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Discoveries of new species often depend on one or a few specimens, leading to delays as researchers wait for additional context, sometimes for decades. There is currently little professional incentive for a single expert to publish a stand-alone species description. Additionally, while many journals accept taxonomic descriptions, even specialist journals expect insights beyond the descriptive work itself. The combination of these factors exacerbates the issue that only a small fraction of marine species are known and new discoveries are described at a slow pace, while they face increasing threats from accelerating global change. To tackle this challenge, this first compilation of Ocean Species Discoveries (OSD) presents a new collaborative framework to accelerate the description and naming of marine invertebrate taxa that can be extended across all phyla. Through a mode of publication that can be speedy, taxonomy-focused and generate higher citation rates, OSD aims to create an attractive home for single species descriptions. This Senckenberg Ocean Species Alliance (SOSA) approach emphasises thorough, but compact species descriptions and diagnoses, with supporting illustrations and with molecular data when available. Even basic species descriptions carry key data for distributions and ecological interactions (e.g., host-parasite relationships) besides universally valid species names; these are essential for downstream uses, such as conservation assessments and communicating biodiversity to the broader public.This paper presents thirteen marine invertebrate taxa, comprising one new genus, eleven new species and one re-description and reinstatement, covering wide taxonomic, geographic, bathymetric and ecological ranges. The taxa addressed herein span three phyla (Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata), five classes, eight orders and twelve families. Apart from the new genus, an updated generic diagnosis is provided for four other genera. The newly-described species of the phylum Mollusca are Placiphorella methanophila Vončina, sp. nov. (Polyplacophora, Mopaliidae), Lepetodrilus marianae Chen, Watanabe & Tsuda, sp. nov. (Gastropoda, Lepetodrilidae), Shinkailepas gigas Chen, Watanabe & Tsuda, sp. nov. (Gastropoda, Phenacolepadidae) and Lyonsiella illaesa Machado & Sigwart, sp. nov. (Bivalvia, Lyonsiellidae). The new taxa of the phylum Arthropoda are all members of the subphylum Crustacea: Lepechinella naces Lörz & Engel, sp. nov. (Amphipoda, Lepechinellidae), Cuniculomaera grata Tandberg & Jażdżewska, gen. et sp. nov. (Amphipoda, Maeridae), Pseudionella pumulaensis Williams & Landschoff, sp. nov. (Isopoda, Bopyridae), Mastigoniscus minimus Wenz, Knauber & Riehl, sp. nov. (Isopoda, Haploniscidae), Macrostylis papandreas Jonannsen, Riehl & Brandt, sp. nov. (Isopoda, Macrostylidae), Austroniscus indobathyasellus Kaiser, Kniesz & Kihara, sp. nov. (Isopoda, Nannoniscidae) and Apseudopsis daria Esquete & Tato, sp. nov. (Tanaidacea, Apseudidae). In the phylum Echinodermata, the reinstated species is Psychropotes buglossa E. Perrier, 1886 (Holothuroidea, Psychropotidae).The study areas span the North and Central Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the North, East and West Pacific Ocean and depths from 5.2 m to 7081 m. Specimens of eleven free-living and one parasite species were collected from habitats ranging from an estuary to deep-sea trenches. The species were illustrated with photographs, line drawings, micro-computed tomography, confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images. Molecular data are included for nine species and four species include a molecular diagnosis in addition to their morphological diagnosis.The five new geographic and bathymetric distribution records comprise Lepechinella naces Lörz & Engel, sp. nov., Cuniculomaera grata Tandberg & Jażdżewska, sp. nov., Pseudionella pumulaensis Williams & Landschoff, sp. nov., Austroniscus indobathyasellus Kaiser, Kniesz & Kihara, sp. nov. and Psychropotes buglossa E. Perrier, 1886, with the novelty spanning from the species to the family level. The new parasite record is Pseudionella pumulaensis Williams & Landschoff, sp. nov., found in association with the hermit crab Pagurus fraserorum Landschoff & Komai, 2018.

Key message Herein, we present the detection of two cystic lesions via the transesophageal route using endobronchial ultrasound and emphasize the fact that understanding the anatomy may enhance the diagnostic yield.

