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This study provides a comparative assessment of fresh semen quality and sensitivity to cryopreservation in several Italian chicken breeds. The research involved 145 roosters from 13 breeds. The results showed a wide variability in all the parameters considered among the different breeds, especially in the quantitative variables of fresh semen, such as volume and concentration. For the qualitative characteristics (sperm membrane integrity and motility parameters), the variability across breeds was more pronounced for frozen than fresh semen. Interestingly, apart from total motility in fresh semen, breed had a significant effect on all semen quality parameters in both fresh and thawed ejaculates. Considering the overall qualitative characteristics, the Robusta maculata, Siciliana, and Mericanel della Brianza breeds produced ejaculates with better semen quality compared to other Italian breeds. By evaluating the main parameters of semen quality, our results underline the potential of these traits to influence the reproductive success and genetic conservation. The Bionda piemontese, Bianca di Saluzzo, Livorno bianca, Pepoi, and Siciliana breeds showed better resilience to cryopreservation, suggesting the need for breed-specific protocols to optimise semen quality after thawing. Importantly, the research highlights the central role of semen quality for both immediate fertilisation success and long-term conservation efforts. Future studies integrating OMICS technologies could elucidate molecular markers influencing breed-specific differences, helping to refine cryopreservation techniques and improve conservation strategies for indigenous Italian chicken breeds. This work contributes valuable insights to global efforts aimed at safeguarding poultry genetic diversity and sustainability.

Specific characteristics of the eggs from nucleus populations of Ancona (AN), Bianca di Saluzzo (BS), Bionda Piemontese (BP), Livorno, Mericanel della Brianza (MB), Mugellese (MU), Siciliana (SI) and Valdarnese (VA) chicken breeds kept in University Research Centres across Italy were evaluated. The physical characteristics considered were whole egg weight and shell, yolk and albumen proportion. The chemical characteristics considered were dry matter (DM), ash and protein content of the yolk and albumen, and the yolk fat. Among the breed groups evaluated in this study, BS and BP produce large eggs that are rich in total crude protein and lipids, with abundant egg whites. MB and MU produce small eggs with a high yolk percentage. AN and SI hens produce medium-small-sized eggs. The heaviest yolks were observed in AN eggs, and the highest shell percentage was found in SI eggs. LB and VA produce medium-large-sized eggs with low yolk lipid content.

Abstract Objective No direct comparisons of the effect of natalizumab and ocrelizumab on progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA) and relapse‐associated worsening (RAW) events are currently available. We aimed to compare the risk of achieving first 6 months confirmed PIRA and RAW events and irreversible Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 4.0 and 6.0 in a cohort of naïve patients treated with natalizumab or ocrelizumab from the Italian Multiple Sclerosis Register. Methods Patients with a first visit within 1 year from onset, treated with natalizumab or ocrelizumab, and ≥3 visits were extracted. Pairwise propensity score‐matched analyses were performed. Risk of reaching the first PIRA, RAW, and EDSS 4.0 and 6.0 events were estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. Kaplan–Meier curves were used to show cumulative probabilities of reaching outcomes. Results In total, 770 subjects were included (natalizumab = 568; ocrelizumab = 212) and the propensity score‐matching retrieved 195 pairs. No RAW events were found in natalizumab group and only 1 was reported in ocrelizumab group. A first PIRA event was reached by 23 natalizumab and 25 ocrelizumab exposed patients; 7 natalizumab‐ and 10 ocrelizumab‐treated patients obtained an irreversible EDSS 4.0, while 13 natalizumab‐ and 15 ocrelizumab‐treated patients reached an irreversible EDSS 6.0. No differences between the two groups were found in the risk (HR, 95%CI) of reaching a first PIRA (1.04, 0.59–1.84; p = 0.88) event, an irreversible EDSS 4.0 (1.23, 0.57–2.66; p = 0.60) and 6.0 (0.93, 0.32–2.68; p = 0.89). Interpretation Both medications strongly suppress RAW events and, in the short term, the risk of achieving PIRA events, EDSS 4.0 and 6.0 milestones is not significantly different.

