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Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most common gynecological cancers, with the worst prognosis and the highest mortality rate. Peritoneal dissemination (or carcinomatosis) accompanied by ascites formation is the most unfavorable factor in the progression and recurrence of OC. Tumor cells in ascites are present as either separate cells or, more often, as cell aggregates, i.e., spheroids which promote implantation on the surface of nearby organs and, at later stages, metastases to distant organs. Malignant ascites comprises a unique tumor microenvironment; this fact may be of relevance in the search for new prognostic and predictive factors that would make it possible to personalize the treatment of patients with OC. However, the precise mechanisms of spheroid formation and carcinomatosis are still under investigation. Here, we summarize data on ascites composition as well as the activity of fibroblasts and macrophages, the key stromal and immune components, in OC ascites. We describe current knowledge about the role of fibroblasts and macrophages in tumor spheroid formation, and discuss the specific functions of fibroblasts, macrophages and T cells in tumor peritoneal dissemination and implantation.

Circulating monocytes are a major source of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs in human breast cancer (BC) support primary tumor growth and metastasis. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is a commonly used treatment for BC patients. The absence of the response to NAC has major negative consequences for the patient: increase of tumor mass, delayed surgery, and unnecessary toxicity. We aimed to identify the effect of BC on the subpopulation content and transcriptome of circulating monocytes. We examined how monocyte phenotypes correlate with the response to NAC. The percentage of CD14-, CD16-, CD163-, and HLA-DR-expressing monocytes was quantified by flow cytometry for patients with T1-4N0-3M0 before NAC. The clinical efficacy of NAC was assessed by RECIST criteria of RECIST 1.1 and by the pathological complete response (pCR). The percentage of CD14+ and СD16+ monocytes did not differ between healthy women and BC patients and did not differ between NAC responders and non-responders. The percentage of CD163-expressing CD14lowCD16+ and CD14+CD16+ monocytes was increased in BC patients compared to healthy women (99.08% vs. 60.00%, p = 0.039, and 98.08% vs. 86.96%, p = 0.046, respectively). Quantitative immunohistology and confocal microscopy demonstrated that increased levels of CD163+ monocytes are recruited in the tumor after NAC. The percentage of CD14lowCD16+ in the total monocyte population positively correlated with the response to NAC assessed by pCR: 8.3% patients with pCR versus 2.5% without pCR (p = 0.018). Search for the specific monocyte surface markers correlating with NAC response evaluated by RECIST 1.1 revealed that patients with no response to NAC had a significantly lower amount of CD14lowCD16+HLA-DR+ cells compared to the patients with clinical response to NAC (55.12% vs. 84.62%, p = 0.005). NGS identified significant changes in the whole transcriptome of monocytes of BC patients. Regulators of inflammation and monocyte migration were upregulated, and genes responsible for the chromatin remodeling were suppressed in monocyte BC patients. In summary, our study demonstrated that presence of BC before distant metastasis is detectable, significantly effects on both monocyte phenotype and transcriptome. The most striking surface markers were CD163 for the presence of BC, and HLA-DR (CD14lowCD16+HLA-DR+) for the response to NAC.

Radiotherapy (RT) is considered as a standard in the treatment of most solid cancers, including glioblastoma, lung, breast, rectal, prostate, colorectal, cervical, esophageal, and head and neck cancers. The main challenge in RT is tumor cell radioresistance associated with a high risk of locoregional relapse and distant metastasis. Despite significant progress in understanding mechanisms of radioresistance, its prediction and overcoming remain unresolved. This review presents the state-of-the-art for the potential universal biomarkers correlated to the radioresistance and poor outcome in different cancers. We describe radioresistance biomarkers functionally attributed to DNA repair, signal transduction, hypoxia, and angiogenesis. We also focus on high throughput genetic and proteomic studies, which revealed a set of molecular biomarkers related to radioresistance. In conclusion, we discuss biomarkers which are overlapped in most several cancers.

