, and Richard Rosenfeld
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
An increasing body of research has linked the geographic distribution of lead with various indicators of criminal and antisocial behavior.The current study, using data from an ongoing project related to lead exposure in St. Louis City, MO, analyzed the association between aggregate blood lead levels and specific indicators violent crime within the city.Ecological study.St. Louis, Missouri.Blood lead levels.Official reports of violent crimes were categorized as 1) crimes involving a firearm (yes/no), 2) assault crimes (with or without a firearm), 3) robbery crimes (with or without a firearm), 4) homicides and 5) rape.With the exception of rape, aggregate blood-lead levels were statistically significant predictors of violent crime at the census tract level. The risk ratios for each of the outcome measures were as follows: firearm crimes 1.03 (1.03-1.04), assault crimes 1.03 (1.02-1.03), robbery crimes 1.03 (1.02-1.04), homicide 1.03 (1.01, 1.04), and rape 1.01 (0.99-1.03).Extending prior research in St. Louis, results suggest that aggregated lead exposure at the census tract level predicted crime outcomes, even after accounting for important sociological variables. Moving forward, a more developed understanding of aggregate level crime may necessitate a shift toward studying the synergy between sociological and biological risk factors such as lead exposure.
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- 2017
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12. Beyond a Crime Gene: Genetic Literacy and Correctional Orientation
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Hexuan Liu, J. C. Barnes, Amanda Graham, and Francis T. Cullen
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Rehabilitation ,White (horse) ,Punishment ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,media_common.quotation_subject ,050901 criminology ,05 social sciences ,social sciences ,Criminology ,Public opinion ,Literacy ,Orientation (mental) ,Perception ,medicine ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,0509 other social sciences ,Attribution ,Psychology ,business ,Law ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,media_common - Abstract
Is there a “crime gene”? This question has been answered by the scientific community, and the response is a definitive “no.” Yet, it is unclear whether this information has been communicated to the general public. Furthermore, it is unclear whether people’s views about the genetics of crime influence their perceptions of the way offenders should be treated. This study uses attribution theory to understand how perceptions of the role of genetic factors in criminal behavior influence beliefs about the punishment, redeemability, and rehabilitation of offenders. Drawing on a national sample of White respondents (N = 392), this study finds that only a small proportion believe there is a single crime gene. Compared to other respondents, those who believe crime is caused by a single gene believe that punishment should be weakened, are less supportive of rehabilitation efforts, and believe that offenders are less capable of redemption. Implications of these findings are discussed.
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- 2021
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13. Third-party crime reporting: examining the effects of perceived social cohesion and confidence in police effectiveness
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J. C. Barnes and Shannon J. Linning
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Third party ,media_common.quotation_subject ,050901 criminology ,05 social sciences ,Cohesion (computer science) ,Crime reporting ,Perception ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,0509 other social sciences ,Psychology ,Law ,Social psychology ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,media_common - Abstract
While some research suggests perceptions of social cohesion and confidence in police effectiveness influence reporting decisions among victims of crime, no study has examined whether these influenc...
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- 2020
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14. The interaction of biopsychological and socio-environmental influences on criminological outcomes
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David P. Farrington, J. C. Barnes, and Adrian Raine
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050901 criminology ,05 social sciences ,Neurocriminology ,Criminal behavior ,Moderation ,Outcome (game theory) ,RESTING HEART RATE ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Developmental psychology ,Socio environmental ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,0509 other social sciences ,Psychology ,Law ,050104 developmental & child psychology - Abstract
Because criminal behavior has many causes, it is reasonable to assume that some of those causal factors will interact. Interactions occur when the effect of one factor on an outcome depends in some...
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- 2020
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15. Identifying psychological pathways to polyvictimization: evidence from a longitudinal cohort study of twins from the UK
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Brian B. Boutwell, Peter T. Tanksley, Louise Arseneault, Andrea Danese, Terrie E. Moffitt, J. C. Barnes, Avshalom Caspi, and Helen L. Fisher
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Social neurocriminology ,050901 criminology ,05 social sciences ,Psychological intervention ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Poison control ,Discordant-twin design ,medicine.disease ,Mental health ,Twin study ,Article ,Developmental psychology ,Self-control ,Conduct disorder ,medicine ,Polyvictimization ,Anxiety ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Cognitive skill ,Natural experiment ,0509 other social sciences ,medicine.symptom ,Law ,050104 developmental & child psychology - Abstract
Objectives: Examine the extent to which cognitive/psychological characteristics predict later polyvictimization. We employ a twin-based design that allows us to test the social neurocriminology hypothesis that environmental factors influence brain-based characteristics and influence behaviors like victimization.Methods: Using data from the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study (N = 1986), we capitalize on the natural experiment embedded in a discordant-twin design that allows for the adjustment of family environments and genetic factors. Results: The findings indicate that self-control, as well as symptoms of conduct disorder and anxiety, are related to polyvictimization even after adjusting for family environments and partially adjusting for genetic influences. After fully adjusting for genetic factors, only self-control was a statistically significant predictor of polyvictimization.Conclusion: The findings suggest polyvictimization is influenced by cognitive/psychological characteristics that individuals carry with them across contexts. Policies aimed at reducing victimization risks should consider interventions that address cognitive functioning and mental health.
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- 2020
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16. Review. Beroul's 'Romance of Tristran', transl. by J. C. Barnes. Varvaro, A.
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REID, T. B. W., primary
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- 1973
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17. Exposure to Pre- and Perinatal Risk Factors Partially Explains Mean Differences in Self-Regulation between Races.
