Search

Stachytarpheta longipedicellata (Moldenke) P.H.Cardoso comb. and stat. nov. Figs 6D–F, 7C–D, 8C–D, 10 Stachytarpheta chamissonis var. longipedicellata Moldenke, Phytologia 28: 467 (Moldenke 1974), basionym. – Stachytarpheta longispicata subsp. longipedicellata (Moldenke) S.Atkins, Kew Bulletin 60: 230 (Atkins 2005). Stachytarpheta chamissonis var. andersonii Moldenke, Phytologia 28: 467 (Moldenke 1974), basionym. – Stachytarpheta longispicata var. andersonii (Moldenke) S.Atkins, Kew Bulletin 60: 230 (Atkins 2005). – Type. BRAZIL – Goiás • 4 km by road east of São João da Aliança, Serra Geral do Paraná; 24 May 1973; W.R. Anderson et al. 7893; holotype: LL[LL00373686] web!; isotypes: F[F0074448F] web!, NY[NY00138062] web!, U[U0007044] web!. syn. nov. Stachytarpheta chamissonis var. parvifolia Moldenke, Phytologia 45: 39 (Moldenke 1980), basionym. – Stachytarpheta longispicata var. parvifolia (Moldenke) S.Atkins, Kew Bulletin 60: 230 (Atkins 2005). – Type. BRAZIL – Goiás • Alto Paraíso, Chapada dos Veadeiros; 14 Feb. 1979; Gates & Estabrook 176; lectotype: NY[NY00138066] web!, designated by Cardoso et al. (2020); isolectotypes: MICH [MICH1108415] web!, UB web!. syn. nov. Stachytarpheta chamissonis var. longipetiolata Moldenke, Phytologia 52: 414 (Moldenke 1983). – Type. BRAZIL – Goiás • Chapada dos Veadeiros, about 50 km north of Alto Paraíso; 24 Mar. 1971; H.S. Irwin et al. 33117; holotype: NY [NY00138065] web!; isotype: K[K000065450] web!. Material examined Type BRAZIL – Goiás • Chapada dos Veadeiros, 20 km by road north of Alto Paraíso; 6 Mar. 1973; W.R.Anderson et al. 6460; holotype: LL[LL00373687] web!; isotypes: F[F0074449F] web!, K[K000065450] web!, NY [NY00138064] web!. Representative specimens BRAZIL – Goiás • “ Água Fria de Goiás, Estação Repetidora da Telebrasília de Roncador ”; 8 Feb. 1994; G. Hatschbach et al. 60021; MBM • “ Alto Paraíso de Goiás, Córrego Piçarrão ”; 8 Nov. 1991; G. Hatschbach et al. 55932; MBM • “ Alto Paraíso de Goiás ”; 28 Feb. 1982; P.I. Oliveira 377; SPF • “ Alto Paraíso de Goiás ”; 30 May 1994; J.A. Ratter & S. Bridgewater 4271; UFG • “ Alto Paraíso de Goiás, Fazenda Água Fria ”; 15 Mar. 2020; P. H. Cardoso et al. 54; CESJ • “ Alto Paraíso de Goiás, trilha para a Cachoeira Água Fria ”; 15 Mar. 2020; P.H. Cardoso et al. 59; CESJ • “ Alto Paraíso de Goiás, entrada do aeroporto em direção ao Rio dos Couros ”; 16 Mar. 2020; P.H. Cardoso et al. 60; CESJ • “ Alto Paraíso de Goiás, RPPN Cara Preta ”; 16 Mar. 2020; P.H. Cardoso et al. 62; CESJ • “ Chapada dos Veadeiros, ca 6 km E de Alto Paraíso de Goiás ”; 14 Feb. 1979; S.M. Sano & T.S. Filgueiras 47; K, NY, UB • “ Cavalcante, Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros ”; 15 Apr. 2009; G. Martinelli 16467; SPF • “ Macedo, ca 15 km N of Niquelândia ”; 21 Apr. 1988; R.R. Brooks et al. 157; NY • “ Niquelândia, 1 km após a mina da companhia de níquel Tocantins (CNT)”; 12 Apr. 1996; R.C. de Mendonça 2428; NY • “ Niquelândia, Return to ‘ponte alta’ área ”; 5 Feb. 2005; R.D. Reeves 3030; CEN • “ Niquelândia, ca 20 km de Niquelândia, estrada de terra que vai para a mina de níquel ”; 21 Jun. 1995; M.L. Fonseca et al. 375; UFG. Description Clump-forming shrubs 0.5–2 m tall, erect, much-branched, stems cylindrical, when young sericeous, when old puberulent to hirsutulous, xylopodium present. Leaves opposite, patent, not conduplicate, with smaller leaves on the axils, petiolate; petioles 4.76‒24.19 mm long, sericeous; blades 16.78–46.15 × 11.43–40.29 mm, ovate, thickly-chartaceous, slightly discolorous, base cuneate or attenuate, rarely obtuse, decurrent into petiole, apex acute or obtuse, margin entire near the base, crenate-serrate towards the apex, revolute, abaxially not foveolate, sericeous, veins evident, adaxially sericeous. Inflorescences 89.14–702.35 × 16.99–26.83 mm, pendulous at the apex, rachis visible, lanuginose; bracts 4.29–10.49 × 0.6–1.67 mm, light green, triangular or narrowly triangular, apex caudate, abaxially sparsely lanuginose. Flowers pedicellate, pedicel 2.43‒6.91 mm long, lanuginose; calyx tube narrow, slightly widened at the apex, 8.29‒14.22 × 2.73–5.44 mm, light green, externally lanuginose from base to apex, 5-toothed; corolla salmon, tube 13.88‒18.91 mm long, externally with pedicellate glandular trichomes. Fruits 0.32‒0.5 cm long, castaneous, external surface reticulate, with thin and flat commissure, apex rounded with short stylopodium, prominent attachment scar, separating into two cluses, covered by the persistent calyx. Distribution, habitat and phenology Stachytarpheta longipedicellata is endemic to the Cerrado of Goiás State, being mostly found in the northern mesoregion and in the Chapada dos Veadeiros (Fig. 5). Dense, but locally restricted populations are found in these areas, growing in campos rupestres, campos limpos (grasslands), and campos sujos (shrubby grasslands). Found fertile from February to June, and in November. Proposed conservation status Stachytarpheta longipedicellata has an estimated EOO of 11 592.019 km 2 and AOO of 72 km 2. Its populations are abundant, but locally restricted. Although this species occurs within a protected area (Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park), most collection records are from farms, crops, pastures, or mining areas. Several extinction threats are found in the Chapada dos Veadeiros region, such as the tourism increase in recent years, agriculture expansion, cattle ranching, and illegal fires (Barbosa 2008; Silva et al. 2018; Matos et al. 2020). Additionally, populations from Niquelândia are threatened by mining and recent soybean crops (Leite & Steinberger 2015; Moretto 2016). Thus, S. longipedicellata can be regarded as “Endangered” (EN) based on the B2ab(i,ii,iii) criteria and subcriteria (IUCN 2022) due to its AOO Stachytarpheta longispicata var. longipedicellata from Chapada dos Veadeiros as a shrub up to 2 m tall, ramified, with leaf-blades ovate, 25‒55 × 10‒25 mm, base attenuated, inflorescence up to 170 mm long, bracts linear up to 7 mm long, calyx up to 12 mm long, densely covered with uniseriate hairs pointing in all directions, and corolla salmon pink. This author states that this variety is similar to S. longispicata var. andersonii, only differing in the salmon pink corolla (vs red orange corolla in S. longispicata var. andersonii). This latter was described for the São João da Aliança municipality, less than 70 km from the Chapada dos Veadeiros, within the same geomorphological unit (Martins-Ferreira & Campos 2017). On the other hand, according to Atkins (2005), S. longispicata var. longipedicellata and S. longispicata var. andersonii were distinguished from the S. longispicata subsp. longispicata by the ovate leaves and shorter inflorescences (vs leaves fan-shaped and longer inflorescences in S. longispicata subsp. longispicata). The morphological characters used by Atkins (2005) to distinguish Stachytarpheta longispicata var. longipedicellata from S. longispicata var. andersonii seem to be based solely on specimens’ label annotations, which described the salmon colouration differently.Although the corolla colour distinguishes some species groups within Stachytarpheta (e.g., groups with black, bright red, or blue corolla), no taxon is solely distinguished based on this character (Atkins 2005; Cardoso & Salimena 2020). In this case, corolla colour is a weak character since it heavily relies on the collector’s point of view, and it is not always included in the specimens labels. Stachytarpheta chamissonis var. longipetiolata was treated as a synonym of S. longispicata