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Introduction I. The Interpretation Problem Revisited A. The Classic Approaches B. Toward a New Approach 1. Traditional Contracts 2. Modern Relational Contracts II. Unknown Court types and Inconsistent Beliefs A. [...], This Article makes two original contributions to the contract interpretation and renegotiation literatures. First, we introduce an underexplored cause of renegotiation failure: party uncertainty regarding the type of court that will interpret their contract. Parties may predict differently how the applicable court will weigh facts, apply legal rules, or interpret contracts. When parties disagree regarding the court's interpretive practices, they will assess their expected litigation payoffs differently. This could cause parties to litigate transactions rather than complete them, even when the parties agree on the economic parameters. Litigators know that differing predictions about what a court will do can impede settlement. We add that party uncertainty over court types can prevent parties from making efficient deals and continuing those deals to completion. Neither scholars nor courts have analyzed how the consequences of uncertainty over court types affects the parties' behavior. Our second contribution is to suggest a novel interpretive procedure that responds to uncertainty about both party and court types. Parties should be able to obtain a "midstream contract interpretation ": a judicial interpretation of their contract at the renegotiation stage rather than after a breach occurs. A midstream interpretation, in the form of a declaratory judgment or a new reformation remedy, would permit parties to learn about the applicable court and each other. As a result, parties would be more likely to continue an arrangement they would otherwise inefficiently terminate, or efficiently terminate a relationship without bearing unnecessary performance or litigation costs.

We tested the relationships between attachment related anxiety and avoidance and interpersonal distance with significant others (mother, father, close friend, love target), as well as, the childhood self. One hundred seventy four university students (85 male and 89 female; average age was 23.90 years, SD = 4.42; 24 [13.8%] were married) participated in the study. They completed Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures questionnaire (ECR-RS), followed by a computerized version of the comfortable interpersonal distance (CID) task in both the passive state (when protagonists approached them) and the active state (when they approached targets). We asked participants to determine the point at which they felt uncomfortable (the discomfort point) and the point at which they wanted to stop the protagonist (the stop point). Analyses revealed that: (1) Global avoidance scores predicted individuals' distance to parents, whereas global anxiety scores predicted distance to future love's view and childhood self; (2) As avoidance increased, individuals allowed their parents to intrude more into their personal spaces; (3) Attachment anxiety and avoidance predicted the passive state better than the active state., Author(s): Hamed Akbarian [sup.1] , Mohammad Ali Mazaheri [sup.1] , Abbas Zabihzadeh [sup.1] , Jeffrey D. Green [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.412502.0, 0000 0001 0686 4748, Department of Psychology, Shahid [...]

In the context of research on depression, previous studies have explained relationships between excessive-reassurance seeking and mental health from the perspective of interpersonal rejection by significant others. The present study examined the mechanisms underlying these relationships from the perspective of 'emotionships', which indicates the diversity of interpersonal networks for emotion regulation. We also examined how the most significant other's interpersonal acceptance plays a role in processes that underlie the relationship between excessive-reassurance seeking and mental health as mediated through emotionships. 118 students completed three questionnaires. First, they completed measures of excessive-reassurance seeking, depression and well-being. Second, to assess emotionships, participants nominated individuals they seek in different emotion regulation scenarios. Third, participants selected the most significant other that they nominated previously and answered questions about this individual's acceptance tendency. Moderated mediation analysis results indicated that in a case that the most significant other did not tend to accept others, those who engaged in excessive-reassurance seeking had fewer emotionships, and fewer emotionships predicted deterioration of well-being. In contrast, when the most significant other tended to accept others, these negative effects of ERS behavior on well-being via emotionships were not found. These findings suggest that maintaining interpersonal networks for emotion regulation and the most significant other's interpersonal acceptance may be important for preventing deterioration of mental health among excessive-reassurance seekers., Author(s): Kazuaki Abe [sup.1] , Kenichiro Nakashima [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.257022.0, 0000 0000 8711 3200, Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University, , Hiroshima, Higashi, Japan Introduction [...]

Nurse educators serve a critical role in the preparation of future nurses not only through assisting them in the accumulation of empirical knowledge and clinical skills but also in their [...]

What are professional relationships? Let's first look at the two words that make up that phrase: 1. Professional: What words come to mind when I say professional? I think of [...]

Experts' knowledge has little practical value unless its recipients know how sound it is. It may even have negative value, if it induces unwarranted confidence or is so hesitant that [...]

Our understanding of the role natural resource users, and the governing institutions they create, has grown considerably in recent years. At the same time, our understanding of the role of trust in human interactions continues to grow. We use the case of New Zealand rock lobster (jasus edwardsii and Jasus verrauxi) to ask the question 'What is the role of trust in an individual's decision to participate in natural resource management institutions?' Using data from a survey of constituents of the commercial rock lobster fishery, our analysis shows an inverted 'U' relationship between trust and participation. We suggest that this may be described as a 'Goldilocks solution' in which having both too much and too little trust is problematic; but a healthy level of is 'just right.' Theoretical and policy implications of these findings and directions for future research are explored., I. Why Participate in Resource Governance? Commons, particularly ones that many groups depend upon for their livelihoods or cultural heritage, are often subject to overexploitation and degradation in what is [...]