Simple Summary Since the targeting of a single pro-angiogenic factor fails to improve oncological disease outcome, significant efforts have been made to identify new pro-angiogenic factors that could compensate for the deficiency of current therapy or act independently as single drugs. Our review aims to present the state-of-the art for well-known and recently described factors produced by macrophages that induce and regulate angiogenesis. A number of positive and negative regulators of angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment are produced by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Accumulating evidence has indicated that, apart from the well-known angiogenic factors, there are plenty of novel angiogenesis-regulating proteins that belong to different classes. We summarize the data regarding the direct or indirect mechanisms of the interaction of these factors with endothelial cells during angiogenesis. We highlight the recent findings that explain the limitations in the efficiency of current anti-angiogenic therapy approaches. Abstract Angiogenesis is crucial to the supply of a growing tumor with nutrition and oxygen. Inhibition of angiogenesis is one of the main treatment strategies for colorectal, lung, breast, renal, and other solid cancers. However, currently applied drugs that target VEGF or receptor tyrosine kinases have limited efficiency, which raises a question concerning the mechanism of patient resistance to the already developed drugs. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) were identified in the animal tumor models as a key inducer of the angiogenic switch. TAMs represent a potent source not only for VEGF, but also for a number of other pro-angiogenic factors. Our review provides information about the activity of secreted regulators of angiogenesis produced by TAMs. They include members of SEMA and S100A families, chitinase-like proteins, osteopontin, and SPARC. The COX-2, Tie2, and other factors that control the pro-angiogenic activity of TAMs are also discussed. We highlight how these recent findings explain the limitations in the efficiency of current anti-angiogenic therapy. Additionally, we describe genetic and posttranscriptional mechanisms that control the expression of factors regulating angiogenesis. Finally, we present prospects for the complex targeting of the pro-angiogenic activity of TAMs.

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Introduction. Myocardial infarction (MI) and following heart failure (HF) have various clinical scenarios. However, despite the clinical heterogeneity, the management of MI lacks effective personalized approaches. The response to ischemic injury in the infarct zone and remote myocardium has a definite spatio-temporal sequence and underlies the mechanism of adverse cardiac remodeling. Understanding its myocardial biology remains unclear due to insufficiency of heart tissue molecular and genetic analysis. Although animal models play an important role in data accumulation, they failure to reflect all the compounds of response to ischemic injury and following HF syndrome. Purpose. The purpose of the study was to investigate myocardial expression profile in the infarct zone in comparison to remote myocardium in patients with MI. Methods. The study included 4 patients with fatal MI type 1. All patients died within 48 hours of MI. The post-mortem examination was performed according to country policy. In each case, we obtained myocardial samples from the infarct zone and remote myocardium. Genome-wide gene-level expression was assessed by microarray analysis. We used transcriptome analysis software to analyze and visualize global expression patterns of genes. The analysis included normalization process. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were defined as gene-level fold change 2 and adjusted P-value of Results. We studied expression of 21448 genes. A total of 1785 DEGs, including 1692 up-regulated genes and 93 down-regulated genes in the infarct zone, were identified (Figure 1). According to the fold change, the first 10 up-regulated genes were TNFSF10 (TRAIL), SUCLA2, NAE1, PDCL3, OSBPL5, FCGR2C, SELE, CEP63, ST3GAL3, C4orf3. Fold changes for TNFSF10 (TRAIL), SUCLA2, and NAE1 were 19.83 (p = 0.049), 10.68 (p = 0.048), and 10.24 (p = 0.008), respectively. These 3 up-regulated genes were enriched in apoptotic signaling pathways, immune response, angiogenesis, inflammation, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and protein binding. Conclusions. We performed myocardial transcriptomic analysis in patients with MI. DEG analysis clearly distinguishes the infarct zone and remote myocardium. Genes overexpressed in the infarct zone included TNFSF10 (TRAIL), SUCLA2, NAE1. TNFSF10 (TRAIL) regulates vasodilation, angiogenesis, and inflammation. TNFSF10 (TRAIL) regulated effects could be both protective and harmful in ischemic heart disease. The enzyme encoded by SUCLA2 is active in tissues that require a large amount of energy, such as those of the heart, brain, and muscle. Overexpression of NAE1 causes apoptosis through deregulation of NEDD8 conjugation. It is known that the protein encoded by NAE1 binds to the beta-amyloid precursor protein, and it is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer"s disease. Thus, our pilot study emphasized the potential of translational approach and identified targets to consider for precision diagnostics and therapeutics. Abstract Figure. С1: infarct zone; C2: remote myocardium