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J C Barnes, Brian B Boutwell, J Mitchell Miller, Rashaan A DeShay, Kevin M Beaver, and Norman White
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
OBJECTIVES:To examine whether differential exposure to pre- and perinatal risk factors explained differences in levels of self-regulation between children of different races (White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Other). METHODS:Multiple regression models based on data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (n ≈ 9,850) were used to analyze the impact of pre- and perinatal risk factors on the development of self-regulation at age 2 years. RESULTS:Racial differences in levels of self-regulation were observed. Racial differences were also observed for 9 of the 12 pre-/perinatal risk factors. Multiple regression analyses revealed that a portion of the racial differences in self-regulation was explained by differential exposure to several of the pre-/perinatal risk factors. Specifically, maternal age at childbirth, gestational timing, and the family's socioeconomic status were significantly related to the child's level of self-regulation. These factors accounted for a statistically significant portion of the racial differences observed in self-regulation. CONCLUSIONS:The findings indicate racial differences in self-regulation may be, at least partially, explained by racial differences in exposure to pre- and perinatal risk factors.
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- 2016
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18. Enlisting in the Military
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Kevin M. Beaver, J. C. Barnes, Joseph A. Schwartz, and Brian B. Boutwell
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History of scholarship and learning. The humanities ,AZ20-999 ,Social Sciences - Abstract
Given that enlistment in the U.S. military is completely voluntary, there has been a great deal of interest in identifying the various factors that might explain why some people join the military, whereas others do not. The current study expanded on this line of literature by estimating the extent to which genetic and environmental factors explained variance in the liability for lifetime participation in the military. Analysis of twin pairs drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) revealed that 82% of the variance was the result of genetic factors, 18% of the variance was the result of nonshared environmental factors, and none of the variance was accounted for by shared environmental factors. In light of a number of limitations, replication studies are needed to determine the robustness of these findings and whether they are generalizable to other samples and populations.
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- 2015
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19. The Association between Mental Health and Violence among a Nationally Representative Sample of College Students from the United States.
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Joseph A Schwartz, Kevin M Beaver, and J C Barnes
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Recent violent attacks on college campuses in the United States have sparked discussions regarding the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and the perpetration of violence among college students. While previous studies have examined the potential association between mental health problems and violent behavior, the overall pattern of findings flowing from this literature remain mixed and no previous studies have examined such associations among college students.The current study makes use of a nationally representative sample of 3,929 college students from the National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) to examine the prevalence of seven violent behaviors and 19 psychiatric disorder diagnoses tapping mood, anxiety, personality, and substance use disorders. Associations between individual and composite psychiatric disorder diagnoses and violent behaviors were also examined. Additional analyses were adjusted for the comorbidity of multiple psychiatric diagnoses.The results revealed that college students were less likely to have engaged in violent behavior relative to the non-student sample, but a substantial portion of college students had engaged in violent behavior. Age- and sex-standardized prevalence rates indicated that more than 21% of college students reported at least one violent act. In addition, more than 36% of college students had at least one diagnosable psychiatric disorder. Finally, the prevalence of one or more psychiatric disorders significantly increased the odds of violent behavior within the college student sample.These findings indicate that violence and psychiatric disorders are prevalent on college campuses in the United States, though perhaps less so than in the general population. In addition, college students who have diagnosable psychiatric disorders are significantly more likely to engage in various forms of violent behavior.
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- 2015
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20. Does contact with the justice system deter or promote future delinquency? Results from a longitudinal study of British adolescent twins
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Francis T. Cullen, Louise Arseneault, Renate Houts, Avshalom Caspi, Terrie E. Moffitt, Ryan T. Motz, Jasmin Wertz, and J. C. Barnes
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Research design ,Counterfactual thinking ,Longitudinal study ,Punishment ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Prison ,Criminology ,Article ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Juvenile delinquency ,specific deterrence ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Justice (ethics) ,family fixed effects ,labeling ,media_common ,050901 criminology ,05 social sciences ,Articles ,twins ,delinquency ,Deterrence (legal) ,0509 other social sciences ,Psychology ,Law ,050104 developmental & child psychology - Abstract
What impact does formal punishment have on antisocial conduct—does it deter or promote it? The findings from a long line of research on the labeling tradition indicate formal punishments have the opposite‐of‐intended consequence of promoting future misbehavior. In another body of work, the results show support for deterrence‐based hypotheses that punishment deters future misbehavior. So, which is it? We draw on a nationally representative sample of British adolescent twins from the Environmental Risk (E‐Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study to perform a robust test of the deterrence versus labeling question. We leverage a powerful research design in which twins can serve as the counterfactual for their co‐twin, thereby ruling out many sources of confounding that have likely impacted prior studies. The pattern of findings provides support for labeling theory, showing that contact with the justice system—through spending a night in jail/prison, being issued an anti‐social behaviour order (ASBO), or having an official record—promotes delinquency. We conclude by discussing the impact these findings may have on criminologists’ and practitioners’ perspective on the role of the juvenile justice system in society.