var. longipedicellata by Atkins (2005), while S. longispicata var. parvifolia was characterised as shrubs up to 50 cm tall, ramified, leaf-blades ovate, 15‒30 × 9‒14 mm, bracts narrowly-triangular up to 5 mm long, calyx up to 10 mm long, densely hairy, with hairs pointing to all directions, and corolla red (Atkins 2005). In the PCA and DA (Figs 2–3), the type specimen of Stachytarpheta longispicata var. parvifolia represents a variation extreme in its grouping. This can be explained by the specimen consisting of an immature branch with short leaves and inflorescences, plus not fully developed flowers. Stachytarpheta chamissonis var. longipetiolata is supported as a synonym of S. longispicata var. longipedicellata in our analyses by its type specimen being grouped with the populations collected in Chapada dos Veadeiros, with long pedicels and petioles. The same is observed regarding the placement of the type specimen of S. longispicata subsp. andersonii. It was characterised by its “distinctly pedicellate flowers”, while S. longispicata var. longipedicellata was similarly characterised by its “long-pedicellate flowers” (Moldenke 1974). This equal characterisation of both taxa was an early indication of weak taxonomic boundaries. Thus, based on the morphometric results, it is possible to recognise all accepted varieties of S. longispicata that have sympatric distributions as a single taxonomic entity. In its current circumscription, Stachytarpheta longispicata var. longipedicellata is elevated to the species level and two new synonyms are proposed (S. longipicata var. andersonii and S. longispicata var. parvifolia). The name Stachytarpheta longipedicellata was chosen to represent this species, with the specific epithet referring to its main diagnostic feature (longer length of the pedicels). Stachytarpheta longipedicellata is distinguished from the remaining taxa of this complex mainly by its flowers with pedicels equal to or longer than 2.43 mm, rachis, calyx, and pedicel lanuginose, with the hairs conferring a whitish aspect to the inflorescences. Regarding the observed variations on the analysed specimens, contrasting with Atkins (2005) circumscription, this species is a clump-forming shrub, 0.8–2 m tall, with leaf-blades 16.78–46.15 × 11.43–40.29 mm, inflorescences 89.14–702.35 mm long, bracts 4.29–10.49 mm long, calyx 8.29‒14.22 mm long, and corolla 13.88‒18.91 mm long. According to Atkins (2005), the leaves can be up to 55 mm long, but this measurement would also encompass the petiole, and in this study the petioles and leaf-blades were separately measured. Inflorescence length in the three varieties demonstrated by Atkins (2005) varied from 70 to 170 mm. However, we verified that inflorescences might be up to 700 mm long, being the longest ones from this species complex. When inflorescences are shorter than 90 mm, the specimens most likely represent young individuals. Furthermore, we observed that some specimens from Niquelândia have a more sparse indumentum on the leaves and inflorescences., Published as part of Cardoso, Pedro Henrique, Neto, Luiz Menini, Somavilla, Nádia Silvia & Trovó, Marcelo, 2022, A morphometric approach and recircumscription of the Stachytarpheta longispicata complex (Verbenaceae), pp. 12-45 in European Journal of Taxonomy 833 on pages 30-33, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.833.1881, http://zenodo.org/record/6949934, {"references":["Moldenke H. N. 1974. Notes on new and noteworthy plants LXVII. Phytologia 28: 192 - 295.","Atkins S. 2005. The genus Stachytarpheta (Verbenaceae) in Brazil. Kew Bulletin 60: 161 - 272. Available from https: // www. jstor. org / stable / i 381322 [accessed 23 Jun. 2022].","Moldenke H. N. 1980. Notes on new and noteworthy plants CXXXIII. Phytologia 45: 36 - 40.","Moldenke H. N. 1983. Notes on new and noteworthy plants CLXIV. Phytologia 52: 414 - 415.","Barbosa A. G. 2008. As Estrategias de conservacao da biodiversidade na Chapada dos Veadeiros: Conflitos e Oportunidades. PhD Thesis, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia.","Silva M. S., Gurgel H., Laques A., Silveira B. D. & Siqueira R. V. 2018. 30 anos de dinamica espacotemporal (1984 - 2015) da regiao de influencia do Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros Goias. Revista francobrasilera de Geografia, Confins: 35. https: // doi. org / 10.4000 / confins. 14851","Matos R. M. P., Aguiar L. L. L. & de Aquino-Martins P. T. 2020 Ocorrencia de fogo no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goias, Brasil: historico recente no contexto da sua ampliacao. GeoTextos 16: 151 - 171. https: // doi. org / 10.9771 / geo. v 16 i 2.38041","Leite U. B. & Steinberger M. 2015. A nova regiao mineradora de Goias: uma proposta de delimitacao. Boletim Goiano de Geografia 35: 305 - 320. https: // doi. org / 10.5216 / bgg. v 35 i 2.37433","Moretto S. P. 2016. Na fronteira do Cerrado: as transformacoes ambientais no norte de Goias. Revista Expedicoes: Teoria da Historia e Historiografia 7: 119 - 130.","IUCN. 2022. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 15. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from https: // www. iucnredlist. org / resources / redlistguidelines [accessed 1 Jul. 2022].","Martins-Ferreira M. A. C. & Campos J. E. G. 2017. Compartimentacao geomorfologica como suporte para estudos de evolucao geotectonica: aplicacao na regiao da Chapada dos Veadeiros, GO. Revista Brasileira de Geomorfologia 18: 501 - 519. https: // doi. org / 10.20502 / rbg. v 18 i 3.1119","Cardoso P. H. & Salimena F. R. G. 2020. Stachytarpheta. In: Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from http: // floradobrasil. jbrj. gov. br / reflora / floradobrasil / FB 15189 [accessed 19 Nov. 2021]."]}

Stachytarpheta ratteri (S.Atkins) P.H.Cardoso comb. and stat. nov. Figs 6M–O, 7I–J, 8I–J, 13 Stachytarpheta longispicata subsp. ratteri S.Atkins, Kew Bulletin 60: 231 (Atkins 2005), basionym. Material examined Type BRAZIL – Distrito Federal • Fazenda Água Limpa near Vargem Bonita; 15 Mar. 1976; J.A. Ratter & S.F. da Fonseca 2775; holotype: K [K000065168] web!; isotypes: NY [NY00956498] web!, UB web!, UEC n.v. Representative specimens BRAZIL – Distrito Federal • “ Brasília área do Zoobotânico ”; 10 Jan. 1967; A.P. Duarte 10163; RB • “ Brasília, between University of Brasília and Lago Paranoá ”; 11 Apr. 1968; D. Philcox & E. Onishi 4767; K, UB • “ Brasília, Chapada Contagem ”; 5 Feb. 1987; J.R. Pirani et al. 1650; K, SPF • “ Brasília, estrada da Península perto do Clube do Congresso ”; 29 May 1965; D. Sucre 25; RB • “ Brasília, campus da Universidade ”; 29 Sep. 1975; F.H. F. Oldenburger 1627; SPF • “ Brasília, Fazenda Sucupira ”; 6 May 1999; J.G. Faria 107; CEN • “ Brasília, Fazenda Sucupira ”; 18 Apr. 2007; G.D. Vale 457; RB • “ Brasília, Fazenda Sucupira ”; 13 Jan. 1998; A.B. Sampaio et al. 153; CESJ • “ Brasília, Jardim Botânico de Brasília ”; 13 Mar. 2020; P.H. Cardoso et al. 51; CESJ • “ Brasília, Brasília, Parque Ecológico Burle Marx ”; 7 Mar. 2021; B. Schindler & M. Figueira 56; CEN, CESJ • “ Brasília, Jardim Botânico ”; 10 Nov. 2009; W. Alkimim & J.B.A. Bringel 86; UB • “ Brasília, Parque Boca da Mata ”; 14 Jul. 1995; J.M. de Rezende 4; CESJ • “ Brasília, Parque Nacional ”; 22 Jan. 1978; A. Krapovickas et al. 33180; K • “ Brasília, Parque Nacional de Brasília ”; 14 Dec. 1990; P.C.M. Ramos 482; UB • “ Brasília, Parque Nacional de Brasília ”; 4 Nov. 1992; M. Barros et al. 2220; HUEFS, K • “ Brasília, Reserva do CPAC ”; 31 Jan. 2009; D.M. Ramos 1; CEN • “ Brasília, Reserva Ecológica do IBGE ”; 29 Mar. 