This study investigates attitudes toward disability held by children with disabilities and average- and high-achieving children, and the latter two groups' experiences in inclusive elementary classrooms. Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons Form-Scale (ATDP; Yuker, Block, & Young, 1966) responses did not differ. Females were more accepting. Children expressed more positive attitudes toward classmates with intellectual impairments than learning, behavioral, or severe developmental disorders. Average- and high-achieving children frequently commented that classmates with disabilities enjoyed similar activities but often exhibited inappropriate behavior. Interviewees stated that making new friends was beneficial for children with disabilities and that dealing with their disability was difficult. Learning about disabilities was viewed positively for children without disabilities, but feeling comfortable with classmates with disabilities was challenging. High-achievers more often reported that they learned less., Empirical data, a lot of it 20 or more years old, has examined impacts of grouping from undifferentiated to ability-determined. Kulik and Kulik (1992) conducted an extensive meta-analysis examining impact [...]

Contracting relationships vary in the extent to which they are complete and involve formal contract specification as well as the extent to which they are based on strong relationships and rely on cooperation and trust. Where a contracting arrangement falls on these two continuums constitutes what this paper refers to as 'relationship design' and is likely to impact contractor performance. We use data from a survey of child-care centers and Head Start agencies in Ohio to examine the association between the design of contracting relationships and contractor performance. Contractor performance is assessed in two ways: an objective measure of violations identified by government inspectors and a perceptual self-rated measure of performance reported by the contracted service providers. Measures of relationship design are constructed using multiple survey items and are included in multivariate regression analyses while controlling for a variety of organizational characteristics. Findings suggest that contracts involving stronger relationships are positively associated with child-care center performance, and more complete contracts are negatively associated with performance when performance is measured using contractor self-reports. KEYWORDS: complete contract, contractor performance, relational contract, relationship design DOI 10.2753/PMR1530-9576340203

Perceived partner responsiveness is a core feature of close, satisfying relationships. But how does responsiveness originate? Can people create relationships characterized by high responsiveness and, consequently, higher quality relationships? The authors suggest that goals contribute to cycles of responsiveness between two people, improving relationship quality for both of them. The present studies examine (a) how interpersonal goals initiate responsiveness processes in close relationships, (b) the self-perpetuating nature of these processes, and (c) how responsiveness evolves dynamically over time through both intrapersonal projection and reciprocal interpersonal relationship processes. In a semester-long study of 115 roommate dyads, actors' compassionate and self-image goals predicted a cycle of responsiveness between roommates, occurring within weeks and across the semester. In a 3-week study of 65 roommate dyads, actors' goals again predicted cycles of responsiveness between roommates, which then contributed to both actors' and partners' relationship quality. Results suggest that both projection and reciprocation of responsiveness associated with compassionate goals create upward spirals of responsiveness that ultimately enhance relationship quality for both people. Keywords: responsiveness, relationship quality, interpersonal goals DOI: 10.1037/a0018186

Little is known about why some people experience greater temporal fluctuations of relationship perceptions over short periods of time, or how these fluctuations within individuals are associated with relational processes that can destabilize relationships. Two studies were conducted to address these questions. In Study 1, long-term dating partners completed a 14-day diary study that assessed each partner's daily partner and relationship perceptions. Following the diary phase, each couple was videotaped trying to resolve the most important unresolved problem from the diary period. As predicted, (a) individuals who trusted their partners less reported greater variability in perceptions of relationship quality across the diary period; (b) they also perceived daily relationship-based conflict as a relatively more negative experience; and (c) greater variability in relationship perceptions predicted greater self-reported distress, more negative behavior, and less positive behavior during a postdiary conflict resolution task (rated by observers). The diary results were conceptually replicated in Study 2a, in which older cohabiting couples completed a 21-day diary. These same participants also took part in a reaction-time decision-making study (Study 2b), which revealed that individuals tend to compartmentalize positive and negative features of their partners if they (individuals) experienced greater variability in relationship quality during the 2l-day diary period and were involved in higher quality relationships. These findings advance researchers' understanding of trust in intimate relationships and provide some insight into how temporal fluctuations in relationship quality may undermine relationships. Keywords: trust, variability, relationships, perceptions, satisfaction DOI: 10.1037/a0019714

Summary Engaging in meaningful social interaction is central to quality of life and this does not diminish following the move to a care home. However, social interaction in this setting [...]

Because on-again/off-again (on-off) relationships typically maintain their relationships in some form even after relational dissolution, a communication process that may be particularly relevant to understanding these relationships is relational maintenance. Using cross-sectional data, the current study assessed relational maintenance, uncertainty, and commitment to further understand how on-off relationships differ from relationships that do not have a history of renewals (i.e., noncyclical relationships). The sample of 487 participants completed a survey on either their current dating relationship or a postdissolution relationship. As predicted, on-off partners used less maintenance behaviors than noncyclical partners in current relationships, bur, contrary to predictions, on-off partners did not use more maintenance behaviors in their postdissolution relationships than partners without a history of renewing. Path models assessing the interrelationships among maintenance, relationship uncertainty, and commitment also suggest relational maintenance operates somewhat differently in on-off and noncyclical relationships, Implications for on-off as well as dating relationships in general are discussed. Keywords: On-again/Off-again Relationships; Relational Maintenance; Uncertainty; Commitment DOI: 10.1080/03637750903514292

Drawing upon 44 in-depth interviews with men in HIV-discordant gay couples (only one man is HIV-positive) in Mexico, I explore whether being aware of the risk of primary infection or re-infection leads to protected sex. The results have policy implications, as the findings show that a significant number of men have participated in unprotected sex. An explanation is that these men perceive unprotected sex as an expression of commitment to their relationship. On the other hand, those who reported always using protection during sex perceive that guarding each other's health provides mutual benefit and shows their commitment to their relationship. KEYWORDS HIV-discordance, condom use, homosexuality, meanings of sex, sexual practices, gay couples, anal intercourse, unprotected sex, sexual foreplay, Mexico DOI: 10.1080/00918360903445855