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- 2019
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21. Mind the gap: toward an integrative science of the brain and crime
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Corey H. Allen, Kent A. Kiehl, Nathaniel E. Anderson, J. C. Barnes, and Eyal Aharoni
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Cognitive science ,Health (social science) ,Health Policy ,Psychology - Published
- 2019
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22. Every contact leaves a trace: contact with the criminal justice system, life outcomes, and the intersection with genetics
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Peter T. Tanksley, Hexuan Liu, Ryan T. Motz, Tesfaye B. Mersha, and J. C. Barnes
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Multifactorial Inheritance ,Intersection (set theory) ,Health Status ,Prisoners ,05 social sciences ,Genomics ,Moderation ,United States ,Article ,050105 experimental psychology ,Trace (semiology) ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Criminal Law ,Humans ,Gene-Environment Interaction ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,General Psychology ,Criminal justice - Abstract
Contact with the criminal justice (CJ) system is a relatively common occurrence in the United States. Criminologists and sociologists have long considered the impact of contact with the CJ system on later-in-life outcomes. This body of work has revealed a great deal of heterogeneity in life outcomes, suggesting individual differences are important to consider. At the same time, recent advances in the genomic sciences have allowed researchers to gather information from across the entire genome and to summarize that information into polygenic scores. In the present review, we consider how polygenic scores might be used to advance research into the impact of CJ system contact on life outcomes. In particular, we emphasize the importance of gene-environment interaction (G × E). We suggest that contact with the CJ system might represent a substantively important environmental moderator of polygenic risks. But we caution that studying the moderating role of contact with the CJ system will have its own complications—points that scholars must begin to consider and discuss now that the genomic era has reached the social sciences.
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- 2019
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23. Carrying the misery to adulthood: the impact of childhood sexual abuse on adulthood impulse control through depression and suicidal thoughts
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Shahin Tasharrofi and J. C. Barnes
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050901 criminology ,05 social sciences ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Poison control ,Suicide prevention ,Impulse control ,Sexual abuse ,Injury prevention ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,0509 other social sciences ,Psychology ,Law ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,Clinical psychology ,Psychopathology - Abstract
Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has been linked to a wide range of negative outcomes, including the development of low impulse control in adulthood. Because previous studies have identified impulsivit...
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- 2019
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24. Why Men (Don't) Buy Sex: Purity Moralization and Perceived Harm as Constraints on Prostitution Offending
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Dominique Roe-Sepowitz, J. C. Barnes, Justin T. Pickett, Stephanie Bontrager, and Jasmine R. Silver
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,05 social sciences ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Poison control ,Morals ,Suicide prevention ,Sex Work ,Occupational safety and health ,0506 political science ,Risk perception ,Public morality ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Harm ,050903 gender studies ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Injury prevention ,050602 political science & public administration ,medicine ,Humans ,0509 other social sciences ,Psychiatry ,Psychology ,General Psychology - Abstract
This study explores the moralization of purity and perceptions of harm as constraints on sex buying among men. Purchasing sex has long been considered an offense against public morality. While personal morality provides a powerful constraint on offending, and people may vary in the extent to which they experience moral intuitions about bodily and spiritual purity, research has so far neglected the role of purity moralization in understanding sex buying behavior. We hypothesize specifically that moral intuitions about purity constrain sex buying by leading people to perceive it as inherently wrong and by eliciting perceptions that sex buying is harmful to prostitutes. We test these hypotheses in a nationally representative survey of U.S. men ( N = 2,525). Results indicate that purity moralization is associated with reduced sex buying, and that this relationship is mediated fully by perceptions of sex buying as harming prostitutes.
- Published
- 2021
25. The effect of medical marijuana laws on crime: evidence from state panel data, 1990-2006.
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Robert G Morris, Michael TenEyck, J C Barnes, and Tomislav V Kovandzic
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Debate has surrounded the legalization of marijuana for medical purposes for decades. Some have argued medical marijuana legalization (MML) poses a threat to public health and safety, perhaps also affecting crime rates. In recent years, some U.S. states have legalized marijuana for medical purposes, reigniting political and public interest in the impact of marijuana legalization on a range of outcomes.Relying on U.S. state panel data, we analyzed the association between state MML and state crime rates for all Part I offenses collected by the FBI.Results did not indicate a crime exacerbating effect of MML on any of the Part I offenses. Alternatively, state MML may be correlated with a reduction in homicide and assault rates, net of other covariates.These findings run counter to arguments suggesting the legalization of marijuana for medical purposes poses a danger to public health in terms of exposure to violent crime and property crimes.
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- 2014
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26. The Association Between Adolescent Gun Ownership and Gun Carrying and Adulthood Violence and Victimization
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Ian A. Silver, J. C. Barnes, and James D. Kelsay
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Male ,Longitudinal study ,Firearms ,Health (social science) ,Adolescent ,Poison control ,Violence ,Suicide prevention ,Occupational safety and health ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Developmental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Injury prevention ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Longitudinal Studies ,Association (psychology) ,Crime Victims ,0505 law ,05 social sciences ,Ownership ,Human factors and ergonomics ,social sciences ,General Medicine ,Propensity score matching ,050501 criminology ,Female ,Psychology ,Law - Abstract
Although many studies have highlighted the deleterious outcomes associated with access to firearms, others suggest gun ownership and carrying can have protective effects. This study attempts to adjudicate between these countervailing points and address several important gaps in the literature. To do so, data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health were used to assess the long-term associations between gun ownership and gun carrying in late adolescence and violence and violent victimization in early adulthood. Results from propensity score matching analyses suggest gun carrying, but not gun ownership, is associated with a higher risk of experiencing a violent victimization (b = 0.080, 95% CI = .032, .127) and engaging in violence with a weapon (b = 0.885, 95% CI = .392, 1.378). Efforts to curb firearm-related violence should consider focusing on those who carry guns for additional counseling about these risks.
- Published
- 2021
27. A functional polymorphism in a serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) interacts with 9/11 to predict gun-carrying behavior.