Abstract A woman in her mid‐60s with recurrent polychondritis was admitted to our hospital due to airway stenosis secondary to an uncovered metallic stent. She underwent a bronchoscopic intervention under general anaesthesia. During the procedure, the stent fracture was cauterized using Argon Plasma Coagulation (APC) cauterisation, performed with argon flow at 1 L/min and power set at 70 W. APC cauterisation caused the stent wire to flex circularly, gradually improving the stenosis. Tracheal dilatation was then performed using an airway balloon. Following the ballooning, a thin bronchoscope was easily passed through the lower trachea, and the left and right main bronchi were observed; therefore, the procedure was completed without any complications. APC coagulation and airway ballooning are viable choices for the temporary treatment of airway stenosis due to broken metallic stents.

Abstract An 86‐year‐old woman with leg edema and dyspnea on exertion was admitted to our hospital. Chest computed tomography (CT) revealed a mass in the anterior mediastinum with pericardial invasion. Histological examination with endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) led to the diagnosis of Masaoka stage IVa type B2 thymoma. For palliation, radiotherapy (32 Gy/16 fractions) and prednisolone (30 mg/day) were administered and tapered. After treatment, both the pericardial effusion and tumour size decreased. Combination therapy with steroids and radiotherapy may be effective for treating thymomas.

Abstract A woman in her mid‐50s was admitted to our hospital with airway stenosis secondary to mediastinal lymph node enlargement. An AERO stent was placed under rigid bronchoscopy. Immediately after stent placement, tissue sampling was performed on the lymph nodes. Metastatic lesions were found to have an EGFR mutation (exon 19 deletion). Consequently, osimertinib treatment was initiated 15 days after stent placement. The tumour partially responded to osimertinib, and the airway stenosis improved. The patient underwent stent removal 66 days after stent placement. Our findings indicate that temporary oncological emergencies due to airway stenosis may be bridged by airway stenting.

Key message In patients presenting with abnormal pulmonary nodules, especially those with a history of asthma, allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis should be considered. Eosinophil counts and IgE levels should be checked in such patients.

How can we improve in-home care for the elderly with medical treatment needs? The purpose of this study is to investigate medical treatment and examine the use of home care services. We analyzed the long-term care insurance service payments data in City A (n=18,882) as of January 2019 and checked 12 medical treatment care needs items. The results showed that 10.1% (1913 of a total of 18,882) of people required medical treatment. The analysis was carried out by using a filter, “living in home” (n=15,320). We focused on urinary catheter and tube feeding. The study subjects are categorized into three groups: group 1 [both tubes (n=61)], group 2 [either tube (n=564)], and group 3 [no tube (n=14,698)]. The home help utilization rate was 27.9% in group 1, 29.9% in group 2, and 20.5% in group 3 (p

Abstract A 75‐year‐old woman with stage IVB (cT3N3M1c) extensive disease small‐cell lung cancer was treated with carboplatin, etoposide, and atezolizumab. Ten days after pegfilgrastim initiation, during the second chemotherapy cycle, she experienced back pain. Contrast‐enhanced computed tomography revealed soft tissue thickening around the descending aorta and brachiocephalic artery. She was diagnosed with atezolizumab and pegfilgrastim‐induced large‐vessel vasculitis (LVV) and was treated with prednisolone, which was tapered and discontinued after 14 weeks, with no symptom recurrence. LVV should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with nonspecific body pain when pegfilgrastim and immune checkpoint inhibitors are used in combination.

A 69-year-old man with refractory lung adenocarcinoma was treated with gemcitabine and vinorelbine. Dyspnea and hypertension developed after the 17th cycle of chemotherapy. Laboratory findings revealed intravascular hemolysis and renal dysfunction. Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) was confirmed by renal biopsy. Antihypertensive and steroid therapies were ineffective. After plasmapheresis, intravascular hemolysis and renal dysfunction gradually improved. However, the disease progressed, and he died 6 months after TMA diagnosis. Autopsy revealed similar pathological findings to those of the renal biopsy. It is important to discontinue gemcitabine at the onset of TMA and consider TMA when using gemcitabine for long periods.