Abstract Tectonic plate motions drive the earthquake cycle, as they result in the slow accrual and sudden release of energy along plate boundaries. Steadiness of plate motions over the earthquake cycle is a central tenet of the plate tectonics theory and has long been a main pillar in models of earthquake genesis, or of plate-margins seismic potential inferred from slip-deficit estimates. The advent of geodesy in the geosciences and the availability of multi-year-long series of position measurements permit tracking the motions of tectonic plates from before to after the time of significant seismic events that occur along their margins. Here, we present evidence that large earthquakes are capable of modifying the motions of entire microplates. We use high precision Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) position time-series covering the periods 2001–2004 and 2014–2017 to demonstrate that, contrary to the tenet above, the South China microplate motion changed after the 2008 $$M_W$$ M W 7.9 Great Wenchuan earthquake. The GNSS data and associated uncertainties indicate a plate motion slowdown of up to 20% that is beyond the possible impact of data noise and is thus tectonically meaningful. We use quantitative models of torque balance to show that generating this kinematic change requires a force upon the South China microplate compatible with that imparted by the Great Wenchuan earthquake of 2008. The existence of a kinematic signal linked to the earthquake cycle that impacts an entire microplate might offer an additional, novel perspective to assessing the hazards of earthquake-prone tectonic regions.

Significant changes in the quality and metabolic profile of fresh turkey sperm as a result of both cryopreservation and reproductive age have already been individually confirmed in our previous studies. This new dataset adds a relevant piece to the tangled puzzle of changes in metabolite levels affecting cryopreserved turkey sperm quality, taking into consideration two different reproductive period ages. Fresh semen samples were collected at 44 and 56 weeks of age and exposed to the cryopreservation process. All fresh and frozen-thawed samples were subjected to analysis of mobility, viability and osmotic tolerance as parameters for evaluating the sperm quality, while NMR spectroscopy was used to assess the quantitative changes in water and lipid-soluble metabolites. Our results showed that the cryopreservation process significantly affected all of the measured qualitative parameters both at 44 and 56 weeks. Concerning the metabolic profile, a greater number of quantitative changes for both water and lipid-soluble components were found in frozen semen at 56 weeks than at 44 weeks of age. These data could contribute to identifying new strategies aimed at improving freezing procedures even as reproductive age increases.

IMTA is one of the most innovative and sustainable farming systems, exhibiting the best technique available in rearing aquatic organisms belonging to different positions along the trophic levels. In the literature and in legislation, the environmental benefits of IMTA protocols have been extensively recognized, mainly for its capability to reduce the ecological footprint of intensive aquaculture systems and concretely address the Sustainable Development Goal no. 14 (SDG 14). However, lesser attention is given to the assessments of its role in enhancing the zootechnical performance, animal welfare, and flesh quality of the species involved. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review that aims to offer a systematic analysis of the existing literature on the main commercial motivations that could draw the attention of stakeholders, including consumers and fish farmers, towards a greater social acceptability and implementation of the IMTA system on a large scale. The findings suggest that, beyond its environmental advantages, IMTA systems can positively influence the productivity, growth, survival, feed efficiency, and animal health and welfare (AH&W), as well as the nutritional quality of the harvested species, thus offering significant economic and market value both in terms of Environmental, Societal and Governance (ESG) parameters and One Health.

Abstract Over million years, convergence between the Nazca and South America tectonic plates results in Andean orogeny. Over decades/centuries, it fuels the earthquake cycle of the Andean megathrust. It is well recognised that, over the geologically-long term of million years, Andean orogeny feeds back onto plate convergence rates, generating temporal changes documented throughout the Neogene. In contrast, no feedback mechanism operated over the geologically-short term by the earthquake cycle is currently contemplated. In fact, it is commonly assumed that the rates of contemporary convergence, which are accurately measured via geodesy, remain steady during the megathrust earthquake cycle. Here we investigate whether the contemporary Nazca/South America plate motion varies over year-/decade-long periods in response to megathrust stress variations associated with the earthquake cycle. We focus on the decade preceding the three largest and most recent $${\varvec{M_w > 8}}$$ M w > 8 earthquakes (2010 $${\varvec{M_w = 8.8}}$$ M w = 8.8 Maule, 2014 $${\varvec{M_w = 8.1}}$$ M w = 8.1 Iquique, 2015 $${\varvec{M_w = 8.3}}$$ M w = 8.3 Illapel), and find slowdowns of both Nazca and South America whole-plate motions that exceed the impact of data uncertainty or noise. We show that the torque variations required upon Nazca and South America to generate the slowdowns are consistent with that arising from the buildup of interseismic stress preceding the earthquakes.