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J C Barnes, Kevin M Beaver, and Brian B Boutwell
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
On September 11, 2001, one of the deadliest terrorist attacks in US history took place on American soil and people around the world were impacted in myriad ways. Building on prior literature which suggests individuals are more likely to purchase a gun for self-protection if they are fearful of being victimized, the authors hypothesized that the terrorist attacks of 9/11 would lead to an increase in gun carrying among US residents. At the same time, a line of research has shown that a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene (i.e., 5-HTTLPR) interacts with environmental stressors to predict a range of psychopathologies and behaviors. Thus, it was hypothesized that 9/11 and 5-HTTLPR would interact to predict gun carrying. The results supported both hypotheses by revealing a positive association between 9/11 and gun carrying (b = .426, odds ratio = 1.531, standard error for b = .194, z = 2.196, p = .028) in the full sample of respondents (n = 15,052) and a statistically significant interaction between 9/11 and 5-HTTLPR in the prediction of gun carrying (b = -1.519, odds ratio = .219, standard error for b = .703, z = -2.161, p = .031) in the genetic subsample of respondents (n = 2,350). This is one of the first studies to find an association between 9/11 and gun carrying and, more importantly, is the first study to report a gene-environment interaction (GxE) between a measured gene and a terrorist attack.
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- 2013
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28. Revisiting the Effect of Visitation on Recidivism
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William D. Bales, J. C. Barnes, Daniel P. Mears, and Joshua C. Cochran
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Recidivism ,media_common.quotation_subject ,050901 criminology ,05 social sciences ,Instrumental variable ,Prison ,Criminology ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Scholarship ,Interpersonal ties ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,0509 other social sciences ,Psychology ,Law ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,media_common - Abstract
Scholarship suggests that prison inmates who are visited may be less likely to recidivate. Questions exist, however, about whether the observed relationship is causal and, if so, whether it is cons...
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- 2018
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29. Calibrating Student Perceptions of Punishment: a Specific Test of General Deterrence
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Timothy S. Nixon and J. C. Barnes
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Student perceptions ,Punishment ,Specific test ,media_common.quotation_subject ,050901 criminology ,05 social sciences ,Large sample ,Unit (housing) ,Perception ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Deterrence theory ,0509 other social sciences ,Wrong direction ,Psychology ,Law ,Social psychology ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,media_common - Abstract
General deterrence theory assumes objective risks of punishment and citizens’ perceptions of punishment risks are closely calibrated. Yet little empirical attention has been devoted to testing this assumption. Of the few studies that exist, most have tested the calibration with county-level indicators of objective punishment risk. This strategy has been criticized for being too far removed from the individual citizen: why should we expect citizens to know the punishment risks in such a large geographic unit? We estimated the calibration between objective punishment levels and individuals’ perceptions of those punishment levels by analyzing data drawn from a large sample of students (n = 11,085) from 44 schools in Ohio. Multi-level models found the calibration between objective punishment and students’ perceptions is weak and not statistically significant. More than half of our calibration estimates were in the wrong direction (i.e., they were negative) and results from interaction tests did not indicate that the calibration is any stronger among those with the highest levels of self-reported offending. We discuss the implications of these findings for policies rooted in general deterrence theory.
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- 2018
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30. The Effect of Absent Biological Father on Female Biological Maturity: Results From a Nationally Representative Sample of Adolescents
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Sarah A. El Sayed, J. C. Barnes, and Michael TenEyck
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Developmental trajectory ,Sociobiology ,Biological Father ,05 social sciences ,Biological maturity ,050109 social psychology ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Context (language use) ,Psychology ,Law ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,Developmental psychology - Abstract
Belsky, Steinberg, and Draper’s sociobiological theory suggests that early family context influences an individual’s developmental trajectory in adolescence. A key hypothesis derived from the developmental model is that females growing up in a home without a father will have an earlier onset of puberty and may reach pubertal maturity sooner than their peers who grow up in homes with a father present. The current study uses a nationally representative sample of American youth (Add Health) to examine the association between having an absent biological father and female biological maturity, controlling for additional theoretically informed covariates. The current study contributes to the literature by utilizing a lifetime measure of absent biological father and a biological maturity scale (measured in adolescence) that taps into multiple aspects of pubertal development. Results from multivariate regression analysis revealed no significant association between absent biological father and female biological development. This finding suggests that, contrary to the sociobiological model, having an absent biological father in childhood is not predictive of advanced pubertal development among female adolescents.
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- 2018
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31. Exploring the genetic correlations of antisocial behaviour and life history traits
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Arne Popma, James J. Lee, Tinca J. C. Polderman, Danielle Posthuma, Jorim J. Tielbeek, Brian B. Boutwell, John R. B. Perry, J. C. Barnes, Perry, John [0000-0001-6483-3771], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Genome-wide association study ,antisocial behaviour ,Short Report ,Quantitative trait locus ,Biology ,Genetic correlation ,Life history theory ,03 medical and health sciences ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Negatively associated ,Allele ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Evolutionary theory ,Behavioural genetics ,linkage disequilibrium regression ,Demography - Abstract
SummaryPrior evolutionary theory provided reason to suspect that measures of development and reproduction would be correlated with antisocial behaviours in human and non-human species. Behavioural genetics has revealed that most quantitative traits are heritable, suggesting that these phenotypic correlations may share genetic aetiologies. We use genome-wide association study data to estimate the genetic correlations between various measures of reproductive development (N = 52 776–318 863) and antisocial behaviour (N = 31 968). Our genetic correlation analyses demonstrate that alleles associated with higher reproductive output (number of children ever born, rg = 0.50, P = 0.0065) were positively correlated with alleles associated with antisocial behaviour, whereas alleles associated with more delayed reproductive onset (age at first birth, rg = −0.64, P = 0.0008) were negatively associated with alleles linked to antisocial behaviour. Ultimately, these findings coalesce with evolutionary theories suggesting that increased antisocial behaviours may partly represent a faster life history approach, which may be significantly calibrated by genes.Declaration of interestNone.
