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Abstract This article presents the design and optimisation of a sub‐1 GHz class‐F ultra‐low power (ULP) power amplifier (PA) in 65 nm Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. An envelope tracking (ET) supply biasing technique is adopted to improve the efficiency of class‐F PA. The ET consist of a pre‐amp right before the detector in order to enhance the efficiency and save adequate amount of dc power consumption. The PA consists of two cascode cells terminated as class‐F with gate‐to‐drain feedback in order to enhance linearity and limit any harmonic component from the input signal. The novel design consumes a dc power of 3.75 mW, power added efficiency of 37.1%, operating at 915–925 MHz unlicensed band and total saturated output power of 22 dBm including 14 dBm power gain at PA, which qualifies under long‐range low power wireless local area network IEEE 802.11ah standard. The inductor‐less design for ET supply bias reduces the chip layout size to 0.13 mm2 only.

This study investigates the impact of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) on power loss and production cost reduction in overloaded transmission lines. PSO is used to manage power flow in congested transmission lines and reduce power losses. The proposed technique was tested using the IEEE large-scale 57-bus test system. Optimal power flow (OPF) is crucial for modern power systems, aiming to minimize active and reactive power distribution while considering technological and economic constraints. PSO is presented as a solution to the OPF problem, focusing on actual power losses, hypothetical power losses, and overload consequence. PSO is presents.as a solution, and various methods, such as genetic algorithms and linear programming, will be used to compare PSO results. The suggested PSO yields reduced power losses with higher loads in case studies. The approach is evaluated for IEEE -57 buses and produces superior results when used with the MATLAB environment. PSO reduces the target function's real power loss from its starting condition (24.98) MW to its ideal state (16.75) MW with a reduction of 8.23 MW. Additionally, PSO reduces the target function's active power loss by 20% overload from its initial state (56.042 MW) to the optimal state of 46.23 MW with a reduction of 9.812 MW.

In the era of expansion of smart sensing interconnected devices and their growing application in complex systems, the application of wireless communication technology becomes evident. Many wireless technologies are developed to facilitate the growth of systems such as the Internet of Things and Smart Cities. The application of a particular wireless technology in a particular system depends on many factors, such as purpose, requirements, complexity, range, and node deployment. IEEE 802.15.4 is a technical standard that defines the operation of low-rate wireless personal area networks. It is used as the basis for a group of network standards and protocols designed for wireless sensor networks. In this article, the basic features of the emerging IEEE 802.15.4g SUN low-powered wireless network standard, its application scenarios, and performance analyses are presented.