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Plants often encounter challenging environmental factors, including intense sunlight, drought, extreme heat, cold temperatures, salinity, excessive metals, and nutrient shortages, which can heavily affect their growth and survival. In this regard, L-ascorbic acid (AsA) is not only an essential nutrient for human health but also plays a significant role in plant responses to environmental stresses, regulating various functions during growth and development, redox signaling, and phytohormone biosynthesis. The growing need to cope with climate change, together with the advancement of CRISPR/Cas9-editing technologies, stimulated new opportunities to enhance AsA biosynthesis to improve crop stress tolerance. In this review, we discuss the biosynthesis and regulation of AsA in abiotic stress response mechanisms. We also explore the latest advancements of CRISPR/Cas9 technologies, their applications, and their challenges as tools for modifying genes associated with AsA metabolism, aiming to develop crops more tolerant and resilient to environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-pressure processing (HPP) is used as a non-thermal approach for controlling microbial viability. The purposes of this study were to (i) establish the decimal reduction times (D-values) for pathogenic bacteria during 350 MPa HPP treatment,; (ii) evaluate the impact of 350 MPa HPP on total plate count (TPC), yeasts and molds (YM), and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in camel milk; (iii) investigate the behavior of several spoilage-causing bacteria during storage at 4 °C and 10 °C for up to 10 d post-HPP treatment; and (iv) assess the effect of HPP on the protein degradation of camel milk. The D-values for L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, and Salmonella spp. were 3.77 ± 0.36 min, 1.48 ± 0.08 min, and 2.10 ± 0.13 min, respectively. The HPP treatment decreased pathogenic microorganisms by up to 2 to 3 log cfu/mL (depending on treatment conditions). However, HPP reduced TPC, YM, and LAB by <1 log cfu/mL, regardless of the length of pressure exposure. HPP treatment, even at extended holding times, did not significantly alter either the proteolytic activity or casein micelle structure in camel milk. This study highlights HPP as a promising non-thermal technique for enhancing the microbiological safety of camel milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid industrialization and the indiscriminate use of fossil fuels have generated an impact that is affecting the climate worldwide. Among the substances that are causing climate change are several gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), among others. Particularly, carbon dioxide is one of the substances that has attracted the most attention from researchers, as it is responsible for more than three quarters of greenhouse gases. Because of this, many efforts have been directed towards the capture of CO2, its separation, adsorption and transformation into products that are less harmful to the environment or that even have added value in the industry. For this purpose, the use of different types of macrocycles has been explored mainly in the last 5 years. This review seeks to present the advances that have occurred in recent years in the capture and transformation of CO2 by different methods, to finally focus on the capture and transformation through macrocycle systems such as azacompounds, heterometallic macrocycles, calixpyrrols, modified cyclodextrins and metallic porphyrins, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa is a microalga that stands out due to its high protein content. The objective of this work was to study the effect of high-pressure homogenization (HPH) on the recovery of proteins from A. pyrenoidosa and their application as functional emulsifiers. Untreated and HPH-treated (400–800 bar, 1 and 4 passes) aqueous cellular suspensions were incubated at 40 °C for 6 h. The aqueous extracts were collected, the proteins were precipitated at pH 3, and the Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa protein concentrates (APPC) were lyophilized. Increasing HPH pressure and number of passes (400–800 bar, 1 and 4 passes) improved protein recovery yield up to 57%. Higher HPH pressures also reduced α-helix and β-sheet structures, exposing the hydrophobic protein core. This protein modification led to APPCs with increased oil-holding capacity (2.83 g oil/g APPC). The surface tension of APPC solutions reached a minimum value of 28.6 mN/m at an APPC concentration of 2% w/w. The APPCs from untreated and HPH-treated biomass were used to stabilize nanoemulsions (2–6% sunflower oil), comparing one-step homogenization (high-speed homogenization) with the two-step homogenization method (combining high-speed and high-pressure homogenization). The two-step method led to significantly smaller oil droplets with narrow size distribution, leading to stable nanoemulsions with improved resistance to centrifugation and heating–cooling cycles. Due to APPC's great emulsifying properties, A. pyrenoidosa proteins have a promising potential for various applications such as delivery systems stabilization. Additionally, the low energy requirements, continuous processing capability, and scalability of HPH make it a suitable process for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, massive intelligent applications have emerged for the smart grid (SG), such