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- 2018
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32. A constructivist view of race in modern criminology
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J. C. Barnes
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0301 basic medicine ,Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,Inequality ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Perspective (graphical) ,Criminology ,Health outcomes ,03 medical and health sciences ,Race (biology) ,030104 developmental biology ,050501 criminology ,Sociology ,Law ,Applied Psychology ,0505 law ,media_common - Abstract
Purpose To offer a preliminary discussion of what modern genomics research affords criminologists studying racial inequalities. Methods I review recent evidence from genomics and socio-genomics research that has bearing on how society and researchers should view race. This leads to a discussion of the role of race as a predictor of criminological phenotypes and, thus, to a consideration of the role that genomics research may (or may not) play in helping criminologists unpack the etiology of racial inequalities. Results I offer a constructivist perspective on race and show that it is compatible with modern genomics research. I also conclude that it is unlikely that genetic factors will explain racial inequalities independent of social and environmental influences. Instead, racial inequalities likely arise from social/environmental influences or from the interaction between social/environmental factors and genetic factors. Conclusions The conclusion of this essay considers several important cautions and philosophical questions that must be kept in mind any time racial inequalities are studied, regardless of whether the focus is on criminological outcomes, health outcomes, or something else entirely.
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- 2018
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33. Maturity of Judgment and Perceptual Deterrence
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J. C. Barnes, Christopher J. Sullivan, and Heejin Lee
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media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Degree (music) ,Maturity (finance) ,humanities ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Perception ,050501 criminology ,Deterrence (legal) ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Psychology ,Law ,Social psychology ,General Psychology ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,0505 law ,media_common - Abstract
Recent deterrence literature has found that the degree to which sanction threats are perceived to influence subsequent offending differs within individuals and between individuals over time. This study examines whether three psychosocial aspects (temperance, perspective, responsibility) relevant to the maturity of judgment predict within-individual and between-individual differences in levels of perceptual deterrence. Random effects regression models with fixed effects (hybrid models) are used to estimate the impact of maturity of judgment on the perceived risks, costs, and benefits of crime among a sample of serious juvenile offenders from the Pathways to Desistance study over 7 years of development. The results support both within-person effects and between-person effects. More mature judgment ability is generally associated with the perception of greater risks, heavier costs of punishment, and fewer rewards of crime. The rate of change in perceptual deterrence by maturity of judgment varies between individuals. Implications of the findings are discussed.
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- 2018
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34. Treating Co-Occurring Disorders in Jails: Outcome Findings From a Second Chance Act Offender Reentry Program
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Holly Ventura Miller, J. Mitchell Miller, and J. C. Barnes
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Program evaluation ,Modalities ,Recidivism ,media_common.quotation_subject ,050901 criminology ,05 social sciences ,Applied psychology ,Fidelity ,Reentry ,Outcome (game theory) ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Neglect ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Justice (ethics) ,0509 other social sciences ,Psychology ,Law ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,media_common - Abstract
Widespread implementation of offender reentry programming has increased justice program evaluations but few have featured research designs sufficiently rigorous to optimally inform policy. Program evaluations typically neglect program fidelity concerns to focus on outcome analysis that seldom feature optimal spuriousness reduction. The current study, the second component of a mixed-method design evidencing fidelity, presents the methods and outcome findings for the Delaware County Transition (DCT) Program, an Ohio jail-based crimesolutions.gov endorsed treatment intervention for dually diagnosed offenders. Review of the reentry and dual-diagnosis literature provides a background for description of the DCT program and methods employed to observe programming effects. Findings indicated DCT participation was associated with overall recidivism reductions and time to recidivism and orient discussion around related rehabilitative modalities.
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- 2018
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35. The Contribution of Maternal and Paternal Self-Control to Child and Adolescent Self-Control: a Latent Class Analysis of Intergenerational Transmission
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Michelle A. Bolger, Ryan C. Meldrum, and J. C. Barnes
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Intergenerational transmission ,media_common.quotation_subject ,050901 criminology ,05 social sciences ,Self-control ,Latent class model ,Additional research ,Developmental psychology ,Child and adolescent ,Ordinary least squares ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,0509 other social sciences ,Class membership ,Life-span and Life-course Studies ,Association (psychology) ,Psychology ,Law ,Applied Psychology ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,media_common - Abstract
Recent research provides evidence of intergenerational continuity in self-control. This body of research, however, can be advanced in several ways to enhance our understanding of this association. We add to this literature by examining whether maternal and paternal self-control, assessed during a child’s infancy, is associated with latent classes of child self-control based on assessments from eight waves of data spanning age 4 to age 15. Supplementary analyses were also performed using ordinary least squares regression to examine individual child self-control at each of the eight waves. The results indicate that higher maternal and paternal self-control is associated with latent class membership characterizing higher child self-control. Moreover, maternal and paternal self-control were found to be equally consequential for differentiating between a low self-control relative to a moderate self-control class, whereas maternal self-control was a slightly stronger predictor than paternal self-control for differentiating a low self-control relative to a high self-control class. Supplementary OLS models revealed that both maternal and paternal self-control were statistically significant predictors of child self-control at 54 months of age and provided relatively equal contributions. But, as the child ages, the influence of paternal self-control appears to decrease as compared to maternal self-control. This study offers evidence that both maternal and paternal self-control are important for understanding the intergenerational continuity of self-control, but additional research with larger and more diverse samples is needed to better understand the relative importance of mothers and fathers for this continuity.