Direct current (DC) reactive magnetron sputtering is as an efficient method for enhancing the biocompatibility of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds. However, the PCL chemical bonding state, the composition of the deposited coating, and their interaction with immune cells remain unknown. Herein, we demonstrated that the DC reactive magnetron sputtering of the titanium target in a nitrogen atmosphere leads to the formation of nitrogen-containing moieties and the titanium dioxide coating on the scaffold surface. We have provided the possible mechanism of PCL fragmentation and coating formation supported by XPS results and DFT calculations. Our preliminary biological studies suggest that DC reactive magnetron sputtering of the titanium target could be an effective tool to control macrophage functional responses toward PCL scaffolds as it allows to inhibit respiratory burst while retaining cell viability and scavenging activity.

The work of financial intermediaries in different periods and, especially, over the past decades is under scrutiny not only by investors and lenders but also by regulators and governments. This is since compliance with business rules established by regulators and prudential requirements for financial market participants have long made it possible to quite successfully overcome the emerging market failures. This chapter is aimed at analysing and assessing the anti-crisis regulation of financial intermediaries’ work in modern conditions, new challenges and problems that will allow the institutions dealing with financial regulation and supervision to learn certain lessons. Particular attention is paid to theoretical and methodological problems of financial intermediation crises, their regulation and preventing systemic risks.

The chapter presents current issues in the innovative modernization of financial intermediation. Development of financial innovation has in recent years led to significant structural and functional changes in the system of financial intermediation. New technologies open broad prospects, allowing the radical reduction of the costs of information transmission and processing, while exacerbating competition and stimulating the emergence of new financial intermediaries. This chapter analyzes the debate on the theoretical understanding and analysis of financial intermediation; how disruptive technologies influence the economy with a focus on organizational changes in financial markets; the use of digital currencies; and exploration of block-chain technologies applications. The chapter discusses how technologies have changed the market. Customers are also a focus: how they are perceived as they foster entrepreneurial creativity and as they disrupt existing financial markets through the introduction of innovative business models in the modern credit institution. Digital transformation in financial intermediation shows the possibility of “survive” for finance-credit institutions (which would be receptive to technological innovation), to maintain financial stability and to focus on the client. The authors do not share the views of those experts who predict that banks, in the context of digitalization, will lose their market share and field of action as a result of Fintech companies’ competition. The banks’ practice of distance-based working with their customers will create the conditions for reformatting the business model of banks, which will become more secure and familiar to customers.

Applied and theoretical issues of ensuring financial stability remain to be discussed. These include the ability of regulators to identify risk factors in a timely manner, to assess the consequences of microprudential regulation, the feasibility of achieving a balance between monetary policy goals and financial stability policies, and an important theoretical issue regarding the interpretation of financial stability in the financial intermediation sector. These and other issues are reflected in this chapter. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to formulate proposals aimed at solving the problems of ensuring financial stability in the financial service industry, taking into account the results of a generalization and systematization of both Russian and foreign authors and their regulatory practices.