as inspection and sensing. To support these applications, there have been high requirements on wireless communication for the SG, especially in remote areas. To tackle these challenges, a UAV-assisted heterogeneous wireless network is proposed in this paper for the SG, where multiple UAVs and a macro base station collaboratively provide a wide range of communication services. To further improve the communication capacity of this system, a joint user association and resource allocation algorithm is developed to maximize the total system throughput. To solve this problem, a matching algorithm is first proposed to solve the user association and subchannel assignment optimization problem. Then, the Lagrangian dual method is utilized to solve the power allocation problem. Finally, extensive simulations show that the proposed algorithm can effectively increase the user communication rate and enhance the capacity of the heterogeneous network for the SG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adjuvants play a crucial role in improving the immunogenicity of various antigens in vaccines. Squalene-in-water emulsions are clinically established vaccine adjuvants that improve immune responses, particularly during a pandemic. Current manufacturing processes for these emulsion adjuvants include microfluidizers and homogenizers and these processes have been used to produce emulsion adjuvants to meet global demands during a pandemic. These processes, however, are complex and expensive and may not meet the global needs based on the growing populations in low- and middle-income countries. At the forefront of adjuvant research, there is a pressing need to manufacture emulsion adjuvants using novel approaches that balance efficacy, scalability, speed of production, and cost-effectiveness. Methods: In this study, we explored the feasibility of a microfluidic chip platform to address these challenges and evaluated the adjuvanticity of the emulsion adjuvant prepared using the microfluidic chip process in CB6F1 mice model, and compared it with a control formulation. We developed and optimized the process parameters to produce emulsion adjuvants with characteristics similar to SEA160 (control formulation). Results: The resulting emulsion prepared using the microfluidic chip process (MC160) when mixed with ovalbumin, maintained antigen structural integrity. Immunogenicity studies in a CB6F1 mouse model, with the Cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B (CMV gB) antigen, resulted in humoral responses that were non-inferior between MC160 and SEA160, thereby validating the microfluidic chip approach for manufacturing emulsion adjuvants. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate a proof of concept for using microfluidic chip platforms for formulating emulsion adjuvants, offering a simpler manufacturing platform that can be deployed to low- and middle-income countries for rapid production, improving adjuvant access and aiding in pandemic preparedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation has long been crucial due to its role in photoaging, sunburn, and wrinkles. This study focuses on developing a bio-based sunscreen from Calendula arvensis capitula extract. Various extraction methods (maceration, sonication, and infusion) and solvents (EtOH, EtOH-H2O, and H2O) were explored in order to identify the most effective extract for use in a sunscreen formulation. Each extract was analyzed for its phenolic content, as well as antioxidant activities (assessed through DPPH, CAT, and FRAP assays). Enzyme inhibition assays for tyrosinase, elastase, and collagenase highlighted the low IC50 values of the hydroethanolic extract. Furthermore, the in vitro sun protection factor (SPF) against UVB radiation was measured using ultraviolet spectrophotometry. A phytochemical analysis showed phenolic levels between 8 and 27 mg GAE/g, flavonoid concentrations of 7–13 mg QE/g, and tannin levels of 1.15–1.68 mg/mL, alongside moderate antioxidant activity. The ethanol maceration extract reduced the interfacial tension to 2.15 mN/m in 600 s, outperforming the conventional emulsifier polysorbate 20. The sonicated hydroethanolic extract demonstrated remarkable SPF efficacy (SPF = 193.65 ± 0.02), far exceeding that of the standard zinc oxide (SPF = 11.88 ± 0.03). The proposed formulations meet the COSMOS standards, suggesting their potential for certification as biological products. Further clinical and in vivo studies are necessary to confirm their safety and commercial viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caseinate is commonly used in the dairy industry for its stabilizing properties. Its functionalities are largely due to its manufacturing process involving a high level of demineralization that induces casein precipitation. To address this, the researchers are looking for alternatives to respond to consumer demands for high-quality ingredients and increase efficiency. In the present study, we explored low demineralization (0–43%) that preserves the casein integrity to produce caseins that can substitute caseinate in whipping creams (WC). The physicochemical, structural, and functional properties of these caseins were evaluated to assess their viability as surface-active agents in blend-fat whipping cream. The results showed that a demineralization level over 43% significantly impacts the size, secondary structures (β-sheets, β-turns, and α-helices particularly), and surface hydrophobicity