Abstract Background Information processing speed is commonly impaired in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). However, depression and fatigue can affect the cognitive profile of patients: fatigue has a negative impact from the disease’s earliest stage and a reduced information processing speed is often associated with higher levels of depression. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the correlations between information processing speed and physical fatigue in a cohort of Italian PwMS from a single center, considering the effect of depression. Methods Two hundred (W = 128; mean age = 39.83 years; SD = 11.86) PwMS, from the Bari University Hospital, underwent testing for processing speed (Symbol Digit Modalities Test [SDMT]), fatigue level (Fatigue Severity Scale [FSS]), and depression (Beck’s Depression Inventory [BDI]). Results Statistically significant correlations emerged between SDMT and FSS, SDMT and BDI, FSS and BDI. Mediation analyses revealed that while physical fatigue had no significant direct negative effect on information processing speed (z=-0.891; p > 0.05), depression predicted the relationship between fatigue and information processing speed (z=-2.181; p

Abstract Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy may achieve long-lasting remission in patients with B-cell malignancies not responding to conventional therapies. However, potentially severe and hard-to-manage side effects, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS), neurotoxicity and macrophage activation syndrome, and the lack of pathophysiological experimental models limit the applicability and development of this form of therapy. Here we present a comprehensive humanized mouse model, by which we show that IFNγ neutralization by the clinically approved monoclonal antibody, emapalumab, mitigates severe toxicity related to CAR-T cell therapy. We demonstrate that emapalumab reduces the pro-inflammatory environment in the model, thus allowing control of severe CRS and preventing brain damage, characterized by multifocal hemorrhages. Importantly, our in vitro and in vivo experiments show that IFNγ inhibition does not affect the ability of CD19-targeting CAR-T (CAR.CD19-T) cells to eradicate CD19+ lymphoma cells. Thus, our study provides evidence that anti-IFNγ treatment might reduce immune related adverse effect without compromising therapeutic success and provides rationale for an emapalumab-CAR.CD19-T cell combination therapy in humans.

Abstract Tectonic plate motions are a prime constraint on lithosphere dynamics and on the torques acting upon plates. Researchers typically test hypotheses on the controlling torques via forward computer models, which allow accepting or rejecting hypotheses on the basis of the fit of model–output plate velocities to kinematic reconstructions. Such models typically require a significant amount of input information (e.g., tectonic boundaries, structure of the lithosphere, lateral variations of rheology, among others) to appropriately model the tectonic system, and obtain sufficiently–realistic realizations of plate motions. Alternatively, the inverse problem approach takes the difference between the plate torque–balance at two distinct moments in time. This results in an equation in which (a) torques that have not varied through time are canceled out and (b) torques that instead have varied through time are linked to the resulting plate–motion change through a term that accounts for the plate shape and the rheology of the underlying asthenosphere. This approach sacrifices the capability to describe the different individual forces/torques acting upon a plate. Instead, it focuses on determining torque temporal variations, which significantly reduces the amount of input knowledge required. In this technical note we introduce MYRIAM, an open–source software that implements such an inverse approach. MYRIAM takes plate–motion temporal changes, and outputs an estimate of the torque variation required upon a plate to generate the input kinematic change. MYRIAM is released as an open–source repository hosted at GitHub, complete with source code and executable files for Windows and Unix–based operating systems.