The chapter analyses the current state and prospects for the development of risk management systems for financial intermediaries. The risk acceptance, assessment, and management activities are constantly evolving, remaining very sensitive to external and internal factors that increase the risks. The main trends in the development of risk management systems in the field of financial intermediation are rapid technologies evolution, competition intensification, growing needs and demands of customers, emergence of new types of risk, profitability reduction, etc. Risk management requires transforming operating models of financial intermediaries’ business, strengthening the role of the analytical function in decision-making, and adjusting risk appetite. This chapter is devoted to the study of these problems in terms of theory and practice of risk management.

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are major innate immune cells that constitute up to 50% of the cell mass of human tumors. TAMs are highly heterogeneous cells that originate from resident tissue-specific macrophages and from newly recruited monocytes. TAMs' variability strongly depends on cancer type, stage, and intratumor heterogeneity. Majority of TAMs are programmed by tumor microenvironment to support primary tumor growth and metastatic spread. However, TAMs can also restrict tumor growth and metastasis. In this review, we summarized the knowledge about the role of TAMs in tumor growth, metastasis and in the response to cancer therapy in patients with five aggressive types of cancer: breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian, and prostate cancers that are frequently metastasize into distant organs resulting in high mortality of the patients. Two major TAM parameters are applied for the evaluation of TAM correlation with the cancer progression: total amount of TAMs and specific phenotype of TAMs identified by functional biomarkers. We summarized the data generated in the wide range of international patient cohorts on the correlation of TAMs with clinical and pathological parameters of tumor progression including lymphatic and hematogenous metastasis, recurrence, survival, therapy efficiency. We described currently available biomarkers for TAMs that can be measured in patients' samples (tumor tissue and blood). CD68 is the major biomarker for the quantification of total TAM amounts, while transmembrane receptors (stabilin-1, CD163, CD206, CD204, MARCO) and secreted chitinase-like proteins (YKL-39, YKL-40) are used as biomarkers for the functional TAM polarization. We also considered that specific role of TAMs in tumor progression can depend on the localization in the intratumoral compartments. We have made the conclusion for the role of TAMs in primary tumor growth, metastasis, and therapy sensitivity for breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian, and prostate cancers. In contrast to other cancer types, majority of clinical studies indicate that TAMs in colorectal cancer have protective role for the patient and interfere with primary tumor growth and metastasis. The accumulated data are essential for using TAMs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets to develop cancer-specific immunotherapy and to design efficient combinations of traditional therapy and new immunomodulatory approaches.

Macrophages are key innate immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) that regulate primary tumor growth, vascularization, metastatic spread and tumor response to various types of therapies. The present review highlights the mechanisms of macrophage programming in tumor microenvironments that act on the transcriptional, epigenetic and metabolic levels. We summarize the latest knowledge on the types of transcriptional factors and epigenetic enzymes that control the direction of macrophage functional polarization and their pro- and anti-tumor activities. We also focus on the major types of metabolic programs of macrophages (glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation), and their interaction with cancer cells and complex TME. We have discussed how the regulation of macrophage polarization on the transcriptional, epigenetic and metabolic levels can be used for the efficient therapeutic manipulation of macrophage functions in cancer.

Macrophages are a major component of the leukocyte infiltrate of tumor microenvironment. Their involvement in tumor progression was demonstrated for many cancers, including breast cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, cervical and ovarian cancers, melanoma and others. As macrophages are involved in many steps of cancer development such as primary tumor growth, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, suppression of cytotoxic T cell immunity, they have acquired a lot of interest as potential therapeutic targets. Numerous studies indicate the relevance of the investigation of the paradigm of the M1/M2 macrophage populations, which play a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory/tumor-promoting roles during immune reactions in various pathological conditions and progression of malignant diseases. High plasticity of macrophages provides the possibility of their functional programming. Here, we discuss modern immunotherapeutic approaches of targeting tumor-infiltrating macrophages including inhibition of the recruitment of monocytes to the tumor, activation of apoptosis in macrophages, repolarization, based on the inhibition of pro-tumor activity or stimulation of anti-tumor activity.