that favorably impact the emulsifying properties but diminish the foam stability. WC made with caseins demineralized at 0 and 13% provided stable foam, with the lowest emulsion stability at 0% of demineralization. Using demineralized caseins at 13% offers a sustainable alternative to caseinate in food products requiring stable foams as WCs without significantly altering other desired functionalities such as overrun and emulsion stability. Further research studies into optimizing the demineralization process and exploring applications in other food matrices are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutritional composition, antimicrobial properties, and health benefits of camel milk (CAM), cow milk (COM), and goat milk (GOM) have been extensively studied for their roles in managing diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This review compares these milk types' nutritional and therapeutic properties, emphasizing their applications in chronic disease management. CAM is rich in insulin-like proteins, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds that benefit glycemic control and cardiovascular health. It also exhibits potent antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-lowering effects, which are crucial for managing diabetes and reducing CVD risk factors. While COM and GOM provide essential nutrients, their impact on metabolic health differs. GOM is known for its digestibility and antihypertensive properties, whereas COM's higher lactose content may be less suitable for diabetic patients. CAM's unique nutritional profile offers distinct therapeutic benefits, particularly for diabetes and CVD management. Further research is needed to clarify its mechanisms of action and optimize its clinical application for chronic disease prevention and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Camel whey protein is recognized for its natural antioxidant properties, attributed to its high content of antioxidant amino acids. Oxidative stress caused by heat stress poses significant harm to the body, often leading to kidney injury. This study aimed to examine the impact of camel whey protein intervention on kidney function in rats experiencing acute heat stress, as well as to explore the underlying mechanisms involved. We assessed the activity of the cytochrome P450 2J enzyme under conditions of heat stress to evaluate oxidative stress levels and kidney damage, utilizing knockout rat models. Our findings indicated that acute heat stress led to a decrease in cytochrome P450 2J expression. However, the administration of camel whey protein significantly enhanced its activity and activated associated signaling pathways. Conversely, in knockout rats, camel whey protein did not mitigate oxidative stress-related kidney damage. This research highlights the potential of camel whey protein as a protective agent against acute heat stress-induced kidney injury and the necessity of CYP2J for its protective effects. Camel whey protein (CWP) is a potent natural antioxidant, noted for its abundance of antioxidant amino acids. Despite its promising properties, the precise mechanisms underlying its effects remain inadequately explored. This study aims to investigate the impact of CWP on kidney damage induced by acute heat stress in rats, as well as to elucidate its mechanism of action. We assessed CWP's influence on cytochrome P450 2J (CYP2J) activity during heat stress, measured oxidative stress levels, and evaluated renal injury using CYP2J knockout rats. Our findings indicate that acute heat stress reduces CYP2J expression, while CWP administration restores CYP2J activity and enhances PI3K/Akt signaling. However, CWP did not mitigate oxidative stress-induced kidney damage in CYP2J−/− rats, suggesting the necessity of CYP2J for its protective effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a novel decentralized federated reinforcement learning (DFRL) framework that integrates deep reinforcement learning (DRL) with decentralized federated learning (DFL). The DFRL framework boosts efficient virtual instance scaling in Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) environments for 5G core network automation. It enables multiple MECs to collaboratively optimize resource allocation without centralized data sharing. In this framework, DRL agents in each MEC make local scaling decisions and exchange model parameters with other MECs, rather than sharing raw data. To enhance robustness against malicious server attacks, we employ a committee mechanism that monitors the DFL process and ensures reliable aggregation of local gradients. Extensive simulations were conducted to evaluate the proposed framework, demonstrating its ability to maintain cost-effective resource usage while significantly reducing blocking rates across diverse traffic conditions. Furthermore, the framework demonstrated strong resilience against adversarial MEC nodes, ensuring reliable operation and efficient resource management. These results validate the framework's effectiveness in adaptive and efficient resource management, particularly in dynamic and varied network scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freeze drying (FD) is a technique used to preserve the bioactive content and flavor of samples. Foods with a short shelf life due to nature have been preserved via FD in recent years. The success of the drying technique is thanks to the high retention ability of the bioactive compounds