BackgroundTreatment switching is a common challenge and opportunity in real-world clinical practice. Increasing diversity in disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) has generated interest in the identification of reliable and robust predictors of treatment switching across different countries, DMTs, and time periods.ObjectiveThe objective of this retrospective, observational study was to identify independent predictors of treatment switching in a population of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients in the Big Multiple Sclerosis Data Network of national clinical registries, including the Italian MS registry, the OFSEP of France, the Danish MS registry, the Swedish national MS registry, and the international MSBase Registry.MethodsIn this cohort study, we merged information on 269,822 treatment episodes in 110,326 patients from 1997 to 2018 from five clinical registries. Patients were included in the final pooled analysis set if they had initiated at least one DMT during the relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) stage. Patients not diagnosed with RRMS or RRMS patients not initiating DMT therapy during the RRMS phase were excluded from the analysis. The primary study outcome was treatment switching. A multilevel mixed-effects shared frailty time-to-event model was used to identify independent predictors of treatment switching. The contributing MS registry was included in the pooled analysis as a random effect.ResultsEvery one-point increase in the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score at treatment start was associated with 1.08 times the rate of subsequent switching, adjusting for age, sex, and calendar year (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.08; 95% CI 1.07–1.08). Women were associated with 1.11 times the rate of switching relative to men (95% CI 1.08–1.14), whilst older age was also associated with an increased rate of treatment switching. DMTs started between 2007 and 2012 were associated with 2.48 times the rate of switching relative to DMTs that began between 1996 and 2006 (aHR 2.48; 95% CI 2.48–2.56). DMTs started from 2013 onwards were more likely to switch relative to the earlier treatment epoch (aHR 8.09; 95% CI 7.79–8.41; reference = 1996–2006).ConclusionSwitching between DMTs is associated with female sex, age, and disability at baseline and has increased in frequency considerably in recent years as more treatment options have become available. Consideration of a patient's individual risk and tolerance profile needs to be taken into account when selecting the most appropriate switch therapy from an expanding array of treatment choices.

Native breed conservation is an important component of poultry biodiversity. The aim of this work is to describe different steps that lead to donor selection for the implementation of the Italian Semen Cryobank of Autochthonous Chicken and Turkey Breeds. The variability within and between breeds was evaluated, and the stored semen reproductive capacity was in vivo tested using artificial insemination. Semen from Bionda Piemontese, Bianca di Saluzzo and Pepoi roosters was collected and processed. Concentration, volume, sperm membrane integrity, total motile sperm, progressive motile sperm and kinetic parameters were analyzed; sperm parameters accounting for bird variability were used to select male donors. Fresh semen quality parameters measured in donor ejaculates showed significant differences between breeds; no differences were found after cryopreservation. Variability in the fertilizing ability of cryopreserved semen was found within a breed (5–16%) and between birds within a breed (BP = 3–7%; BS = 7–31%; PP = 6–22%); only sperm quality parameters measured in fresh ejaculates, not frozen/thawed, may be associated with in vivo fertility results. In conclusion, sperm concentration and progressive motility were successfully used as selection parameters to identify chicken male donors with improved sperm quality for sperm cryobanking. However, new reliable sperm markers to predict cryopreserved semen’s fertilizing ability are required.

BackgroundThe debate on how to manage women affected by multiple sclerosis (MS) during reproductive age is still open, as is the issue of fertility in such patients. Main issue regard the identification of the optimal window for pregnancy and how to deal with medical therapy before and during conception. The aim of this Delphi consensus was to collect the opinions of a multidisciplinary group, involving reproductive medicine specialists and neurologists with experience in the management of multiple sclerosis women with reproductive desire.MethodsFour experts plus scientific coordinators developed a questionnaire distributed online to 10 neurologists and later discussed the responses and amended a list of statements. The statements were then distributed via an online survey to 23 neurologists (comprising the first 10), who voted on their level of agreement/disagreement with each statement. Consensus was achieved if agreement or disagreement with a statement exceeded 66%.ResultsTwenty-one statements reached consensus after two rounds of voting, leading to the following main recommendations: (1) Fertility evaluation should be suggested to wMS, in case of the need to shorten time to pregnancy and before treatment switch in women on DMTs contraindicated in pregnancy, particularly in case of highly active disease and age > 35 years. (2) ART should not be discouraged in wMS, but the use of DMTs until pregnancy confirmation should be suggested; ART may be considered in order to reduce time to pregnancy in MS women with a reduced ovarian reserve and/or age > 35 years, but in case of an expected poor ART prognosis and the need for more than one ART cycle, a switch to a high-efficacy DMD before ART should be offered. (3) Oocyte cryopreservation may be considered in women with reduced ovarian reserve, with unpredictable time to complete diagnostic workup and achieve disease control; a risk/cost–benefit analysis must be performed in women >35 years, considering the diminished ovarian reserve.ConclusionThis consensus will help MS neurologists to support family planning in wMS, respecting MS therapeutic needs while also taking into account the safety and impact of advancing age on fertility.