2014; V.C. Souza et al. 38219.0; ESA • “ Brasília, Reserva Ecológica do IBGE ”; 24 Mar. 2016; V.C. Souza et al. 40214; RB • “ Brasília, Planaltina, CPAC – Embrapa ”; 5 May 1980; J.A. da Silva 116; CEN • “ Brasília, Reserva Biológica de Contagem ”; 5 Mar. 2012; M.R.V. Zanatta 1230; RB • “ Brasília, rodovia Brasília-Sobradinho ”; 1 Apr. 1992; R.F. Vieira 1223; CEN • “ Brasília, Rodovia Sobradinho/DF ”; 15 Aug. 1999; G. Pereira-Silva 4234; CEN • “ Brasília, Saia Velha ”; 21 Feb. 2003; F. França et al. 4600; HUEFS. – Goiás • “ Cocalzinho de Goiás ”; 20 May 2006; L.B. Bosquetti 305; ESA • “ Cocalzinho de Goiás, Serra dos Pireneus ”; 24 Nov. 2007; P.G. Delprete 10414; NY • “ Corumbá de Goiás, estrada velha da cidade eclética para Anápolis ”; 31 Nov. 1990; R.F. Vieira 625; CEN • “ Luziânia, estrada Brasília-Luziânia ”; 20 Jul. 1990; E. de Melo 314; CEN • “ Pirenópolis, Fazenda Lavras do Abade ”; 8 Dec; 2018; G.M. Antar 2532; CEN • “ Pirenópolis, Serra dos Pireneus ”; 15 Jan. 1972; H.S. Irwin et al. 34156; NY • “ Pirenópolis, Parque Estadual da Serra dos Pireneus ”; 24 Feb. 2009; F. Almeda et al. 9520; UEC • “ Planaltina ”; 21 Apr. 2007; H.D. Ferreira 4589; UFG • “ Planaltina, Rod. Go-118 ”; 12 Jun. 1993; G. Hatschbach et al. 59296; MBM. Description Clump-forming shrubs 0.5–2 m tall, erect, much-branched or unbranched, stems cylindrical, pubescenttomentose, xylopodium present. Leaves opposite, patent, often conduplicate, sometimes with smaller leaves on the axils, petiolate; petiole 1.98‒11.35 mm long, woolly; blade 19.32–45.67 × 24.96–48.52 mm, fan-shaped or obovate, coriaceous, slightly discolorous, base truncate, rarely cuneate, decurrent into petiole, apex obtuse to rounded, sometimes emarginate, margin entire near the base, crenate-serrate towards the apex, lightly revolute, abaxially foveolate, tomentulose, veins evident forming a reticulate network, adaxially strigose with abundant small brown nectaries. Inflorescences 218.9–601.04 × 19.97– 28.44 mm, pendulous at the apex, rachis visible, pubescent-tomentose or lanate; bracts 6.13–9.51 × 1.11– 1.77 mm, light green, triangular or narrowly triangular, apex acuminate or caudate, abaxially sericeous. Flowers pedicellate, pedicel 1.03–2.27 mm long, sericeous; calyx tube widened at the apex, 11.72‒17.59 × 4.49–7.13 mm, light green, externally sericeous at base, becoming strigose at apex, 5-toothed; corolla salmon, tube 14.06‒22.02 mm long, externally with pedicellate glandular trichomes. Fruits 0.42‒0.5 cm long, castaneous, external surface reticulate, with thin and flat commissure, apex rounded with short stylopodium, prominent attachment scar, separating into two cluses, covered by the persistent calyx. Distribution, habitat and phenology Stachytarpheta ratteri is endemic to the Cerrado domain in the states of Goiás and Distrito Federal (Fig. 5), growing in campos rupestres, campos sujos (shrubby grasslands), campos limpos (grasslands), and disturbed areas. Its populations are generally large-sized, but fragmented. Found fertile throughout the year, except in October. Proposed conservation status Stachytarpheta ratteri has an estimated EOO of 7 537.960 km 2 and AOO of 224 km 2. Its populations are generally large-sized, but fragmented. The species is recorded for several regions in Distrito Federal and some municipalities of Goiás, west of Brasília, including protected areas (Parque Estadual da Serra dos Pireneus and Parque Nacional de Brasília). In the state of Goiás, the increased frequency of illegal fires for agricultural purposes, mining activities, unorderly touristic activities, and invasive species represent the greatest threats for S. ratteri (Salmona et al. 2014; Santos 2018; Castro 2019). In Brasília, the constant urban expansion (Anjos 2015) is the most important threat to this species. Therefore, S. ratteri should be considered “Endangered” (EN), based on the B2ab(i,ii,iii) criteria (IUCN 2022), due to its AOO Stachytarpheta longispicata subsp. ratteri as a clump-forming shrub up to 2 m tall, with a xylopodium, unbranched, petiolate leaves, blades 30–50 × 25–40 mm, inflorescences up to 730 mm long, rachis not visible at apex, linear bracts ca 7 mm long, calyx ca 16 mm long, corolla orange to rusty, and tube ca 20 mm long. According to Atkins (2005), it represents the taxon most commonly associated with the name S. longispicata, with large leaves, long inflorescences, and restricted to Distrito Federal. When comparing our present circumscription with the one proposed by Atkins (2005), it is possible to observe differences in the size of the leaves and length of the inflorescences, bracts, calyx, and corolla. Once again, these inconsistencies about the size of the leaves are caused by the petiole and leaf-blade lengths being combined by Atkins (2005), while we present them separately. The author also described the inflorescences as being up to 730 mm long and the rachis not visible at the apex. However, during the analysis of the specimens cited by Atkins (2005), we observed that the inflorescences reach only up to 600 mm in length and that despite the flowers being more congested at the inflorescence apex (compared with S. longispicata), the rachis is always visible. Based on our morphometric analysis as well as qualitative characters, and geographic distribution, Stachytarpheta longispicata subsp. ratteri is elevated to the species rank. Therefore, S. ratteri can be differentiated from the remaining species of Stachytarpheta with pedicellate flowers by its leaf-blades large (19.32–45.67 × 24.96–48.52), coriaceous, with base frequently truncate, rarely cuneate, abundant small brown nectaries adaxially, sericeous pedicels, and calyx externally sericeous at base, becoming strigose towards the apex. Its distribution is expanded to the state of Goiás (Atkins 2005; Cardoso & Salimena 2020)., Published as part of Cardoso, Pedro Henrique, Neto, Luiz Menini, Somavilla, Nádia Silvia & Trovó, Marcelo, 2022, A morphometric approach and recircumscription of the Stachytarpheta longispicata complex (Verbenaceae), pp. 12-45 in European Journal of Taxonomy 833 on pages 38-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.833.1881, http://zenodo.org/record/6949934, {"references":["Atkins S. 2005. The genus Stachytarpheta (Verbenaceae) in Brazil. Kew Bulletin 60: 161 - 272. Available from https: // www. jstor. org / stable / i 381322 [accessed 23 Jun. 2022].","Salmona Y. B., Ribeiro F. F. & Matricardi E. A. T. 2014. Parques \" no papel \" conservam? O caso do Parque dos Pireneus em Goias. Boletim Goiano de Geografia 34: 295 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.5216 / bgg. v 34 i 2.31740","Santos C. E. D. 2018. O Plano de Manejo das Areas protegidas do Cerrado e uma Ferramenta efetiva para conter a Perda de Habitat? PhD thesis, Instituto Federal de Educacao, Ciencia e Tecnologia Goiano - Rio Verde, Goias.","Castro J. D. B., Barros T. F. S., Silva M. R. & Santos M. G. 2019. Unidades de Conservacao, atributos ecologicos e suas implicacoes: o caso do Parque Estadual dos Pireneus e da APA dos Pireneus - GO. Sustentabilidade em Debate 10: 63 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.18472 / SustDeb. v 10 n 3.2019.24330","Anjos R. S. A., Vilela R. O., Bolzon A. C. & Oliveira J. 2015. Monitoring of urban growth in Brasilia. Revista Eletronica: Tempo - Tecnica - Territorio 6: 25 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.26512 / ciga. v 6 i 2.21941","IUCN. 2022. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 15. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from https: // www. iucnredlist. org / resources / redlistguidelines [accessed 1 Jul. 2022].","Cardoso P. H. & Salimena F. R. G. 2020. Stachytarpheta. In: Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from http: // floradobrasil. jbrj. gov. br / reflora / floradobrasil / FB 15189 [accessed 19 Nov. 2021]."]}