and the flavor of the sample. However, the high cost and energy consumption of FD limit its usage in several fields. Freezing, primary drying, and secondary drying, which take place in the same device, are the stages of FD. In addition, several parameters, including pretreatment, size, temperature, sample species, time, and pressure, affect the FD process. These parameters are controlled to increase the effectiveness of FD on the samples. Moreover, FD has been compared with other drying techniques including hot air drying, microwave drying, vacuum drying, and solar drying to determine its protective capability. It has also been applied to the valorization of waste products, which is a common problem worldwide. For valorization, microencapsulation and powder production have been achieved using FD. In recent years, studies on the effects and use of FD on various materials increased, providing new aspects for the future of science and food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyurethane (PU) belongs to a unique class of polymers. Different properties of PU such as mechanical strength and biocompatibility can be enhanced by co-polymerizing it with different bio and synthetic polymers. It finds huge applications as micro-reactors for the fabrication of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) owing to the synergistic properties of both polyurethane and fabricated metal nanoparticles. Metal nanoparticles fabricated polyurethane have gained much attention in the last few years. These types of nanocomposites hyphenate the mechanical properties of polyurethane with the high surface-to-volume ratio of metal nanoparticles. Here, this review article briefly evaluates different methods of synthesis of polyurethane-based metal nanocomposites and their characterization via different techniques to evaluate their properties. Applications of these polyurethane based nanocomposite materials have also been described critically in different fields depending upon their catalytic, antimicrobial and antifungal potential. Future directions of these nanocomposite materials have also been described in the field of designing of nano-filters and nano-devices in order to attain environmental remediation and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As wireless communication technology continues to advance, the number of intelligent devices, such as computers, mobile phones, and iPads, is increasing rapidly. To keep up with the growing demand for data and improved network efficiency, additional base stations (BSs) are deployed, and bandwidth allocation is being increased in the sixth-generation (6G) wireless network. While these improvements have enhanced the physical layer of wireless communication, deploying excessive BSs can be costly and may lead to issues such as backhaul congestion and decreased performance. Additionally, frequent and asynchronous access to popular information generates a significant amount of duplicate data, thereby wasting energy and processing resources. Therefore, we use content caching, which involves storing content at the network's edge, such as at BSs or terminal devices. This allows the direct delivery of content to requesters, eliminating the need for backhaul or core network transmission. In this survey paper, we examine state-of-the-art content caching techniques that are specifically designed for mobile edge computing environments. The article classifies the existing content caching scheme into various categories based on a set of parameters, including caching techniques, criteria, location, objective functions, and supporting algorithms. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis is conducted to investigate the critical aspects of existing schemes. Finally, the study identifies and discusses open research issues and challenges that necessitate further research to enhance content caching schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, the evolution of oncofertility has sparked a resurgence of interest in in vitro maturation (IVM) due to its suitability in certain oncological scenarios where controlled ovarian hyperstimulation may not be feasible. The retrieval of immature cumulus–oocyte complexes from small antral follicles, regardless of the menstrual cycle phase, presents a swift opportunity to vitrify mature oocytes or embryos post-IVM in urgent situations or when stimulation is not advisable. Harvesting immature cumulus–oocyte complexes and immature oocytes can be achieved transvaginally or directly in the laboratory from extracorporeal ovarian tissue. Although IVM has transitioned from an experimental status due to safety validations, it relies on the intricate process of oocyte maturation. Despite successful live births resulting from IVM in fertility preservation contexts, the comparatively lower developmental competence of in vitro matured oocytes highlights the necessity to enhance IVM culture systems. Recent advancements in IVM systems hold promise in bolstering oocyte competence post-IVM, thereby narrowing the gap between IVM and outcomes from ovarian stimulation. Additionally, for optimizing the chances of conception in cancer survivors, the combination of IVM and ovarian tissue cryopreservation stands as the favored choice when ovarian stimulation is unfeasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor ovarian response (POR) patients often face the risk of not having enough competent oocytes. Then, aspirating