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- 2018
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36. A Preliminary Test of the Association between Agnew’s Social Concern and Criminal Behavior: Results from a Nationally Representative Sample of Adults
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Michael TenEyck and J. C. Barnes
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Variables ,Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,050901 criminology ,05 social sciences ,Regression analysis ,Criminal behavior ,Exploratory factor analysis ,Test (assessment) ,Clinical Psychology ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,0509 other social sciences ,Causation ,Construct (philosophy) ,Association (psychology) ,Psychology ,Law ,Social psychology ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,media_common - Abstract
In his Presidential Address to the American Society of Criminology, Agnew proposed a new theory of crime causation referring to the key independent variable as “social concern.” Social concern theory highlights the nuanced association between self-interest, altruistic behavior, and criminal behavior. Although there is considerable indirect evidence to support the theory—indeed, it is an example of inductive theory construction—there have been few direct tests of Agnew’s statements. As a result, the current study represents one of the first tests of social concern theory by examining the direct relationship between social concern and criminal behavior. We also test whether social concern mediates the effect of sex on criminal behavior, thereby offering insight into the gender gap in offending. Drawing on data from a nationally representative sample of American adults, we perform exploratory factor analysis to construct a measure of social concern. Results from negative binominal regression models r...
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- 2018
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37. Review. Beroul's 'Romance of Tristran', transl. by J. C. Barnes. Varvaro, A
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T. B. W. Reid
- Subjects
Cultural Studies ,Literature ,Linguistics and Language ,History ,Literature and Literary Theory ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Art ,business ,Romance ,Language and Linguistics ,media_common - Published
- 1973
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38. Profile of Two Second Chance Act Offender Treatment Initiatives: A Research Note
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Holly Ventura Miller, J. Mitchell Miller, and J. C. Barnes
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Recidivism ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Multimethodology ,05 social sciences ,Fidelity ,Public relations ,medicine.disease ,Mental health ,Management ,Substance abuse ,Intervention (counseling) ,050501 criminology ,medicine ,Justice (ethics) ,Psychology ,business ,Law ,0505 law ,media_common - Abstract
Federal funding efforts have increased the number of reentry programs over the past decade with corresponding evaluations of these initiatives. Reentry programming targets a wide range of offenders though most have focused on medium and high-risk individuals with substance abuse and/or mental health disorders. This research note provides a profile overview of two programs in central Ohio funded by the Second Chance Act and offers a summary of process and outcome evaluation findings from both initiatives. Results from a mixed methods research design suggested that the programs were largely successful in terms of reducing recidivism among participants, though issues related to programmatic fidelity were also identified. While these programs pre-date more current offender intervention efforts, such as the Justice Mental Health Collaboration Program, identified barriers to program success reaffirm the saliency of longstanding problems embedded in and challenged by correctional and police culture.
- Published
- 2017
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39. Genetic confounding of the relationship between father absence and age at menarche
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Nicole Barbaro, Todd K. Shackelford, J. C. Barnes, and Brian B. Boutwell
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05 social sciences ,Confounding ,050109 social psychology ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Evolutionary psychology ,Genetic correlation ,050105 experimental psychology ,Developmental psychology ,Life history theory ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Causal inference ,Menarche ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Spurious relationship ,Psychology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Behavioural genetics - Abstract
Research in evolutionary psychology, and life history theory in particular, has yielded important insights into the developmental processes that underpin variation in growth, psychological functioning, and behavioral outcomes across individuals. Yet, there are methodological concerns that limit the ability to draw causal inferences about human development and psychological functioning within a life history framework. The current study used a simulation-based modeling approach to estimate the degree of genetic confounding in tests of a well-researched life history hypothesis: that father absence ( X ) is associated with earlier age at menarche ( Y ). The results demonstrate that the genetic correlation between X and Y can confound the phenotypic association between the two variables, even if the genetic correlation is small—suggesting that failure to control for the genetic correlation between X and Y could produce a spurious phenotypic correlation. We discuss the implications of these results for research on human life history, and highlight the utility of incorporating genetically sensitive tests into future life history research.
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- 2017
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40. Unstructured Socializing with Peers and Delinquent Behavior: A Genetically Informed Analysis
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J. C. Barnes and Ryan C. Meldrum
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Male ,Longitudinal study ,Adolescent ,Social Psychology ,Cross-sectional study ,Peer Group ,Education ,Developmental psychology ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Juvenile delinquency ,medicine ,Humans ,Longitudinal Studies ,Social Behavior ,Association (psychology) ,0505 law ,Siblings ,Antisocial personality disorder ,05 social sciences ,Peer group ,Antisocial Personality Disorder ,medicine.disease ,Legal psychology ,Health psychology ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Adolescent Behavior ,Juvenile Delinquency ,050501 criminology ,Female ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) - Abstract
A large body of research finds that unstructured socializing with peers is positively associated with delinquency during adolescence. Yet, existing research has not ruled out the potential for confounding due to genetic factors and factors that can be traced to environments shared between siblings. To fill this void, the current study examines whether the association between unstructured socializing with peers and delinquent behavior remains when accounting for genetic factors, shared environmental influences, and a variety of non-shared environmental covariates. We do so by using data from the twin subsample of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 1200 at wave 1 and 1103 at wave 2; 51% male; mean age at wave 1 = 15.63). Results from both cross-sectional and lagged models indicate the association between unstructured socializing with peers and delinquent behavior remains when controlling for both genetic and environmental influences. Supplementary analyses examining the association under different specifications offer additional, albeit qualified, evidence supportive of this finding. The study concludes with a discussion highlighting the importance of limiting free time with friends in the absence of authority figures as a strategy for reducing delinquency during adolescence.