Stachytarpheta minasensis (S.Atkins) P.H.Cardoso comb. and stat. nov. Figs 6J–L, 7G–H, 8G–H, 12 Stachytarpheta longispicata subsp. minasensis S.Atkins, Kew Bulletin 60: 231 (Atkins 2005), basionym. Material examined Type BRAZIL – Minas Gerais • Serra do Cabral, Joaquim Felício; 15 Apr. 1996; G. Hatschbach et al. 64789; lectotype: MBM [MBM409619] web!, designated here; isolectotypes: CTES[CTES0013844] web!, K[K000065239] web!, K[K000065396] web!, MBM [MBM193011] web!. Representative specimens BRAZIL – Minas Gerais • “ Joaquim Felício, Parque Estadual da Serra do Cabral ”; 14 Sep. 2019; F.R.G. Salimena & P.H. Nobre 4051; CESJ • “ Serra do Cabral, 85 km N de Corinto ”; 13 May 1977; P.E. Gibbs et al. 5059; MBM, UEC • “ Serra do Cabral, Joaquim Felício ”; 15 May 2001; G. Hatschbach et al. 72033; MBM, RB. Description Shrubs 0.35–1 m tall, erect, much-branched, stems cylindrical when young, lanate, puberulent when old, xylopodium present. Leaves opposite, patent, flat, sometimes with smaller leaves on the axils, deciduous in maturity, petiolate; petiole 1.93‒4.79 mm long, lanate; blade 8.19–15.88 × 6.32–14.35 cm, ovate or fan-shaped, thickly-chartaceous, slightly discolorous, base attenuate, apex obtuse or rounded, margin entire near the base, serrate towards the apex, revolute, abaxially not foveolate, lanate, veins prominent, adaxially sericeous. Inflorescences 27.04–237(–354.53) × 18.39–23.5 mm, pendulous or not at the apex, rachis visible, lanate; bracts 3.23–6.97 × 0.83–1.59 mm, light green, triangular, apex acuminate or caudate, abaxially sparsely lanate. Flowers pedicellate, pedicel 1.15–2.39 mm long, lanate; calyx tube widened at the apex, 8.21‒14.55 × 3.2–5.29 mm, light green, lanate at base and along nerves, becoming strigose at apex, briefly 5-toothed; corolla salmon, tube 13.36‒16.35 mm long, externally with pedicellate glandular trichomes. Fruits 3.8‒5 mm long, castaneous, external surface reticulate, with thin and flat commissure, apex rounded with short stylopodium, prominent attachment scar, separating into two cluses, covered by the persistent calyx. Distribution, habitat and phenology Stachytarpheta minasensis is endemic to the Cerrado domain in the Serra do Cabral region, state of Minas Gerais (Fig. 5). It forms large-sized but restricted populations in campos rupestres. Found fertile in April, May and September. Proposed conservation status Stachytarpheta minasensis is known from only two localities in Serra do Cabral, in the municipality of Joaquim Felício, with an AOO smaller than 10 km 2. Despite being found inside a protected area (Parque Estadual da Serra do Cabral), it is threatened by the continuous decline in habitat quality, especially due to livestock stomping and illegal fires, which prevail due to lack of inspection, warning and clarification (IEF 2013). Therefore, S. minasensis should be considered “Critically Endangered” (CR), based on the B2ab(i,ii,iii) criteria of IUCN (2022) due to its restricted AOO, fragmented distributions, number of known populations, and continuous decline in habitat quality. Notes Atkins (2005) indicated that the holotype of Stachytarpheta longispicata subsp. minasensis (Hatschbach et al. 64789) was housed at MBM. However, there are two different specimens of Hatschbach et al. 64789 at MBM; in this framework it is not possible to ascertain which one is explicitly the holotype referred to by Atkins (2005) since she did not provide a clear indication of it. Therefore, we designate as the lectotype the specimen in which the inflorescences are complete and still present corollas. Atkins (2005) characterised Stachytarpheta longispicata subsp. minasensis as a shrub 35 cm tall, with a xylopodium, branched, spathulate or ovate leaves, blades 5–20 × 3–10 mm, inflorescences 40–70 mm long, linear bracts up to 4 mm long, and calyx up to 10 mm long with uniseriate mostly patent hairs. According to Atkins (2005), this taxon has a micro-endemic distribution, being recognised by its very small leaves. When comparing the circumscription proposed by Atkins (2005), it is possible to observe differences regarding plant stature, size of the leaf-blades, and the length of the inflorescences, bracts, calyx and corolla. Regarding the size of the leaves, Atkins (2005) provides greater measurement ranges for length. However, these measurements are most likely associated with the smaller leaves on the axil of larger leaves (for which we only recorded their presence or absence), as well as the combined values for petiole and leaf-blade length (instead of being presented separately). Atkins (2005) described the leaves as spathulate to ovate. Nonetheless, the author sometimes applied the term spathulate to describe leaves that are considered fan-shaped (P.H. Cardoso pers. obs.). Based on our morphometric analysis, as well as qualitative characters and geographic distribution, Stachytarpheta longispicata subsp. minasensis is elevated to the species rank. Therefore, S. minasensis differs from the remaining species of Stachytarpheta with pedicellate flowers due to its diminutive leaves (8.19–15.88 × 6.32–14.35 cm), ovate or fan-shaped, with attenuate base and conspicuously serrate margin., Published as part of Cardoso, Pedro Henrique, Neto, Luiz Menini, Somavilla, Nádia Silvia & Trovó, Marcelo, 2022, A morphometric approach and recircumscription of the Stachytarpheta longispicata complex (Verbenaceae), pp. 12-45 in European Journal of Taxonomy 833 on pages 36-38, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.833.1881, http://zenodo.org/record/6949934, {"references":["Atkins S. 2005. The genus Stachytarpheta (Verbenaceae) in Brazil. Kew Bulletin 60: 161 - 272. Available from https: // www. jstor. org / stable / i 381322 [accessed 23 Jun. 2022].","IUCN. 2022. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 15. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from https: // www. iucnredlist. org / resources / redlistguidelines [accessed 1 Jul. 2022]."]}

Stachytarpheta brevibracteata (Moldenke) P.H.Cardoso comb. and stat. nov. Figs 6A–C, 7A–B, 8A–B, 9 Stachytarpheta chamissonis var. brevibracteata Moldenke, Phytologia 45: 38 (Moldenke 1980), basionym. – Stachytarpheta longispicata subsp. brevibracteata (Moldenke) S.Atkins, Kew Bulletin 60: 231 (Atkins 2005). Material examined Type BRAZIL – Minas Gerais • Morro das Pedras, 25 km NE of Patrocínio; 28 Jan. 1970; H.S. Irwin et al. 25457; lectotype: NY [NY00138063] web!, designated by Cardoso et al. (2020); isolectotypes: MO[MO1254482] web!, UB web!. Representative specimens BRAZIL – Minas Gerais • “ Bambuí, entre Bambuí e Patos de Minas ”; 11 Feb. 2012; J.F.B. Pastore et al. 4027; HUEFS • “ Delfinópolis ”; 7 Sep. 1998; V.C. Souza et al. 21233; ESA • “ Delfinópolis, estrada para casa branca ”; 10 Apr. 2002; R. Romero et al. 6255; RB • “ Delfinópolis, Fazenda Água da Serra ”; 10 Mar. 2003; R.A. Pacheco 483; HUFU • “ Delfinópolis, Condomínio de Pedra ”; 17 May 2003; R.L. Volpi 675; HUFU • “ Furnas ”; 16 Nov. 1977; N.D. da Cruz et al. 6212; MBM • “ São Roque de Minas ”; 21 Mar. 1998; P.T. Sano et al. 963; SPF • “ São Roque de Minas, Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra (PNSC), estrada para a Serra das Sete Voltas ”; 19 Mar. 1995; R. Romero et al. 2026; CESJ, HUFU • “PNSC, estrada