small follicles could serve as a strategy to increase their number. Many efforts have been addressed to associate follicular size with oocyte competence, but results are controversial. Therefore, our study aimed to evaluate oocyte maturation and developmental competence, along with a non-invasive oocyte-maturation-related miRNA signature in oocytes retrieved from both large and small follicles. A total of 178 follicles, from 31 POR patients, were aspirated and measured on the day of ovarian puncture. Follicular diameters, oocyte collection, oocyte maturation, fertilization, blastocysts, and good-quality blastocyst rates were recorded. Simultaneously, follicular fluids were collected to quantify their miRNA expression. The efficacy of oocyte retrieval along with oocyte maturation, fertilization, and blastulation rates tended to increase with follicular size, but few significant differences were found. Despite there being significantly more collected oocytes from follicles > 11.5 mm compared to follicles ≤ 11.5 mm (p < 0.05), oocytes from the latter were also mature, with no significant differences in the miRNA signature, but only those > 13.5 mm demonstrated developmental competence. In conclusion, 11.5 mm follicles can produce mature oocytes, but only those larger than 13.5 mm yielded transferable embryos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) currently represents the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage renal failure. LDKT is a serious event with profound psychological, interpersonal, familial, and social implications. Over the last few years, there has been an exponential growth in living donation programs involving genetically and emotionally related donors, as well as people who donate to an unrelated and unknown subject. The implementation of paired exchange programs, Samaritan donation, and preemptive transplantation raise further ethical issues, which are inextricably linked to the unique psychosocial context of both the donor and the recipient. The present narrative review aims to provide an update on the main ethical challenges related to LDKT. We conducted a comprehensive literature search in PubMed/Medline. The results of the most relevant studies were narratively synthesized from a psychosocial perspective around the four principles of biomedical ethics: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. Finally, we discussed the potential future directions to provide an effective, patient-centered, and ethical psychosocial assessment and follow-up of living donors and recipients that underwent LDKT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: High-intensity ultrasound is a powerful tool to improve the solubility, foaming, and emulsifying properties of modified proteins, making them suitable for emulsions or foam stabilizers, with added antioxidant benefits. (1) Background: Jackfruit leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) are rich in proteins but are under-utilized in the food industry due to their poor sensory properties and low solubility. High-intensity ultrasound (HIU) can enhance protein solubility by disrupting internal interactions and altering protein structures, making them more suitable for industrial applications. (2) Methods: This study aimed to modify the structure of jackfruit leaf proteins using HIU at different powers (600, 840, and 1080 W) and treatment times (10, 15, and 20 min). This research also characterized the amino acid composition and the techno-functional and antioxidant properties of the modified proteins. (3) Results: The HIU treatments significantly improved the foaming capacity and enhanced the emulsion stability within the proteins treated at 1080 W for 15 min, which showed a monomodal size distribution profile. Additionally, the modified proteins exhibited a higher antioxidant capacity compared to the native protein. (4) Conclusions: These findings suggest that structurally modified proteins from jackfruit leaves could be directly utilized in the formulation of emulsions or as foam stabilizers, offering added benefits to consumers due to their significant antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Rice production is strongly affected by environmental stresses such as drought, heat and salt. Rice plants have developed intricate molecular mechanisms to deal with these challenges. Researchers have identified crucial genes, proteins and metabolic pathways involved in these responses through transcriptomic and proteomic studies. Understanding these molecular mechanisms can help in developing new stress-resistant varieties, thus ensuring stable production under adverse environmental conditions. This review aims to provide a straightforward summary of the progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of rice's response to various environmental stresses through transcriptomic and proteomic studies. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is grown nearly worldwide and is a staple food for more than half of the world's population. With the rise in extreme weather and climate events, there is an urgent need to decode the complex mechanisms of rice's response to environmental stress and to breed high-yield, high-quality and stress-resistant varieties. Over the past few decades, significant advancements in molecular biology have led to the widespread use of several omics methodologies to study all aspects of plant growth, development and environmental adaptation. Transcriptomics and proteomics have become the most popular techniques used to investigate plants' stress-responsive mechanisms despite the complexity of the underlying molecular landscapes. This review offers a comprehensive and current summary of how transcriptomics and proteomics together reveal the molecular details of rice's response to environmental stresses. It also provides a catalog of the current applications of omics in comprehending this imperative crop in relation to stress tolerance improvement and breeding. The evaluation of recent advances in CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing and the application of synthetic biology technologies highlights the possibility of expediting the development of rice cultivars that are resistant to stress and suited to various agroecological environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to compare two kinds of soluble dietary fibres in a mixture with OSA-starch as wall components of linseed oil capsules. Comparison was made based on emulsion (droplet size, polydispersity index, and viscosity) and powder properties (outer structure, colour, surface oil content, and encapsulation efficiency). Additionally, linseed oil powders were applied to the food model (apple juice) and the colour, physical stability, and volatile compound profile of fortified juice were determined. Although the obtained linseed oil emulsions with different compositions of polysaccharide components showed some variation in droplet size, polydisperse index and viscosity, their encapsulation efficiency by spray-drying was very high (>98%). The powders produced had a similar structure and low surface oil content, and their 2% addition to apple juice did not change its stability and only slightly decreased its colour lightness and yellowness. However, greater differences in the volatile compounds of obtained juices were observed. Overall, the added powders reduced the volatility of aroma compounds typical of apple juice but introduced propanal and hexanal, especially the powders with the highest OSA-starch share. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spray-dried yellow cashew juice ingredients produced under different inlet temperatures (140 and 150 °C) and gum arabic (GA) addition ratios (15% and 25% w/v) were evaluated for their physicochemical and phytochemical attributes and storage stability for 56 days. All spray-dried cashew juice particles showed high solids recovery (>70%) and solubility (>90%), low water activity (<0.3), and low hygroscopicity (<10%). Spray-dried particles prepared with 15% w/v GA showed spherical shapes with a semi-crystalline structure and higher ascorbic acid concentration (>650 mg 100 g−1) and total phenolic content (>330 mg GAE 100 g−1). During storage, spray-dried cashew juice particles maintained their water activity levels within the microbiologically safe range and retained high solubility, in addition to high ascorbic (>68%) and phenolic (>55%) acid retention. Overall, we showed that spray-drying cashew juice is a feasible strategy to upcycle abundant and undervalued cashew juice into stable, phytochemical-rich ingredients for multiple applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk powders are becoming a major attraction for many industrial applications due to their nutritional and functional properties. Different types of powdered milk, each with their own distinct chemical compositions, can have different functionalities. Consequently, the development of rapid monitoring methods is becoming an urgent task to explore and expand their applicability. Lately, there is growing emphasis on the potential of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a rapid technique for the quality assessment of dairy products. In the present work, we explored the potential of NIRS coupled with chemometrics for the prediction of the main functional and chemical properties of three types of milk powders, as well as their important processing parameters. Mare, camel and cow milk powders were prepared at different concentrations (5%, 10% and 12%) and temperatures (25 °C, 40 °C and 65 °C), and then their main physicochemical attributes and NIRS spectra were analyzed. Overall, high accuracy in both recognition and prediction based on type, concentration and temperature was achieved by NIRS-based models, and the quantification of quality attributes (pH, viscosity, dry matter content, fat content, conductivity and individual amino acid content) also resulted in high accuracy in the models. R2CV and R2pr values ranging from 0.8 to 0.99 and 0.7 to 0.98, respectively, were obtained by using PLSR models. However, SVR models achieved higher R2CV and R2pr values, ranging from 0.91 to 0.99 and 0.80 to 0.99, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With interest in camel milk growing due to its nutrients and biologically active compounds, research into methods of processing and drying it is crucial. In recent decades, extensive studies have explored its chemical composition and health benefits with a focus on drying techniques and their effects on its properties. This review systematically summarizes the available literature on camel milk drying processes and their effects on its chemical composition with a view to shortening the drying time. To achieve this goal, we meticulously reviewed numerous studies published between 2014 and 2024 to identify optimal drying methods that maximize the preservation of camel milk's