Trust, today, is a problem with special characteristics, prompting debate over its interpretations, measurement, and areas requiring development and strengthening. In these conditions, a decline in confidence has been observed since the late 1990s, remaining low in the modern global economy. For science and practice, issues of trust formation remain relevant, including confidence assessments, methodology for such assessment, and strategies for improving it for different economic development scenarios. In this regard, the identification and justification of the choice of factors that have a positive and negative impact on the level of trust that determines its level and the parameters defining it remain highly relevant. This is the case with this article, which examines the confidence factors for financial market institutions, and provides justification for the use of indicators to assess them.

Macrophages are important effectors of innate immunity and the key component of the tumor microenvironment strongly influencing cancer disease outcome and efficiency of cancer therapy. Moreover, recent data have shown that monocytes as macrophage precursors can impact on tumor ability to progression. It's well known that although tumor-associated macrophages consist of diverse populations, in general, they have tumor-supporting activity. To change tumor-supporting state of tumor-associated macrophages toward tumor-inhibiting mode is one of prospective aims of modern cancer immunotherapy. Cytostatics seems to be possible tools to achieve this aim, because recently it has been shown that chemo- and radiotherapy possess immunomodulatory effects. Most of the findings are related to lymphocytes - T-lymphocytes and NK-cells, but not to monocyte/macrophage lineage. In the review, we have analyzed how cytostatic drugs influence the properties of monocyte/macrophage lineage cells to prospect using of chemotherapy to enhance their antitumor activity.

It has been recently recognized that the tumor microenvironment (TME) is an essential factor that defines the efficiency of chemotherapy. The local TME, consisting of immune cells with diverse phenotypes and functions, can strongly modulate the response to chemotherapy. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that display pronounced heterogeneity and phenotypic plasticity are the major innate immune component in the microenvironment of solid tumors. In our review, we elucidate the complex role of TAMs in the progression of different types of solid tumors, summarize the current knowledge about the effects of different anticancer chemotherapeutic agents on monocytes/macrophages, and describe the mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance mediated by TAMs.

Viruses manipulate cell biology to utilize monocytes/macrophages as vessels for dissemination, long-term persistence within tissues and virus replication. Viruses enter cells through endocytosis, phagocytosis, macropinocytosis or membrane fusion. These processes play important roles in the mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of these agents and in establishing viral genome persistence and latency. Upon viral infection, monocytes respond with an elevated expression of proinflammatory signalling molecules and antiviral responses, as is shown in the case of the influenza, Chikungunya, human herpes and Zika viruses. Human immunodeficiency virus initiates acute inflammation on site during the early stages of infection but there is a shift of M1 to M2 at the later stages of infection. Cytomegalovirus creates a balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory processes by inducing a specific phenotype within the M1/M2 continuum. Despite facilitating inflammation, infected macrophages generally display abolished apoptosis and restricted cytopathic effect, which sustains the virus production. The majority of viruses discussed in this review employ monocytes/macrophages as a repository but certain viruses use these cells for productive replication. This review focuses on viral adaptations to enter monocytes/macrophages, immune escape, reprogramming of infected cells and the response of the host cells.

In breast cancer, the tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in the tumor progression and responses to therapy. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are major innate immune cells in tumor microenvironment that regulate intratumoral immunity and angiogenesis by secretion of cytokines, growth factors as well as chitinase-like proteins (CLPs), that combine properties of cytokines and growth factors. YKL-39 is a chitinase-like protein found in human and absent in rodents, and its expression in TAMs and role in breast cancer progression was not studied to date. Here for the first time we demonstrate that YKL-39 is expressed on TAMs, predominantly positive for stabilin-1, but not by malignant cells or other stromal cells in human breast cancer. TGF-beta in combination with IL-4, but not IL-4 alone was responsible of the stimulation of the production of YKL-39 in human primary macrophages. Mechanistically, stabilin-1 directly interacted with YKL-39 and acted as sorting receptor for targeting YKL-39 into the secretory pathway. Functionally, purified YKL-39 acted as a strong chemotactic factor for primary human monocytes, and induced angiogenesis in vitro. Elevated levels of YKL-39 expression in tumors after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) were predictive for increased risk of distant metastasis and for poor response to NAC in patients with nonspecific invasive breast carcinoma. Our findings suggest YKL-39 as a novel therapeutic target, and blocking of its activity can be combined with NAC in order to reduce the risk of metastasis in breast cancer patients.