São Roque para Sacramento a 2 km da portaria Sacramento ”; 14 Apr. 2017; F.R.G. Salimena & P.H. Nobre 3989; CESJ • “PNSC, estrada São Roque – Sacramento km 60 ”; 22 Feb. 1997; J.N. Nakajima et al. 2265; CESJ, HUFU • “PNSC, Guarita de Sacramento ”; 29 Jun. 1994; R. Romero & J.N. Nakajima 1086; CESJ, HUFU • “PNSC, Guarita de Sacramento ”; 17 Oct. 1997; J.N. Nakajima et al. 2883; CESJ, HUFU • “PNSC, Guarita de Sacramento ”; 14 Jul. 1995; J.N. Nakajima et al. 1180; CESJ, HUFU • “PNSC, guarita de Sacramento ”; 11 Jan. 1998; R. Romero et al. 4991; CESJ, HUFU • “PNSC, Sacramento, próximo do Morro da Guarita 1 ”; 23 Feb. 1994; J.N. Nakajima & R. Romero 180; CESJ, HUFU • “PNSC, 3 km da Guarita de Sacramento ”; 19 Aug. 1997; R. Romero et al. 4418; CESJ, HUFU • “PNSC, 5 km da Guarita de Sacramento ”; 19 Mar. 1995; R. Romero et al. 2035; CESJ, HUFU • “PNSC, próximo a nascente do Rio das Velhas ”; 22 Nov. 1996; R. Romero & J.N. Nakajima 3818; CESJ, HUFU • “PNSC, próximo à Guarita de Sacramento ”; 6 May 2021; P.H. Cardoso & W.P. Leite 65; CESJ • “PNSC, próximo à Guarita de Sacramento ”; 6 May 2021; P.H. Cardoso & W.P. Leite 66; CESJ. – São Paulo • “ Pedregulho ”; 24 May 2003; D. Sasaki 534; SPF. Description Shrubs 0.8–2 m tall, erect, much-branched, stems cylindrical, tomentose, xylopodium present. Leaves opposite, patent to suberect, not conduplicate, sometimes with smaller leaves on the axils, deciduous at maturity, petiolate; petioles 3.57‒9.2 mm long, tomentose; blades 17.1–36.73 × 12.21–27.31 mm, ovate or subrotund, thickly-chartaceous, slightly discolorous, base cuneate or attenuate, decurrent into petiole, apex acute, obtuse or rounded, margin entire near the base, crenate-serrate towards the apex, revolute, abaxially not foveolate, tomentose, veins evident, adaxially strigillose. Inflorescences 64.22– 200.61 × 14.52–19.89 mm, pendulous or not at the apex, rachis visible, tomentose; bracts 3.31–5.13 × 0.68–1.07 mm, light green, linear-triangular, apex acute or acuminate, abaxially tomentose. Flowers pedicellate, pedicel 1.21–2.23 cm long, tomentose; calyx tube narrow throughout, not widened at the apex, 9.01‒13.03 × 1.98–2.9 mm, light green, externally tomentose from base to apex, 5-toothed; corolla dark red, tube 13.43‒21.31 mm long, externally with pedicellate glandular trichomes. Fruits 0.41‒0.58 mm long, castaneous, external surface reticulate, with thin and flat commissure, apex rounded with short stylopodium, prominent attachment scar, separating into two cluses, covered by the persistent calyx. Distribution, habitat and phenology Stachytarpheta brevibracteata is endemic to the Cerrado of the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo (Fig. 5). It is found growing in campos rupestres, campos limpos (grasslands), and campos sujos (shrubby grasslands), forming dense but fragmented populations. Found fertile throughout the year, except in December. Proposed conservation status Stachytarpheta brevibracteata has an EOO of 7 507.461 km 2 and an AOO of 32 km 2. Despite occurring inside a protected area, the Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, its distribution is mostly restricted to roadsides. It is subjected to the increase of unorderly tourist activity, the suppression of native vegetation by invasive species, and mostly by illegal fires (IBAMA 2005). Therefore, S. brevibracteata should be considered “Endangered” (EN), based on criteria B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv) (IUCN 2022), due to its AOO S. longispicata subsp. brevibracteata as subshrubs up to 1 m tall, branched, leaves ovate or subrotund, blades 12–25 × 5–12 mm, base attenuate, inflorescence 70–80 mm long, bracts linear and up to 3 mm long, calyx up to 12 mm long, covered by short hairs, and corolla dark red. The subspecies was established based solely on the type specimen and characterised by its short leaves and inflorescences (Atkins 2005). When comparing our current circumscription with the one proposed by Atkins (2005), it is possible to observe differences regarding plant stature, leaf-blade size, and length of the inflorescence, bract, calyx and corolla. Atkins (2005) provides smaller measurements for leaves’ length and width. However, this is most likely associated with smaller axillary leaves, which are only analysed as qualitative characters in the present study. Based on our morphometric analysis, plus qualitative data and distribution, Stachytarpheta longispicata subsp. brevibracteata is recognised by us at the species rank. Therefore, S. brevibracteata differs from the remaining species of Stachytarpheta with pedicellate flowers due to its branches, abaxial surface of the leaves, rachis, bracts and calyx tomentose, adaxial surface of the leaves strigillose, and narrow calyx (not enlarged towards the apex, equal or narrower than 2.9 mm width)., Published as part of Cardoso, Pedro Henrique, Neto, Luiz Menini, Somavilla, Nádia Silvia & Trovó, Marcelo, 2022, A morphometric approach and recircumscription of the Stachytarpheta longispicata complex (Verbenaceae), pp. 12-45 in European Journal of Taxonomy 833 on pages 25-30, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.833.1881, http://zenodo.org/record/6949934, {"references":["Moldenke H. N. 1980. Notes on new and noteworthy plants CXXXIII. Phytologia 45: 36 - 40.","Atkins S. 2005. The genus Stachytarpheta (Verbenaceae) in Brazil. Kew Bulletin 60: 161 - 272. Available from https: // www. jstor. org / stable / i 381322 [accessed 23 Jun. 2022].","IBAMA - Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renovaveis. 2005. Plano de Manejo do Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra. MMA / IBAMA.","IUCN. 2022. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 15. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from https: // www. iucnredlist. org / resources / redlistguidelines [accessed 1 Jul. 2022]."]}

Stachytarpheta salimenae P.H.Cardoso & Menini sp. nov. (Fig. 4A–I, Fig. 5A–D). Type:— BRAZIL. Goiás, Mambaí, 7 June 2012, R. J. V . Alves 9035 (holotype CESJ 62878!; isotype R 227273!). Diagnosis:— The new species is similar to Stachytarpheta sericea S. Atkins (1991: 281), but differs by the ovate, broadly ovate to subrotund leaf blade (vs. elliptic to broadly elliptic leaf blade), obtuse to rounded apex (vs. acute to obtuse, and apiculate apex), cuneate base (vs. truncate base), margin entire near the base and coarsely serrate towards the apex (vs. margin entire up to the middle third and slightly serrate towards the apex), and ovate bracts (vs. narrowly triangular bracts). Shrubs 0.4–1.5 m tall, profusely branched, branches erect, woody, smooth, rounded to subtetragonous, densely sericeous, silvery hairs giving a silvery-green appearance when dry. Leaves spreading to suberect, opposite, slightly dicolorous, subsessile to petiolate, petiole to 0.6 cm long; leaf blade 1.8–5.7 × 1.6– 1.1 cm, smaller leaves in the same axil rarely present, ovate, broadly ovate to subrotund, coriaceous, apex obtuse to rounded, rare acute, base cuneate, decurrent into the petiole, margin entire near the base, coarsely serrate towards the apex, not revolute, adaxial surface densely sericeous, bullate, abaxial surface densely sericeous, silvery hairs giving a silvery-green appearance when dry, nectaries present in abaxial surface, veins strongly prominent. Inflorescences 2.3–7.5 × 1.8–2.2 cm, terminal, cylindric, congested, rachis not visible, becoming elongate in fruiting. Flowers sessile, spirally arranged; floral bract 0.4–0.6 cm long, appressed against the calyx, herbaceous, glaucous, ovate, apex