Agrobacterium rhizogenes transformation is a more rapid method of obtaining transgenic and edited rubber dandelion (Taraxacum kok-saghyz) plants than Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The hairy root rol genes are present alongside transgenes after transformation, and they change the morphology of rubber dandelion significantly. Although these rol genes are useful visual markers indicating successful transformation of rubber dandelion, they modify the phenotype induced by the target transgenes and are ultimately detrimental to agronomic traits. Fortunately, the rol genes can be removed by conventional plant breeding because they segregate in progeny separately from the targeted transgenes. However, it is preferable to have preliminary identification of promising effects induced by transgenes or gene edits before rol gene removal so that only the best plants are used for breeding. Therefore, the goal of this research was to characterize rol– and rol+ plant morphology so that, in the future, rol+ transgene+ plants can be easily distinguished from rol+ transgene– plants. This requires that rol gene–induced morphological changes and simply assayed physiological traits are first characterized thoroughly so that transgene changes may be observed. Taproot formation is reduced or eliminated in rubber dandelion by rol genes, and rol-induced hairy roots are identifiable easily because they grow shallowly in potting soil, so only partial unearthing is needed. Both leaf and flower numbers are increased by rol genes, but leaves and flowers are smaller than in rubber dandelion wild type with longer stalks. The rosette doming phenotype caused by the induction of a large number of leaf primordia is obvious in rooted plants as young as 1 month old. Photosynthetic rates are reduced significantly in rol+ plants, although growth is not. An accurate description of the morphology of rubber dandelion after A. rhizogenes transformation may allow for initial selection of promising transformed plants before confirmation with polymerase chain reaction, by phenotypic comparison of plants expressing transgenes and the rol gene, with those only expressing the rol gene.

Abstract Background Paediatric acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is characterized by poor outcomes in patients with relapsed/refractory disease, despite the improvements in intensive standard therapy. The leukaemic cells of paediatric AML patients show high expression of the CD123 antigen, and this finding provides the biological basis to target CD123 with the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). However, CAR.CD123 therapy in AML is hampered by on-target off-tumour toxicity and a long “vein-to-vein” time. Methods We developed an off-the-shelf product based on allogeneic natural killer (NK) cells derived from the peripheral blood of healthy donors and engineered them to express a second-generation CAR targeting CD123 (CAR.CD123). Results CAR.CD123-NK cells showed significant anti-leukaemia activity not only in vitro against CD123+ AML cell lines and CD123+ primary blasts but also in two animal models of human AML-bearing immune-deficient mice. Data on anti-leukaemia activity were also corroborated by the quantification of inflammatory cytokines, namely granzyme B (Granz B), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), both in vitro and in the plasma of mice treated with CAR.CD123-NK cells. To evaluate and compare the on-target off-tumour effects of CAR.CD123-T and NK cells, we engrafted human haematopoietic cells (hHCs) in an immune-deficient mouse model. All mice infused with CAR.CD123-T cells died by Day 5, developing toxicity against primary human bone marrow (BM) cells with a decreased number of total hCD45+ cells and, in particular, of hCD34+CD38− stem cells. In contrast, treatment with CAR.CD123-NK cells was not associated with toxicity, and all mice were alive at the end of the experiments. Finally, in a mouse model engrafted with human endothelial tissues, we demonstrated that CAR.CD123-NK cells were characterized by negligible endothelial toxicity when compared to CAR.CD123-T cells. Conclusions Our data indicate the feasibility of an innovative off-the-shelf therapeutic strategy based on CAR.CD123-NK cells, characterized by remarkable efficacy and an improved safety profile compared to CAR.CD123-T cells. These findings open a novel intriguing scenario not only for the treatment of refractory/resistant AML patients but also to further investigate the use of CAR-NK cells in other cancers characterized by highly difficult targeting with the most conventional T effector cells.