- Published
- 2017
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41. How Powerful is the Evidence in Criminology? On Whether We Should Fear a Coming Crisis of Confidence
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Michael TenEyck, Francis T. Cullen, Travis C. Pratt, and J. C. Barnes
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Power (social and political) ,050901 criminology ,05 social sciences ,Key (cryptography) ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,0509 other social sciences ,Criminology ,Psychology ,Law ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine - Abstract
A crisis of confidence has struck the behavioral and social sciences. A key factor driving the crisis is the low levels of statistical power in many studies. Low power is problematic because it leads to increased rates of false-negative results, inflated false-discovery rates, and over-estimates of effect sizes. To determine whether these issues impact criminology, we computed estimates of statistical power by drawing 322 mean effect sizes and 271 average sample sizes from 81 meta-analyses. The results indicated criminological studies, on average, have a moderate level of power (mean = 0.605), but there is variability. This variability is observed across general studies as well as those designed to test interventions. Studies using macro-level data tend to have lower power than studies using individual-level data. To avoid a crisis of confidence, criminologists must not ignore statistical power and should be skeptical of large effects found in studies with small samples.
- Published
- 2020
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42. Prospect Theory and Criminal Choice: Experiments Testing Framing, Reference Dependence, and Decision Weights
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J. C. Barnes, Theodore Wilson, Sean Patrick Roche, and Justin T. Pickett
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Psychological research ,050901 criminology ,05 social sciences ,Rational choice theory ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Framing (social sciences) ,Prospect theory ,Economics ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,0509 other social sciences ,Positive economics ,Law ,Expected utility hypothesis ,050104 developmental & child psychology - Abstract
Rational choice theory in criminology is based on a model of decision-making, expected utility theory (EUT), that research in psychology and economics has shown to be descriptively inaccurate for many types of human decisions. Because of its ability to account for intuitive reasoning and anomalies in crime decisions, prospect theory (PT) may be a viable alternative to EUT for explaining criminal choices. The present study tests several hypotheses derived from PT about the effects of framing, reference dependence, and decision weights in crime decisions. We present findings from a series of survey-based experiments conducted with three different samples. The results support our hypotheses derived from EUT, but not those from PT. We find that although initial wealth, criminal benefits, and arrest risk impact offender decision-making, sanction-cost frames and gains/losses from monetary reference points have little if any effect. We discuss the implications of our findings and directions for future research.
- Published
- 2020
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43. WertzSupplementalMaterial – Supplemental material for Genetics and Crime: Integrating New Genomic Discoveries Into Psychological Research About Antisocial Behavior
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J. Wertz, A. Caspi, D. W. Belsky, A. L. Beckley, L. Arseneault, J. C. Barnes, D. L. Corcoran, S. Hogan, R. M. Houts, N. Morgan, C. L. Odgers, J. A. Prinz, K. Sugden, B. S. Williams, R. Poulton, and T. E. Moffitt
- Subjects
FOS: Psychology ,FOS: Clinical medicine ,170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified ,110319 Psychiatry (incl. Psychotherapy) ,110904 Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases ,Neuroscience - Abstract
Supplemental material, WertzSupplementalMaterial for Genetics and Crime: Integrating New Genomic Discoveries Into Psychological Research About Antisocial Behavior by J. Wertz, A. Caspi, D. W. Belsky, A. L. Beckley, L. Arseneault, J. C. Barnes, D. L. Corcoran, S. Hogan, R. M. Houts, N. Morgan, C. L. Odgers, J. A. Prinz, K. Sugden, B. S. Williams, R. Poulton, and T. E. Moffitt in Psychological Science
- Published
- 2018
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44. Exploring the Social and Individual Differences Among Victims, Offenders, Victim-Offenders, and Total Abstainers
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J. C. Barnes and Michael TenEyck
- Subjects
Longitudinal study ,Health (social science) ,education ,05 social sciences ,social sciences ,humanities ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Developmental psychology ,Lifestyle factors ,behavior and behavior mechanisms ,050501 criminology ,Psychology ,Law ,health care economics and organizations ,Applied Psychology ,Adult health ,0505 law - Abstract
An emerging line of research has begun to reveal that victims of crime share many characteristics with offenders, leading to the conclusion that the victim-offender overlap is quite substantial. Though research suggests victims and offenders are both likely to display signs of low self-control and to share certain lifestyle factors, few studies have sought to systematically analyze the various factors that converge (or diverge) across different groups: victims, offenders, victim-offenders, and total abstainers. Using data obtained from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), we examined the risk factors associated with being classified into each of the four groups. Results revealed that victim-offenders—compared to others—tended to have the highest scores on risk factors for victimization and offending. Conversely, total abstainers tended to score the lowest on measures considered risk factors. Respondents classified as victim only and those classified as offend...
- Published
- 2017
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45. Reentry programming for opioid and opiate involved female offenders: Findings from a mixed methods evaluation
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J. Mitchell Miller, Holly Ventura Miller, and J. C. Barnes
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,Recidivism ,Addiction ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,030508 substance abuse ,Focus group ,Heroin ,03 medical and health sciences ,Opioid ,050501 criminology ,medicine ,Marital status ,Opiate ,0305 other medical science ,Psychiatry ,Psychology ,Law ,Applied Psychology ,0505 law ,media_common ,medicine.drug ,Criminal justice - Abstract
Purpose This study examined the effectiveness of Second Chance Act Grant funded reentry program for dually diagnosed female offenders involved in opioid and opiate use. Methods A mixed methods design utilizing qualitative interviews and a quasi-experimental design was used to both determine program effectiveness and explore women's narratives regarding their addiction and incarceration. Results Findings from a quasi-experimental design indicate that program participation significantly reduced recidivism as did marital status. Qualitative interview findings suggest that the licit use of prescription opioid medication preceded heroin dependency in many cases which resulted in related criminality. Focus group interviews also indicated that participants responded positively to programming but had variable levels of self-efficacy. Conclusions Reentry programs designed for male offenders can also reduce recidivism among female offenders. America's burgeoning heroin epidemic has the potential for significant costs for local criminal justice systems as more lower level drug offenders are sentenced to jails instead of state prisons.