acute, abaxial surface sericeous; calyx 1.6–2 cm long, herbaceous, glaucous, flattened-cylindrical, 5-toothed, teeth inconspicuously acute, externally sericeous, erect, not embedded in excavations in the rachis; corolla 1.8–2.2 cm long, a narrow tube and spreading lobes, atropurpureous to black with the base of the tube white, externally with glandular-pedicellate trichomes, throat entirely pubescent, with a dense ring of hairs just above the ovary; androecium included, stamens 2, thecae divergent, staminodes 2, inserted at the top of the corolla tube; ovary ca. 2 mm long, narrow oblong, style 1.9–2.3 cm long, filiform, exserted, stigma capitate. Fruit a schizocarp ca. 5 mm long, brown, outer surfaces reticulate, with thin and flat commissure, apex rounded, with prominent attachment scar, with short stylopodium, covered by the persistent calyx, separating into two cluses. Paratypes:— BRAZIL: Bahia. Cocos, 6 July 2001, M. L . Fonseca et al. 2858 (IBGE, HUEFS!); Cocos, 6 July 2001, R. C . Mendonça et al. 4428 (CESJ!, IBGE); Correntina, na divisa com Goiás, April 1996, R. M . Harley & G. da Silva s.n. (HUEFS 204072!); São Desidério, 4 April 1984, J. E. R . Collares & M. M. Fernandes 134 (NY!, RB!); São Desidério, 25 May 2010, E . Melo et al. 8272 (HUEFS!). Goiás. São Domingos, 15 May 2000, G . Hatschbach et al. 71139 (ALCB!, BHCB!, ESA!, HUCS, HUEFS!, HUFU!, SP, UB); São Domingos a Posse, May 1840, G . Gardner 4339 (K!); Planalto do Brasil, Serra Geral de Goiás, Rio da Prata, ca. 6 Km of Posse, 6 April 1966, H. S . Irwin et al. 14455 (IAN, K!, MO, NY!, RB!, UB, US). Minas Gerais. Arinos, RPPN Veredas do Pacari, estrada para Chapada Gaúcha, 27 May 2004, M. L . Fonseca et al. 5498 (IBGE, HUEFS!); Chapada Gaúcha, Serra das Araras, June 1840, G . Gardner 5108 (K!). Tocantins. Mateiros, próximo à Serra da Garganta, 11 May 2012, J. S . Silva 1165 (CEN!). Distribution— Stachytarpheta salimenae occurs in the states of Bahia, Goiás, Minas Gerais, and Tocantins. This species is endemic to the Cerrado domain, where it grows in campo cerrado and campo rupestre, in areno-argillaceous soils, at elevations between 700 and 840 m (Fig. 3). Phenology— This species was collected with flowers and fruits from April to July. Provisional conservation assessment— Stchytarpheta salimenae shows an AOO of 40 km ² and an EOO of approximately 45,400 km ², and is found in areas with native vegetation strongly anthropized, i.e., suppressed by agribusiness, mining, and anthropic fires (Klink & Machado 2005, Passos et al. 2010, Werneck et al. 2012). Because of the restricted AOO, the restricted number of known locations, the continuing decline of habitat quality, and the fact that this species does not occur within any protected area, it is provisionally classified as “EN” (Endangered) based on the criterion and sub-criteria B2ab (i, ii, iii, iv) of IUCN (2019). Etymology:— This species is dedicated to Dr. Fátima Regina Gonçalves Salimena, the former curator of the Leopoldo Krieger Herbarium (CESJ) and a distinguished researcher from the Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, in honor of her important contributions to botany, especially for the taxonomy of Verbenaceae. Fátima Salimena has inspired many taxonomists with her enthusiasm and great devotion to botany. She was the former professor and advisor of both the first and second authors of this work. Taxonomic note:— The discovery of Stachytarpheta salimenae is related to the elucidation of a taxonomic confusion involving two other species of the genus: S. dawsonii Moldenke(1956:231) and S. mollis. The synonymization of these two taxa is further discussed below. Stachytarpheta mollis was described by Moldenke (1947) based on the collection Glaziou 2196 from Goiás state and was later treated as a synonym of S. villosa (Pohl) Chamisso (1832: 247) by Atkins (2005). However, Cardoso et al. (2020) re-established S. mollis based on various morphological features. This species is endemic to the Chapada dos Veadeiros, in the Brazilian state of Goiás. It can be distinguished from other Stachytarpheta species by the villous stems; sessile and elliptical leaves, with an acute to obtuse apex; narrowly triangular bracts longer than 0.9 cm, with a caudate apex; yellow-greenish calyces with five acute teeth; and, atropurpureous to black corollas (Moldenke 1947, Cardoso et al. 2020). Stachytarpheta dawsonii was described by Moldenke (1956) based on the collection Y. Dawson 14722 (holotype R, isotype TEX - fragment), from the Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás state. Atkins (2005) did not examine the type of this species, but was able to study a photograph of S. dawsonii presented in Dawson (1957). Atkins (2005) listed three other collections of S. dawsonii from Goiás and Bahia, namely: J.E.R. Collares & M.M. Fernandes 134, G. Gardner 4339, and H.S. Irwin et al. 14455. The original circumscription of S. dawsonii (Moldenke 1956) and that presented by Atkins (2005) are contrasting. While Atkins (2005) described the bracts of S. dawsonii as ovate, with approximately 4 mm long, Moldenke (1956) characterized the bracts as lanceolate, with 10–15 mm long. Stachytarpheta dawsonii was recognized by Cardoso & Salimena (2020) based solely on the three specimens listed by Atkins (2005). Nevertheless, during ongoing taxonomic studies of the Brazilian Stachytarpheta, we were able to access the holotype of S. dawsonii deposited at R. A comparative analysis of this specimen (Y. Dawson 14722) with the type and additional specimens of S. mollis, indicates that both names should be treated as conspecific. In addition to the morphological identity, the type of S. dawsonii and all specimens of S. mollis are found exclusively in the Chapada dos Veadeiros. Given the morphological similarity and geographical overlap, we synonymize S. dawsonii with S. mollis. It is now clear that none of the three specimens previously identified as Stachytarpheta dawsonii by Atkins (2005) correspond to S. dawsonii. These specimens actually represent a distinct taxon that is newly described here as S. salimenae. This species differs from other species of Stachytarpheta by a combination of the following characters: stems with sericeous indument; leaves petiolated, ovate, broadly ovate to subrotund, with margins entire near the base and coarsely serrate towards the apices, veins strongly prominent on the abaxial surface; bracts ovate; calyx glaucous; and, corolla atropurpureous to black. Stachytarpheta salimenae shares atropurpureous to black corollas and a dense indument with Stachytarpheta glazioviana S. Atkins (2005: 233), S. mollis, S. sericea, and S. flavovirescens. However, S. salimenae differs by several characteristics summarized in Table 1. This new species can be found in the region around the borders of Bahia (Northeastern Brazil), Goiás (Central-Western Brazil), Tocantins (Northern Brazil), and Minas Gerais (Southeastern Brazil). S. flavovirescens, S. glazioviana, and S. mollis are endemic to the Chapada dos Veadeiros (Goiás state), while S. sericea is common in the municipality of Cristalina (Serra dos Cristais, Goiás), and the Distrito Federal (Central-Western Brazil) (Atkins 2005). Stachytarpheta mollis Moldenke (1947: 370). Type:— BRAZIL, Goiás, November 1894, A. F. M. Glaziou 21906 (holotype S [S-R-5870]; isotypes NY fragment [NY00138092], US [US 00811289]). = Stachytarpheta dawsonii Moldenke (1956: 231). Type:— BRAZIL, Goiás, 5 km W of Veadeiros, 29 April 1956, Y. Dawson 14722 (holotype R [R000196647]; isotype LL fragment [LL00373689]). syn. nov.