Lentiviral (LV) vectors have emerged as powerful tools for treating genetic and acquired human diseases. As clinical studies and commercial demands have progressed, there has been a growing need for large amounts of purified LV vectors. To help meet this demand, we developed CRISPR library screening methods to identify genetic perturbations in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells and their derivatives that may increase LV vector titers. Briefly, LV vector-based Human CRISPR Activation and Knockout libraries (Calabrese and Brunello) were used to modify HEK293 and HEK293T cells. These cell populations were then expanded, and integrated LV vector genomes were rescued by transfection. LV vectors were harvested, and the process of sequential transduction and rescue-transfection was iterated. Through this workflow, guide RNAs (gRNAs) that target genes that may suppress or enhance LV vector production were enriched and identified with Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). Though more work is needed to test genes identified in this screen, we expect that perturbations of genes we identified here, such as TTLL12, which is an inhibitor of antiviral innate immunity may be introduced and multiplexed to yield cell lines with improved LV vector productivity.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of sperm concentrations on the in vitro quality of cryopreserved rabbit semen. The semen pools (n = 8, from 80 donors) were split into five aliquots with final sperm concentrations of 15, 25, 35, 55, and 75 × 106 per straw. The sperm motility parameters (CASA system) and membrane integrity (flow cytometric analysis) were both evaluated at various stages of the cryopreservation process: fresh semen dilution, cooling, equilibration, and immediately after and 30 min post-thawing. The results indicated the significant influence of the sperm concentration on the total motility (TM) and progressive motility (PM), with a consistent decline in all sperm variables over the time points. Notably, the semen with a final concentration of 15 × 106 exhibited a higher TM and PM after cooling and equilibration. The post-thawing quality (TM, PM) was higher (p < 0.05) in the mid-range sperm concentrations of 25 × 106 (49.9% and 19.7%) and 35 × 106 (46.2% and 19.7%) compared to the other concentrations. This study demonstrated that the sperm concentration per straw played a significant role in specific phases of the cryopreservation process. These findings contribute valuable insights for refining and standardizing the cryopreservation protocol for rabbit semen, emphasizing the importance of the sperm concentration.

BACKGROUND: Natalizumab (NTZ) is sometimes discontinued in patients with multiple sclerosis, mainly due to concerns about the risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. However, NTZ interruption may result in recrudescence of disease activity. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to summarize the available evidence about NTZ discontinuation and to identify which patients will experience post-NTZ disease reactivation through meta-analysis of existing literature data. METHODS: PubMed was searched for articles reporting the effects of NTZ withdrawal in adult patients (⩾18 years) with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Definition of disease activity following NTZ discontinuation, proportion of patients who experienced post-NTZ disease reactivation, and timing to NTZ discontinuation to disease reactivation were systematically reviewed. A generic inverse variance with random effect was used to calculate the weighted effect of patients clinical characteristics on the risk of post-NTZ disease reactivation, defined as the occurrence of at least one relapse. RESULTS: The original search identified 205 publications. Thirty-five articles were included in the systematic review. We found a high level of heterogeneity across studies in terms of sample size (10 to 1866 patients), baseline patient characteristics, follow up (1-24 months), outcome measures (clinical and/or radiological), and definition of post-NTZ disease reactivation or rebound. Clinical relapses were observed in 9-80% of patients and peaked at 4-7 months, whereas radiological disease activity was observed in 7-87% of patients starting at 6 weeks following NTZ discontinuation. The meta-analysis of six articles, yielding a total of 1183 patients, revealed that younger age, higher number of relapses and gadolinium-enhanced lesions before treatment start, and fewer NTZ infusions were associated with increased risk for post-NTZ disease reactivation (p ⩽ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Results from the present review and meta-analysis can help to profile patients who are at greater risk of post-NTZ disease reactivation. However, potential reporting bias and variability in selected studies should be taken into account when interpreting our data.

A high-resolution model of the motion between Nazca and South American plates is presented. The work shows rapid changes that help explaining tectono-magmatic events via a balance between kinematic energy and gravitational potential energy stored in the roots of the Andes.