We report the case of a 54-year-old man who was treated with nivolumab for recurrent squamous cell lung cancer. After 7 cycles of nivolumab treatment, the patient presented to our hospital with right eye vision loss. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed enhancement around the optic nerve sheath. This finding and his symptoms led to the diagnosis of optic perineuritis (OPN). Steroid pulse therapy was administered twice although there was no remarkable improvement in his visual field defect. The relationship between OPN and nivolumab is unclear. However, immune-related adverse events caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors should be considered.

This paper describes measurement methods of surface profiles that improve contact-type displacement sensor outputs by focusing on the contact point between the sphere tip of the sensor and the rough surface. We examined the geometry of a surface profile model and compared measurements using various methods with the measurement using a roughness meter. The spherical tip of the contact type displacement sensor touches the measurement surface and detects the displacement. The sphere tip radius of a typical contact-type displacement sensor ranges from 1–3 mm, causing the roughness curve to be “filtered” by the radius of the sphere. Three methods for estimating the valley portion of the surface profile are evaluated in this study: a) linear approximation of the concave portion of the surface profile, b) function approximation of the concave portion, and c) using the known nose radius of the machining tool. The following sphere tip radii were used to measure actual surface profiles: 0.25 mm, 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm. Given the conditions of the experimental model, we found that surface profiles with a roughness that approximates a predictable curve can be measured with a high degree of accuracy.

Abstract An 18‐year‐old man was admitted to our hospital with pneumonia 4 days after he initiated vaping. The patient did not show improvement after ceftriaxone and azithromycin treatment. The cell count of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) revealed 64% eosinophils and 18% lymphocytes. Based on the BALF findings, the patient met the current diagnostic criteria and was diagnosed with vaping‐induced acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP). AEP caused by nicotine‐free vaping is rare in Japan. Thus, in cases of AEP, the patient's history of cigarette smoking as well as vaping should be considered.

Recent advances in technology have enabled an unprecedented development of underwater research, extending from near shore to the deepest regions of the globe. However, monitoring of biodiversity is not fully implemented in political agendas and biological observations in the deep ocean have been even more limited in space and time.The Foresight Workshop on Advances in Ocean Biological Observations: a sustained system for deep-ocean meroplankton was convened to to foster advances in the knowledge on deep-ocean invertebrate larval distributions and improve our understanding of fundamental deep-ocean ecological processes such as connectivity and resilience of benthic communities to natural and human-induced disturbance. This Meroplankton Observations Workshop had two specific goals: 1) review the state-of-the-art instrumentation available for meroplankton observations; 2) develop a strategy to implement technological innovations for in-situ meroplankton observation. Presentations and discussions are summarised in this report covering: i) key challenges and priorities for advancing the knowledge of deep-sea larval diversity and distribution: ii) recent developments in technology and future needs for plankton observation, iii) data integration and oceanographic modelling; iv) synergies and added value of a sustained observation system for meroplankton; v) steps for developing a sustained observation system for deep-ocean meroplankton and plans to maximise collaborative opportunities.

BackgroundNintedanib is a multi-kinase inhibitor approved for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF); however, its efficacy and safety for patients with IPF and restricted pulmonary function remain unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of nintedanib for patients with IPF and forced vital capacity (FVC) ≤ 50%.MethodsThis was a multi-center retrospective study performed by the Okayama Respiratory Disease Study Group. Patients were allocated into FVC ≤ 50% and FVC > 50% groups based on their predicted FVC. The primary endpoints were FVC changes from baseline after 6 and 12 months.Results45 patients were eligible for the study. 18 patients had FVC ≤ 50%, and 27 patients had FVC > 50%. Overall, 31 and 19 patients underwent pulmonary function tests at 6 and 12 months after initiating nintedanib, respectively. FVC changes from baseline at 6 and 12 months after initiating nintedanib were comparable between the two groups. Adverse events were seen in all patients, and the rates of patients who discontinued nintedanib were also comparable (38.9% vs. 37.0%, p = 1.000). Multiple regression analysis showed that age and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/FVC were negatively correlated with changes in FVC at 6 months after initiating nintedanib.ConclusionsOur data suggest that nintedanib can be a useful agent for IPF patients, including those with a low FVC, and that age and FEV1/FVC are predictive markers for changes in FVC following nintedanib treatment.