Stachytarpheta flavovirescens P.H.Cardoso sp. nov. (Fig. 1 A–I, Fig. 2A–D). Type:— BRAZIL. Goiás, Alto Paraíso de Goiás, estrada vicinal para Bona Espero, próximo à rodovia Alto Paraíso de Goiás, 17,1 km do trevo sul de Alto Paraíso de Goiás em direção à São Jorge, 14°04’43.5” S, 47”37’50.5” W, 4 September 2013, J. R . Pirani et al. 6431 (holotype SPF 207740!). Diagnosis: —The new species is similar to Stachytarpheta mollis Moldenke (1947: 370), but differs by the petiolate leaves (vs. sessile leaves), ovate to rotund leaf blade (vs. elliptic leaf blade), with smaller leaves in the same axil (vs. without smaller leaves in the same axil), bracts 0.6–0.8 cm long (vs. bracts 0.9–1.2 cm long), oval-triangular (vs. narrowly triangular), with puberulous abaxial surface and trichomes concentrated at the base (vs. entirely villous). Shrubs 0.5–2 m tall, profusely branched, branches erect, woody, smooth, rounded, villous when young, puberulous when adult. Leaves spreading, opposite, slightly discolorous, petiole 0.5–1 cm long, leaf blade 1.6–3.9 × 1.4–2.5 cm, with smaller leaves in the same axil, ovate to rotund, subcoriaceous, apex obtuse to rounded, base cuneate, decurrent into the petiole, margin entire near the base, crenate-serrate towards the apex, not revolute, adaxial surface sericeous, abaxial surface sericeous-canescent, more numerous white hairs near the petiole, veins prominent. Inflorescences 2–10 × 1.2–2 cm, terminal, cylindric, congested, rachis not visible, becoming elongate in fruiting. Flowers sessile, spirally arranged; floral bract 0.6–0.8 cm long, appressed against the calyx, herbaceous, yellow-greenish, oval-triangular, apex acuminate to caudate, abaxial surface puberulous with trichomes concentrated in the base, margin ciliate; calyx (1–) 1.2–1.4 cm long, herbaceous, yellow-greenish, flattened-cylindrical, 5-toothed, teeth conspicuously acute, externally sparsely sericeous-strigose, erect, not embedded in excavations in the rachis; corolla 1.4–2 cm long, a narrow tube and spreading lobes, atropurpureous to black, externally with glandular-pedicellate trichomes, throat entirely pubescent, with a dense ring of hairs just above the ovary; androecium included, stamens 2, thecae divergent, staminodes 2, inserted at the top of the corolla tube; ovary ca. 2 mm long, narrow oblong, style 1.4–2.2 cm long, filiform, stigma capitate. Fruit a schizocarp 3.4–5.5 mm long, brown, outer surface reticulate, with thin and flat commissure, apex rounded, with prominent attachment scar, with short stylopodium, covered by the persistent calyx, separating into two cluses. Paratypes:— BRAZIL: Goiás. Alto Paraíso de Goiás, Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, trilha para as Corredeiras, 24 January 2005, J . Paula-Souza et al. 4565.0 (ESA!); Alto Paraíso de Goiás, Rio das Cobras, rod. para Colinas do Sul, 14 June 1993, G . Hatschbach & E. Barbosa 59512 (ESA!, K!, MBM!, MO). Distribution— Stachytarpheta flavovirescens occurs in the Chapada dos Veadeiros region, in the municipality of Alto Paraíso de Goiás, in the Brazilian state of Goiás (Fig. 3). The species grows in campo rupestre and grasslands. Phenology— This species was collected with flowers and fruits in January, June, and September. Provisional conservation assessment— Although the Chapada dos Veadeiros is intensively studied, only three specimens of Stachytarpheta flavovirescens were collected to date in 1993, 2005, and 2013. It seems that the populations are small and narrowly distributed. This species is only known from three localities, and shows an EOO of 5.051 km 2 and an AOO of 12 km 2. Even though this species occurs within a protected area (i.e., Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros), it is under multiple threats, including tourism, the expansion of agricultural and livestock activities, increased frequency of anthropogenic fires, and invasive exotic species, especially grasses (Fiedler et al. 2006, Souza & Felfili 2006, Barbosa 2008, Silva 2018). These threats have contributed to a decline of the species EOO, AOO, and habitat quality. Based on the criterion and sub-criteria B1ab (i, ii, iii) of the IUCN (2019), this species is provisionally considered as “CR” (Critically Endangered). Etymology:— The specific epithet refers to the yellow-greenish inflorescences. Taxonomic notes:— Among the Stachytarpheta species with atropurpureous to black corollas, S. flavovirescens is most similar to S. mollis, which is also endemic to the Chapada dos Veadeiros (Cardoso et al. 2020). Both species show hairy leaves, hairy bracts, hairy calyces, and congested, yellow-greenish inflorescences. However, they can be distinguished by the characters summarized in Table 1. Stachytarpheta flavovirescens can also be confused with S. longispicata var. longipedicellata (Pohl) S. Atkins (2005: 230) when fruiting due to the elongated inflorescences. Both species are found in the region of the Chapada dos Veadeiros (Atkins 2005), but can be separated by a series of morphological features. Namely, S. longispicata var. longipedicellata has pedicellate flowers laxly arranged along the rachis and salmon-colored corollas, while S. flavovirescens has sessile flowers in a congested arrangement along the rachis, and atropurpureous to black corollas. Table 1. Morphological comparison of Stachytarpheta flavovirescens, S. salimenae, S. glazioviana, S. mollis, and S. sericea., Published as part of Cardoso, Pedro Henrique, Neto, Luiz Menini, Cabral, Andressa & Trovó, Marcelo, 2021, Taxonomic updates in Brazilian Stachytarpheta (Verbenaceae) with atropurpureous to black corollas: Two new species and a new synonym, pp. 167-178 in Phytotaxa 523 (2) on pages 168-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5585439, {"references":["Moldenke, H. N. (1947) Notes on new or noteworthy plants III. Phytologia 2: 363 - 372.","Fiedler, N. C., Merlo, D. A. & Medeiros, M. B. D. (2006) Ocorrencia de incendios florestais no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goias. Ciencia Florestal 16: 153 - 161. https: // doi. org / 10.5902 / 198050981896","Souza, C. D. D. & Felfili, J. M. (2006) The utilization of medicinal plants in the region of Alto Paraiso of Goias, GO, Brazil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 20: 135 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0102 - 33062006000100013","Barbosa, A. G. (2008) As estrategias de conservacao da biodiversidade na Chapada dos Veadeiros: conflitos e oportunidades. Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia, 128 pp.","Silva, M. S., Gurgel, H. Laques, A., Silveira, B. D. & Siqueira, R. V. (2018) 30 anos de dinamica espacotemporal (1984 - 2015) da regiao de influencia do Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros Goias. Revista franco-brasilera de geografia 35: http: // journals. openedition. org / confins / 14851","IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee (2019) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / documents / RedListGuidelines. pdf (accessed 17 May 2021)","Atkins, S. (2005) The genus Stachytarpheta (Verbenaceae) in Brazil. Kew Bulletin 60 (2): 161 - 272."]}

Lippia raoniana P.H.Cardoso & Salimena sp. nov. urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77214745-1 Figs 1, 4 B–C Diagnosis The new species is similar to Lippia spiraeastrum (Mart. & Schauer) T.R.S.Silva, but differs by ovate leaves (vs oblong or oblong-elliptic), slightly discolorous (vs strongly discolorous), matte adaxial surface (vs shiny), glandular abaxial surface (vs tomentose-glandular), shorter peduncle (0.8–1.3 vs 3.2–10.5 cm long) and slender (vs thick), ovate bracts (vs lanceolate). Etymology The specific epithet is in homage to Raoni Metuktire, an important indigenous leader of Brazil, internationally known as a symbol of environmental preservation. Raoni is dedicated to the fight for the rights of native indigenous people and conservation of the tropical forest, mainly Amazonia. His legacy is a symbol of the daily struggle for Brazilian biodiversity, constantly threatened. Material examined Type BRAZIL – Minas Gerais • Serro, “ próximo ao Km 1 do distrito de Milho Verde” [near to Km 1 of the Milho Verde district]; 18°27′35.1″ S, 43°29′24.4″ W; 13 Feb. 2020; fl / fr; F.R.G. Salimena & P.H. Nobre 4057; holotype: CESJ; isotypes: HUEFS, RB, SPF. Paratypes BRAZIL – Minas Gerais • Felício dos Santos, “ APA Municipal Felício ” [Municipal Environmental Protection Area Felício]; 10 Jun. 2006; fl / fr; F.R.G. Salimena et al. 1382; CESJ • Serro, “ estrada Diamantina para o distrito de Milho Verde ” [road from Diamantina to the Milho Verde district]; 16 Nov. 2010; fl / fr; V. Thode, P. Lu-Irving, N. Mota, M. Toledo 386; CESJ, ICN. Description Shrub 1.5 m tall, aromatic, branched, branches erect, tetragonal, sulcate, glabrescent to strigose, with sessile glandular trichomes, nodes conspicuous. Leaves decussate, patent, congested at the stem apices, petioles 2.2–6 mm long, cylindrical, strigose, with abundant sessile glandular trichomes; blades 1.5–3 × 0.8–1.5 cm, chartaceous, ovate, slightly discolorous, apex acute to obtuse, base cuneate, decurrent into the petiole, margin basally entire, crenate to serrate toward the apex, ciliate, slightly revolute, adaxial surface matte, sparsely strigose, densely covered by sessile glandular trichomes, abaxial surface densely covered by sessile glandular trichomes, strigose along the veins. Inflorescence one per axil, 0.5–1 cm long, capituliform, hemispherical, rachis not elongated in the infructescence, peduncle 0.8–1.3 cm long, cylindrical, slender, strigose, with abundant sessile glandular trichomes; bracts 3–5 mm long, green, spirally arranged, ovate, apex acute to obtuse, margin ciliate, adaxial surface strigose, covered by sessile glandular trichomes, abaxial surface densely covered by sessile glandular trichomes; calyx 1–2 mm long, tubular, 2-lobed, apex 4-toothed, externally hirsute, ciliate, with abundant glandular sessile trichomes; corolla tube 6–8 mm long, limb 2-labiate, lilac, hypocrateriform, externally pubescent, with abundant glandular sessile trichomes, throat yellow, pubescent, 4 didynamous stamens, inserted at the middle of the corolla tube, included, thecae parallel; ovary 1 mm long, ovoid, glabrous, 2-locular, 1 ovule per locule, stigma oblique, lateral. Fruit drupaceous, mesocarp dry, 2-pyrenate, 2 mm long, spherical, lightbrown, dorsal surface smooth to slightly striated, surrounded by