High activity of enzyme TOP2a in tumor cells is known to be associated with sensitivity to anthracycline chemotherapy, but 20% of such patients do not show clinical response. Tumor microenvironment, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), is an essential factor defining the efficiency of chemotherapy. In the present study, we analyzed the expression of M2 macrophage markers, YKL-39 and CCL18, in tumors of breast cancer patients received anthracycline-based NAC. Patients were divided into two groups according to the level of doxorubicin sensitivity marker TOP2a: DOX-Sense and DOX-Res groups. Expression levels of TOR2a, CD68, YKL-39 and CCL18 genes were analyzed by qPCR, the amplification of TOR2a gene locus was assessed by the microarray assay. Clinical and pathological responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy were assessed. We found that the average level of TOP2a expression in patients of DOX-Sense group was almost 10 times higher than in patients of DOX-Res group, and the expression of CD68 was 3 times higher in the DOX-Sense group compared to DOX-Res group. We demonstrated that expression levels of M2-derived cytokines but not the amount of TAM is indicative for clinical and pathological chemotherapy efficacy in breast cancer patients. Out of 8 patients from DOX-Sense group who did not respond to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), 7 patients had M2+ macrophage phenotype (YKL-39+CCL18− or YKL-39−CCL18+) and only one patient had M2− macrophage phenotype (YKL-39−CCL18−). In DOX-Res group, out of 14 patients who clinically responded to NAC 9 patients had M2− phenotype and only 5 patients had M2+ macrophage phenotype. Among pathological non-responders in DOX-Sense group, 19 (82%) patients had M2+ tumor phenotype and only 4 (18%) patients had M2− phenotype. In DOX-Res group, all 5 patients who pathologically responded to NAC had M2 phenotype (YKL-39−CCL18−). Unlike the clinical response to NAC, the differences in the frequency of M2+ and M2− phenotypes between pathologically responding and non-responding patients within DOX-Sense and DOX-Res groups were statistically significant. Thus, we showed that in patients with breast cancer who received anthracycline-containing NAC the absence of clinical response is associated with the presence of M2+ macrophage phenotype (YKL-39-CCL18 + or YKL-39 + CCL18-) based on TOP2a overexpression data.

