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Degradation, a reduction of the ecosystem’s capacity to supply goods and services, is widespread in tropical forests and mainly caused by human disturbance. To maintain the full range of forest ecosystem services and support the development of effective conservation policies, we must understand the overall impact of degradation on different forest resources. This research investigates the response to disturbance of forest structure using several indicators: soil carbon content, arboreal richness and biodiversity, functional composition (guild and wood density), and productivity. We drew upon large field and remote sensing datasets from different forest types in Ghana, characterized by varied protection status, to investigate impacts of selective logging, and of illegal land use and resources extraction, which are the main disturbance causes in West Africa. Results indicate that functional composition and the overall number of species are less affected by degradation, while forest structure, soil carbon content and species abundance are seriously impacted, with resources distribution reflecting the protection level of the areas. Remote sensing analysis showed an increase in productivity in the last three decades, with higher resiliency to change in drier forest types, and stronger productivity correlation with solar radiation in the short dry season. The study region is affected by growing anthropogenic pressure on natural resources and by an increased climate variability: possible interactions of disturbance with climate are also discussed, together with the urgency to reduce degradation in order to preserve the full range of ecosystem functions.

Aim: Existing phytogeographical frameworks for tropical Africa lack either spatial completeness, unit definitions smaller than the regional scale or a quantitative approach. We investigate whether physical environmental variables can be used to interpolate floristically defined vegetation units, presenting an interpolated, hierarchical, quantitative phytogeographical framework for tropical Africa, which is compared to previously defined regions. Location: Tropical mainland Africa 24°N to 24°S. Taxon: 31,046 vascular plant species and infraspecific taxa. Methods: We calculate a betasim dissimilarity matrix from a comprehensive whole‐flora database of plant species distributions. We investigate environmental correlates of floristic turnover with local non‐metric multidimensional scaling. We derive a hierarchical biogeographical framework by clustering the dissimilarity matrix. The framework is modelled using a classification decision tree method and 12 physical environmental variables to interpolate and increase the resolution of the framework across the study region. Results: Floristic turnover is related strongly to water availability and temperature, with smaller contributions from land cover, topographic ruggedness and lithology. Region can be predicted with 90% accuracy by the model. We define 19 regions and 99 districts. We find a novel arrangement of the arid regions. Regional subdivision within the savanna biome is supported with minor variation to borders. Within the forests of west and central Africa, our whole‐flora gridded regionalization supports the divisions identified by a previous analysis of trees only. Main conclusions: Physical environmental variables can be used to predict floristically defined vegetation units with very high accuracy, and the approach could be pursued for other incompletely sampled taxa and areas outside of tropical Africa. Geographical coherence is higher than in previous quantitative phytoregional definitions. For most tropical African vascular plant species, we provide predictions of which species will occur within each mapped district and region of tropical Africa. The framework should be useful for future studies in ecology, evolution and conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1 Competition for light is a central issue in ecological questions concerning forest tree differentiation and diversity. Here, using 213 106 individual stem records derived from a national survey in Ghana, West Africa, we examine the relationship between relative crown exposure, ontogeny and phylogeny for 109 canopy species. 2 We use a generalized linear model (GLM) framework to allow interspecific comparisons of crown exposure that control for stem-size. For each species, a multinomial response model is used to describe the probabilities of the relative canopy illumination classes as a function of stem diameter. 3 In general, and for all larger stems, canopy-exposure increases with diameter. Five species have size-related exposure patterns that reveal local minima above 5 cm d.b.h., but only one, Panda oleosa, shows a local maximum at a low diameter. 4 The pattern of species exposures at 10 cm diameter is consistent with two overlapping groups, of which the smaller (21 species, including most pioneers) is generally better exposed. 5 Relative illumination rankings amongst species are significantly maintained over a wide range of stem sizes. Species that are well exposed at small diameters are therefore also more likely to be well exposed at larger diameters, although two species in the most exposed 25% of species at 10 cm d.b.h. drop to the lowest illumination quartile at 40 cm d.b.h., and three demonstrate the opposite (low-to-high) pattern. 6 Species capable of achieving the largest diameters are generally recorded less frequently in shade than are smaller species, even when compared as saplings, suggesting that species achieving large mature sizes are generally shade intolerant when small. Controlling for phylogeny reveals that this relationship holds across independent lineages. 7 We also find evidence that the range of strategies encountered is influenced by disturbance regimes. 8 We interpret our results as indicating a continuum of strategies that reflect an evolutionary trade-off between a species' mature size and its general shade-tolerance, in combination with differentiation based on disturbance based opportunities. Species that appear similar can therefore remain ecologically distinct over their lifetimes.

Degradation, a reduction of the ecosystem's capacity to supply goods and services, is widespread in tropical forests and mainly caused by human disturbance. To maintain the full range of forest ecosystem services and support the development of effective conservation policies, we must understand the overall impact of degradation on different forest resources. This research investigates the response to disturbance of forest structure using several indicators: soil carbon content, arboreal richness and biodiversity, functional composition (guild and wood density), and productivity. We drew upon large field and remote sensing datasets from different forest types in Ghana, characterized by varied protection status, to investigate impacts of selective logging, and of illegal land use and resources extraction, which are the main disturbance causes in West Africa. Results indicate that functional composition and the overall number of species are less affected by degradation, while forest structure, soil carbon content and species abundance are seriously impacted, with resources distribution reflecting the protection level of the areas. Remote sensing analysis showed an increase in productivity in the last three decades, with higher resiliency to change in drier forest types, and stronger productivity correlation with solar radiation in the short dry season. The study region is affected by growing anthropogenic pressure on natural resources and by an increased climate variability: possible interactions of disturbance with climate are also discussed, together with the urgency to reduce degradation in order to preserve the full range of ecosystem functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the life and work of Elizabeth Barstow Stoddard, novelist and writer to the Daily Alta California. Studies that features Elizabeth Barstow Stoddard seldom described her as humorist. She was known as the author of the novel "The Morgesons" in 1862 and having praised by her contemporaries including Nathaniel Hawthorne, William D. Howells who valued her originality. Stoddard began writing for Alta California, the first newspaper in the west that fosters work of several literary figures such as Mark Twain.

The article presents books related to taxonomy. They include the "Systematics As Cyberscience: Computers, Change and Continuity in Science," by Christine Hine, "The New Taxonomy," edited by Quentin D. Wheeler, "Unraveling the Algae: The Past, Present, and Future of Algal Systematics," "Taxonomic Revision of Hennediella Paris (Pottiaceae, Bryophyta)," by Maria J. Cano.

A list of books about floristics, biogeography and synecology is presented including "Forest Trees of Australia," "River and Desert Plants of the Grand Canyon" and "Flowering Plants of Kerala: A Handbook."