- Published
- 2016
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46. Racial Discrimination and Pathways to Delinquency
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James D. Unnever, J. C. Barnes, and Francis T. Cullen
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Sociology and Political Science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Poison control ,Criminology ,Suicide prevention ,Racism ,Occupational safety and health ,Anthropology ,Injury prevention ,050501 criminology ,Trait ,Juvenile delinquency ,Psychology ,Law ,0505 law ,media_common - Abstract
The current study draws on two cohorts of African American youths from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, Longitudinal Cohort Study to examine whether perceived racial discrimination directly and indirectly affects juvenile delinquency. The analyses reveal that racial discrimination may foster offending by increasing (1) the likelihood that African American youths will drop out of school and (2) the degree to which they associate with delinquent peers. Evidence supporting the pathway between racial discrimination, associating with delinquent peers, and offending was found after introducing controls for demographic, social, and individual trait factors. In a society that remains racialized, it thus appears that a full explanation of African Americans’ offending should take into account the ways in which racial subordination may place African American youths on pathways that lead toward criminal involvement.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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47. Prenatal Exposure to Secondhand Smoke and the Development of Self-Control
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Ryan C. Meldrum and J. C. Barnes
- Subjects
Child care ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,050901 criminology ,05 social sciences ,Multilevel model ,Confounding ,Self-control ,Negative association ,Environmental health ,Medicine ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,0509 other social sciences ,Life-span and Life-course Studies ,Secondhand smoke ,business ,Positive Youth Development ,Law ,Prenatal exposure ,Applied Psychology ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,media_common - Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether prenatal exposure to secondhand smoke among non-smoking mothers is associated with their child’s development of self-control from childhood into adolescence. We use longitudinal survey data collected from non-smoking mothers (n = 750) who participated in the U.S. Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development and estimate a series of OLS regressions and multilevel models for change to examine development in self-control from 54 months to 15 years of age. Controlling for several potential confounding influences--including maternal self-control, maternal intelligence, maternal education, and maternal depression--prenatal exposure to secondhand smoke was estimated to have a negative association with the development of self-control across childhood and into adolescence. This study highlights the importance of minimizing expectant mothers’ exposure to secondhand smoke due to the risks that may extend to their unborn child’s developmental trajectory of self-control.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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48. Exploring the Relationship Between Violent Behavior and Participation in Football During Adolescence
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J. C. Barnes, Kevin M. Beaver, and Brian B. Boutwell
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Longitudinal study ,Sociology and Political Science ,biology ,Athletes ,05 social sciences ,General Social Sciences ,050109 social psychology ,Sample (statistics) ,Football ,biology.organism_classification ,Developmental psychology ,Juvenile delinquency ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Sibling ,Association (psychology) ,Psychology ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,Adolescent health - Abstract
The current study examined the association between playing high school football and involvement in violent behaviors in sibling pairs drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). The analysis revealed that youth who played high school football self-reported more violence than those youth who did not play football. Quantitative genetic analyses revealed that 85% of the variance in football participation was the result of genetic factors and 62% of the variance in violent behavior was due to genetic factors. Additional analyses indicated that 54% of the covariance between football participation and violence was due to genetics and 46% was the result of nonshared environmental influences. However, even after controlling for genetic influences, participation in football appeared to increase violent behavior.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. The association between intelligence and personal victimization in adolescence and adulthood
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Kevin M. Beaver, J. C. Barnes, Joseph L. Nedelec, Cashen M. Boccio, and Brian B. Boutwell
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Longitudinal study ,Intelligence quotient ,education ,05 social sciences ,social sciences ,Criminal behavior ,Verbal reasoning ,Odds ,Developmental psychology ,050501 criminology ,Life course approach ,Psychology ,Association (psychology) ,health care economics and organizations ,General Psychology ,Adult health ,0505 law - Abstract
Intelligence has been linked to antisocial, violent, and criminal behaviors. Surprisingly, however, there is a lack of research examining whether intelligence differentially affects the risk for personal victimization. The current study addresses this gap in the literature by examining whether adolescent levels of verbal intelligence are related to the odds of personal victimization in adolescence and adulthood. This study analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). The results revealed a statistically significant and consistent association between intelligence and victimization. Persons with lower intelligence were more likely to report being victimized even after controlling for the effects of violent criminal behavior. Future research would benefit by examining more closely the association between IQ score and the risk for victimization over the life course.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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50. Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy and Gang Membership
- Author
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Brian B. Boutwell, J. C. Barnes, Melissa A. Petkovsek, and Kevin M. Beaver
- Subjects
Health (social science) ,Scrutiny ,Component (UML) ,Taxonomy (general) ,05 social sciences ,050501 criminology ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Juvenile delinquency ,Criminology ,Psychology ,Law ,0505 law ,Test (assessment) - Abstract
Moffitt’s taxonomy remains an influential theoretical framework within criminology. Despite much empirical scrutiny, comparatively less time has been spent testing the snares component of Moffitt’s work. Specifically, are there factors that might engender continued criminal involvement for individuals otherwise likely to desist? The current study tested whether gang membership increased the odds of contact with the justice system for each of the offender groups specified in Moffitt’s original developmental taxonomy. Our findings provided little evidence that gang membership increased the odds of either adolescence-limited or life-course persistent offenders being processed through the criminal justice system. Moving forward, scholars may wish to shift attention to alternative variables—beyond gang membership—when testing the snares hypothesis.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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