Background Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a major component of innate immunity supporting primary tumor growth and metastasis. Chemotherapy is one of the main treatment strategies for solid tumors, while chemoresistance is the major limitation of the chemotherapy for patients with various types of cancer. A number of evidence indicate that TAMs can accumulate in tumors after chemotherapy and contribute to chemoresistance. Methods For the endocytic uptake of EGF we used flow cytometry analysis. Confocal microscopy was used for the analysis of stabilin-1-mediated internalization and endocytic trafficking of EGF in CHO cells and in modeled TAMs differentiated in the presence of conditioned supernatants of breast cancer (MCF-7) and colorectal cancer (Colo206F) cell lines. We performed next-generation sequencing of RNA samples obtained from our modeled TAMs. Validation of sequencing data by real-time PCR was performed for selected genes implicated in the endocytic uptake: DNM3, STX8, DENND1A and EHD1. Results For the first time we demonstrated that stabilin-1 ectopically expressed in CHO cells mediates endocytic uptake of EGF, key growth factor stimulating progression of breast and colorectal cancer. In the model of primary human TAMs, we have demonstrated that cisplatin decreases stabilin-1-mediated internalization and endocytic trafficking of EGF, without affecting gene expression of scavenger receptor stabilin-1. Molecular mechanisms of cisplatin effect on TAMs were uncovered using high throughput RNA sequencing. Gene set enrichment analysis identified that cisplatin contributes to defects in endocyting machinery reducing membrane biogenesis and vesicular transport. Significant suppression of DNM3, STX8, DENND1A and EHD1 genes expression by cisplatin was confirmed by RT-PCR. Conclusions We suggested that suppression of receptor-mediated clearance of tumor-supportive factors, such as EGF, by chemotherapeutic drugs may potentially lead to the tumor progression and/or relapse as a mechanism of macrophage-mediated chemoresistance. This study was supported by grand RSF №19-15-00151. Legal entity responsible for the study National Research Tomsk State University. Funding RSF N19-15-00151. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Introduction Chemotherapy is one of the main methods of antitumor treatment. The effect of chemotherapy depends not only on the cytotoxicity for cancer cells, but also on the response of immune component of tumour microenvironment. Key innate immune cells in tumour microenvironment are tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), that can cooperate or interfere with anti-cancer therapies.The aim of our study was to analyse how commonly used chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin affects major function of TAM that control tumour progression. Material and methods Human primary monocytes-derived macrophages were stimulated ex vivo by supernatants of breast cancer cells MCF-7 and colorectal cancer cells Colo206F to model cancer-specific TAM. Cisplatin treatment was performed on day 6 of macrophages differentiation. Confocal microscopy was used for the analysis of surface macrophage receptors. RT-PCR and ELISA were used to analyse production of secreted pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic cytokines markers. Results and discussions In the model breast and colon cancer-specific TAM we identified both stimulating and suppressing effects of cisplatin. The major stimulating effects were identified on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1b, IL6, IL8, TNFa, anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10, TGFb and major pro-angiogenic factor VEGF-A. Cisplatin suppressed the expression of scavenger receptors CD163, CD206, as well as chitinase-like proteins YKL-39 and YKL-40, that support tumor-angiogenesis. Cisplatin did not significantly affect the expression of matrix metalloproteinases. ELISA demonstrated that significant levels of secreted VEGF are produced only by breast cancer TAM, and are enhanced by cisplatin treatment. Confocal microscopy analysis demonstrated the suppressive effect of cisplatin on the expression of receptors responsible for the internalisation of components of the tumour microenvironment: CD206, stabilin-1 and CD163 in both breast and colon cancer TAM. Cispalin treatment slightly enhanced expression of LYVE1 in breast cancer TAM, but not in colon cancer TAM. Conclusion We found that cisplatin has a stimulating effects on the mixed pro-inflammatory program of TAM, and enhanced expression of major pro-angiogenic factor VEGF therefore creating supportive conditions for the enhanced mutagenesis of transformed cells and enhanced metastasis. Out data indicate that additional targeting of TAM during the chemotherapy course is a promising therapeutic strategy to avoid cancer metastasis. This study was supported by grand RNF №14-15-00350.

Bread is a most important food product and source of selenium in Ukraine. However, low content of selenium in wheat flour from north and northwest regions of Ukraine does not ensure the recommended consumption of selenium. Daily intake of selenium by the population of North Ukraine is below recommended allowance. The aim of this research was to study the production of the dietary rolls with selenium-enriched yeast for the population of North Ukraine. The study showed that to obtain bakery yeast of good quality, concentration of sodium hydroselenite in the medium for yeast cultivation should be in the range from 2 to 5 μg Se/ml. Under these concentrations of selenium in medium, specific growth rate and biomass yield as well as bakery properties of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae did not differ from the parameters of yeast, grown in the medium without selenium. Maturation of the selenium-enriched yeast improved their bakery properties. The 100 g wheat roll prepared with selenium-enriched yeast contained 50 μg Se (25% of the recommended daily allowance) in the form of selenomethionine, which is the best form of selenium for human consumption. These rolls can be used as a dietary product to reach recommended daily consumption of selenium by the population of North Ukraine and Chernobyl region.