nutrient components and bioactive compounds. Our analysis revealed significant findings: freeze drying preserves nutrients better than spray drying, but is less efficient. Spray drying, while faster, tends to compromise some nutritional values. Conclusively, optimizing drying parameters can improve production efficiency and nutrient retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zeolites exhibit significant potential as porous materials for selective carbon dioxide (CO2) capture, leveraging their distinctive adsorption properties. However, the presence of moisture (H2O) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in flue gas streams can significantly affect the efficiency of CO2 capture. This study investigates the CO2 adsorption characteristics of zeolites FAU 5A and LTA 13X, revealing the competitive adsorption mechanism between H2O(g), SO2, and CO2. The zeolites exhibit CO2 adsorption capacities of 93.19 mg/g and 95.80 mg/g for 5A and 13X, respectively, and demonstrate good regeneration potential. Metal cations correlated positively with CO2 adsorption. H2O(g), SO2, and CO2 exhibit a competitive adsorption relationship, with H2O(g) having the highest adsorption capacity, followed by SO2 and CO2. Additionally, the synergistic effect of SO2 and H2O(g) on CO2 adsorption is elucidated. These findings provide valuable insights into the competitive adsorption behavior of moisture and SO2 for CO2 capture using zeolites LTA 5A and FAU 13X, contributing to the development of more efficient CO2 capture processes and the design of tailored adsorbents for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the problem of joint deployment, user association, channel, and resource allocation in unmanned aerial vehicle‐enabled access network. Since different user equipments performing different tasks and have different data rate requirements, the priority‐based traffic fairness problem is investigated. This problem, however, is a mixed integer nonlinear programming problem with NP‐hard complexity, making it challenging to be solved. To address this issue, a self‐organized and distributed framework "sense‐as‐you‐fly" based on the decomposition process, which divides the original problem into several subproblems, is proposed. Assuming without central controller, we derive the closed‐form resource allocation scheme and propose distributed many‐to‐one matching to optimize user association subproblem. Considering the coupled characteristics, the multi‐unmanned aerial vehicle deployment and channel allocation subproblems are modelled as a local altruistic game. The existence of Nash equilibrium is proved with the aid of exact potential game and efficient best response learning‐based algorithm is proposed. The original problem is finally addressed by solving the sub‐problems alternately and iteratively. Simulation results verify its effectiveness. By jointly optimizing multidimensional variables, the proposed algorithm unlocks network performance gains, especially in resource‐limited regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient operation and interaction of autonomous robots play crucial roles in various fields, e.g., security, environmental monitoring, and disaster response. For these purposes, processing large volumes of sensor data and sharing data between robots is essential; however, processing such large data in an on-device environment for robots results in substantial computational resource demands, causing high battery consumption and heat issues. Thus, this study addresses challenges related to processing large volumes of sensor data and the lack of dynamic object information sharing among autonomous robots and other mobility systems. To this end, we propose an Edge-Driving Robotics Platform (EDRP) and a Local Dynamic Map Platform (LDMP) based on 5G mobile edge computing and Kubernetes. The proposed EDRP implements the functions of autonomous robots based on a microservice architecture and offloads these functions to an edge cloud computing environment. The LDMP collects and shares information about dynamic objects based on the ETSI TR 103 324 standard, ensuring cooperation among robots in a cluster and compatibility with various Cooperative-Intelligent Transport System (C-ITS) components. The feasibility of operating a large-scale autonomous robot offloading system was verified in experimental scenarios involving robot autonomy, dynamic object collection, and distribution by integrating real-world robots with an edge computing–based offloading platform. Experimental results confirmed the potential of dynamic object collection and dynamic object information sharing with C-ITS environment components based on LDMP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida auris is an emerging, multidrug-resistant yeast that causes systemic infections, mainly in hospitalized or immunosuppressed patients. This pathogen has a high mortality and morbidity rate. This study aims to evaluate the antifungal potential of micafungin (MICA) encapsulated in a nanoemulsion (NEM) against four clades of C. auris and other non-C. auris species. The antifungal potential of MICA and NEM was evaluated by determining mature biofilm inhibition (0.78–50 µg/mL). The antifungal activities of MICA and NEM (5.92 mg/Kg) were evaluated using an in vivo model of Galleria mellonella. The results showed that NEM intensified the antibiofilm action of MICA, especially in 48 h mature biofilms. In vivo results displayed a