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To assess temporal changes to the risk of death in COVID-19 cases caused by the Omicron variant, we calculated age-standardized case fatality rates (CFR) in patients aged ≥40 years over nine diagnostic periods (3 January to 28 August 2022) in ten Japanese prefectures (14.8 million residents). Among 552,581 study subjects, we found that there were 1836 fatalities during the isolation period (up to 28 days from date of onset). The highest age-standardized CFR (0.85%, 95% confidence interval (CI):0.78–0.92) was observed in cases diagnosed in the second 4-week period (January 31 to February 27), after which it declined significantly up to the 6th 4-week period (0.23%, 95% CI: 0.13–0.33, May 23 to June 19). The CFR then increased again but remained at 0.39% in the eighth period (July 18 to August 28). The CFR in cases with the BA.2 or BA.5 sublineages in the age range 60–80 years was significantly lower than that with BA.1 infections (60 years: 0.19%, 0.02%, 0.053%, respectively; 70 years: 0.91%, 0.33%, 0.39%; ≥80 years: 3.78%, 1.96%, 1.81%, respectively). We conclude that the risk of death in Japanese COVID-19 patients infected with Omicron variants declined through February to mid-June 2022.

To assess the relative transmissibility of the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant compared to the pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 in Japan, we performed a cross-sectional study to determine the secondary attack rate of COVID-19 in household contacts before and after the Alpha variant became dominant in Osaka. We accessed 290 household contacts whose index cases were diagnosed between 1 and 20 December 2020 (the third epidemic group), at a time when Osaka was free of the Alpha variant. We also accessed 398 household contacts whose index cases were diagnosed between 20 April and 3 May 2021 (the fourth epidemic group), by which time the Alpha variant had become dominant. We identified 124 household contacts whose index case was determined positive for the Alpha variant (Alpha group) in this fourth group. The secondary attack rates in the fourth group (34.7%) and the Alpha group (38.7%) were significantly higher than that in the third group (19.3%, p &lt, 0.001). Multivariable Poisson regression analysis with a robust error variance showed a significant excess risk in the fourth group (1.90, 95% CI = 1.47–2.48) and the Alpha group (2.34, 95% CI = 1.71–3.21). This finding indicates that the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant has an approximately 1.9–2.3-fold higher transmissibility than the pre-existing virus in the Japanese population.

We aimed to elucidate the range of the incubation period in patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in comparison with the Alpha variant. Contact tracing data from three Japanese public health centers (total residents, 1.06 million) collected following the guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Control Law were reviewed for 1589 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases diagnosed in January 2022. We identified 77 eligible symptomatic patients for whom the date and setting of transmission were known, in the absence of any other probable routes of transmission. The observed incubation period was 3.03 ± 1.35 days (mean ± SDM). In the log-normal distribution, 5th, 50th and 95th percentile values were 1.3 days (95% CI: 1.0–1.6), 2.8 days (2.5–3.1) and 5.8 days (4.8–7.5), significantly shorter than among the 51 patients with the Alpha variant diagnosed in April and May in 2021 (4.94 days ± 2.19, 2.1 days (1.5–2.7), 4.5 days (4.0–5.1) and 9.6 days (7.4–13.0), p < 0.001). As this incubation period, mainly of sublineage BA.1, is even shorter than that in the Delta variant, it is thought to partially explain the variant replacement occurring in late 2021 to early 2022 in many countries.

小児結核患者数が減少しており, 小児結核対策は集団的・一律的対策よりも個別的・重点的対策に比重を移していくべきである。そこで, 大阪地区では「医療機関・保健所の合同症例検討会」を2003年度より連続4年間実施している。その年度に登録された小児結核患者症例を, 医療機関と保健所が一堂に会して検討することにより, その予防, 治療支援, 患者背景などに関して共通の理解を得, また共同していく基盤を確立し, 実際に小児結核患者の治療支援や発生予防に活かしてきた。4年間で参加者の人数は増加傾向にあり, 医師・保健師・看護師のみならず多職種の参加が見られてきた。全国的に見ると, 小児結核患者の発生は, 都市部に多く見られており, この検討会方式の対策は, 今後全国の都市部における結核対策への拡大が可能であり今後の行政施策に大きく貢献できる可能性がある。

リウマチ性多発筋痛症(PMR)とマクロアミラーゼ血症を合併した1例を報告する.症例は56才の男性.四肢の筋肉痛を主訴に入院.上腕,下肢に強い運動痛と圧痛を認めたが,筋力低下,筋萎縮,神経学的異常所見は無かった.血沈亢進, CRP陽性を呈するも各種自己抗体陰性,筋原性酵素は正常で筋電図所見も異常は無かった. Birdらの診断基準よりPMRと診断,プレドニゾロン少量投与により自覚症状,炎症反応の改善を認めた.一方本例ではマクロアミラーゼ血症の存在が確認された.しかしステロイド療法によってPMRは改善したにも拘らず血清アミラーゼ値の低下は認められなかったことから,両疾患の発症における因果関係は無いものと思われた.