higher effectiveness of NEM against all clades of C. auris tested, inhibiting the fungal load in the hemolymph and tissues of G. mellonella with a difference of 3 log10. In addition, C. auris infection caused granulomas surrounded by hemocytes, mainly at the lower and upper ends. Conversely, C. albicans developed pseudohyphae, biofilms, filaments, and chlamydospores. In conclusion, encapsulation of MICA in a nanoemulsion enhances its antifungal activity against mature biofilms of C. auris. This strategy may be considered a therapeutic approach for the control of infections and the dissemination of this new global health threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the association between nurses' perception of caring and attitudes toward caring for dying patients in end-of-life care units. We used a descriptive cross-sectional design with convenience sampling. Data were collected from May to June 2021 through self-reported questionnaires from 303 Spanish nurses (mean age = 48 years, 78.9% female). Participants completed the Caring Dimension Inventory (CDI-25) and the Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying scale. Demographic and training information were collected. Data were analyzed using Stata 16.0. Attitudes toward Care of the Dying Patient were significantly higher in nurses with palliative care training (β = 2.829, p = 0.018) and those who scored higher on the psychosocial (β = 0.789, p = 0.0001) and technical dimensions (β = 0.487, p = 0.011) of the CDI-25. Multivariate analysis identified the psychosocial dimension of the CDI-25 scale (β = 0.783, p = 0.0001) and palliative care training (β = 2.686, p = 0.017) as the only significant variables associated with Attitudes toward Care of the Dying Patient. Overall, nurses exhibited a positive attitude toward caring for dying patients. Our results could potentially help nursing directors identify those with the necessary qualities and training for optimal end-of-life care and to further plan training courses to provide optimal care in end-of-life situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of 6G communication technologies brings both opportunities and challenges for the Internet of Things (IoT) in smart cities. In this paper, we introduce an advanced network slicing framework designed to meet the complex demands of 6G smart cities' IoT deployments. The framework development follows a detailed methodology that encompasses requirement analysis, metric formulation, constraint specification, objective setting, mathematical modeling, configuration optimization, performance evaluation, parameter tuning, and validation of the final design. Our evaluations demonstrate the framework's high efficiency, evidenced by low round-trip time (RTT), minimal packet loss, increased availability, and enhanced throughput. Notably, the framework scales effectively, managing multiple connections simultaneously without compromising resource efficiency. Enhanced security is achieved through robust features such as 256-bit encryption and a high rate of authentication success. The discussion elaborates on these findings, underscoring the framework's impressive performance, scalability, and security capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemicellulose is one of the most important natural polysaccharides in nature. Hemicellulose from different sources varies in chemical composition and structure, which in turn affects the modification effects and industrial applications. Grain and oil by-products (GOBPs) are important raw materials for hemicellulose. This article reviews the modification methods of hemicellulose in GOBPs. The effects of chemical and physical modification methods on the properties of GOBP hemicellulose biomaterials are evaluated. The potential applications of modified GOBP hemicellulose are discussed, including its use in film production, hydrogel formation, three-dimensional (3D) printing materials, and adsorbents for environmental remediation. The limitations and future recommendations are also proposed to provide theoretical foundations and technical support for the efficient utilization of these by-products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abnormal glucose homeostasis is associated with metabolic syndromes including cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity, highlighting the significance of maintaining a balanced glucose level for optimal biological function. This highlights the importance of maintaining normal glucose levels for proper biological functioning. Sulforaphane (SFN), the primary bioactive compound in broccoli from the Cruciferae or Brassicaceae family, has been shown to enhance glucose homeostasis effectively while exhibiting low cytotoxicity. This paper assesses the impact of SFN on glucose homeostasis in vitro, in vivo, and human trials, as well as the molecular mechanisms that drive its regulatory effects. New strategies have been proposed to enhance the bioavailability and targeted delivery of SFN in order to overcome inherent instability. The manuscript also covers the safety evaluations of SFN that have been documented for its production and utilization. Hence, a deeper understanding of the favorable influence and mechanism of SFN on glucose homeostasis, coupled with the fact that SFN is abundant in the human daily diet, may ultimately offer theoretical evidence to support its potential use in the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]