the persistent calyx. Distribution, habitat and phenology Lippia raoniana P.H.Cardoso & Salimena sp. nov. is known only from two localities in the Diamantina Plateau (Felício dos Santos and Serro), on the Espinhaço Range, Minas Gerais, Brazil, where it seems to be endemic (Fig. 2). The populations are quite small and grow on quartzitic rock outcrops (campos rupestres), at an elevation of 1200–1400 m. Plants were collected with flowers and fruits in January, June, and November. Prelimiminary conservation status Lippia raoniana P.H.Cardoso & Salimena sp. nov. is only known from two localities, presenting an estimated Area of Occupation (AOO) smaller than 10 km ². The first known population is small and located in the municipality of Serro, along an unpaved road, near to a residential area under urban pressure. The other population is recorded from the municipality of Felício dos Santos, inside a conservation unit. The Diamantina Plateau is now witnessing increasing, uncontrolled tourism, exposing the vulnerability of its soils and vegetation (Schaefer et al. 2002). Thus, L. raoniana sp. nov. may be considered Critically Endangered (CR) based on criteria and sub-criteria B2ab(ii, iii, iv) of IUCN (2019), due to its restricted AOO, number of known locations, and the continuous decline in the quality of its habitat. Notes Lippia raoniana P.H.Cardoso & Salimena sp. nov. most closely resembles L. spiraeastrum, which is also endemic to the Espinhaço Range, occurring in Gr„o Mogol, Minas Gerais State (Salimena & Cardoso 2020), due to the shrubby habit, conspicuous nodes, leaves concentrated in the upper portion of the stem, adaxial surface glandular, axillary inflorescences, capituliform, hemispherical, corolla lilac, and fruit with dry mesocarp, 2-pyrenate. However, several characters of the leaves, peduncles and bracts can be used to distinguish them. The new species is mainly characterized by the combination of ovate leaves with adaxial and abaxial surfaces densely covered by sessile glandular trichomes, peduncles 0.8–1.3 cm long, and ovate bracts with adaxial and abaxial surfaces densely covered by sessile glandular trichomes. Identification key to the species of Lippia L. from the Diamantina Plateau, Minas Gerais, Brazil 1. Inflorescences more than 2 per leaf axil; bracts tetrastichous, the basal ones connate..................... 2 – Inflorescence 1 per leaf axil; bracts spiraled, all free....................................................................... 3 2. Plants with frondose-bracteaose inflorescences................................................ L. stachyoides Cham. – Plants with frondose inflorescences.................................................................. L. origanoides Kunth 3. Calyx laterally flattened, 2-winged.......................... L. rubella (Moldenke) T.R.S.Silva & Salimena – Calyx tubular-cylindric, not winged................................................................................................. 4 4. Leaves with hyphodromous venation; corolla yellow............................ L. filifolia Mart. & Schauer – Leaves with pinnate venation; corolla pink, lilac, rarely white........................................................ 5 5. Bracts membranous, pink to magenta, rarely green at base and vinaceous at apex, longer than the corolla tube....................................................................................................................................... 6 – Bracts foliaceous, green, rarely vinaceous at apex, shorter than the corolla tube.......................... 10 6. Leaf-blades abaxially densely pubescent with pedunculate glandular trichomes; bracts green at base, vinaceous at apex........................................................................ L. pseudothea (A.St.-Hil.) Schauer – Leaf-blades abaxially lacking pedunculate glandular trichomes; bracts pink to magenta............... 7 7. Leaves ovate-deltoid to suborbicular, margin dentate-lobate........... L. hederifolia Mart. & Schauer – Leaves ovate, broadly ovate or elliptic, margin crenate................................................................... 8 8. Branches densely velutinous, pedunculate glandular trichomes present; leaves ovate-elliptic to oblong-elliptic................................................................................ L. rhodocnemis Mart. & Schauer – Branches hirsute or pubescent, pedunculate glandular trichomes absent; leaves ovate to broadly ovate.................................................................................................................................................. 9 9. Branches and peduncles pubescent; inflorescences hemispheric or cylindric.................................................................................................................................... L. diamantinensis Glaz. ex Moldenke – Branches and peduncles hirsute; inflorescences globose...................................... L. lupulina Cham. 10. Corymbs axillary, densely congested at the apex of the branches...................................................11 – Spikes axillary, not congested at the apex of the branches............................................................. 13 11. Leaf-blades abaxially hirsute, adaxially bullate; bracts elliptic, apex reflexed.............................................................................................................................................................. L. corymbosa Cham. – Leaf-blades abaxially tomentose, adaxially slightly bullate; bracts ovate-lanceolate, apex straight.......................................................................................................................................................... 12 12. Leaves ovate, base cordate.................................................................. L. lacunosa Mart. & Schauer – Leaves ovate-orbicular or orbicular, base obtuse to cuneate........................... L. rotundifolia Cham. 13. Leaves congested at the apex of the branch, with few tector trichomes; drupe with 2 pyrenes............................................................................................. L. raoniana P.H.Cardoso & Salimena sp. nov. – Leaves evenly distributed along the branch, with several tector trichomes; schizocarp with 2 cluses............................................................................................................................................... 14 14. Leaves obovate to suborbicular; inflorescences few-flowered................... L. hermannioides Cham. – Leaves ovate to ovate-elliptic; inflorescences many-flowered....................................................... 15 15. Branches sulcate, nodes conspicuous; bracts elliptic................................... L. subracemosa Mansf. – Branches not sulcate, nodes inconspicuous; bracts ovate or lanceolate......................................... 16 16. Branches villous-sericeous; leaves ovate-deltate, abaxially villous-sericeous; bracts lanceolate............................................................................ L. krenakiana P.H.Cardoso, V.I.R.Valério & Salimena – Branches strigose; leaves elliptic to ovate-elliptic, adaxially strigose; bracts broadly ovate.......................................................................................................................................... L. rosella Moldenke Identification key to the species of Lippia L. from the Diamantina Plateau, Minas Gerais, Brazil 1. Inflorescences more than 2 per leaf axil; bracts tetrastichous, the basal ones connate..................... 2 – Inflorescence 1 per leaf axil; bracts spiraled, all free....................................................................... 3 2. Plants with frondose-bracteaose inflorescences................................................ L. stachyoides Cham. – Plants with frondose inflorescences.................................................................. L. origanoides Kunth 3. Calyx laterally flattened, 2-winged.......................... L. rubella (Moldenke) T.R.S.Silva & Salimena – Calyx tubular-cylindric, not winged................................................................................................. 4 4. Leaves with hyphodromous venation; corolla yellow............................ L. filifolia Mart. & Schauer – Leaves with pinnate venation; corolla pink, lilac, rarely white........................................................ 5 5. Bracts membranous, pink to magenta, rarely green at base and vinaceous at apex, longer than the corolla tube....................................................................................................................................... 6 – Bracts foliaceous, green, rarely vinaceous at apex, shorter than the corolla tube.......................... 10 6. Leaf-blades abaxially densely pubescent with pedunculate glandular trichomes; bracts green at base, vinaceous at apex........................................................................ L. pseudothea (A.St.-Hil.) Schauer – Leaf-blades abaxially lacking pedunculate glandular trichomes; bracts pink to magenta............... 7 7. Leaves ovate-deltoid to suborbicular, margin dentate-lobate........... L. hederifolia Mart. & Schauer – Leaves ovate, broadly ovate or elliptic, margin crenate................................................................... 8 8. Branches densely velutinous, pedunculate glandular trichomes present; leaves ovate-elliptic to oblong-elliptic................................................................................ L. rhodocnemis Mart. & Schauer – Branches hirsute or pubescent, pedunculate glandular trichomes absent; leaves ovate to broadly ovate.................................................................................................................................................. 9 9. Branches and peduncles pubescent; inflorescences hemispheric or cylindric.................................................................................................................................... L. diamantinensis Glaz. ex Moldenke – Branches and peduncles hirsute; inflorescences globose...................................... L. lupulina Cham. 10. Corymbs axillary, densely congested at the apex of the branches...................................................11 – Spikes axillary, not congested at the apex of the branches............................................................. 13 11. Leaf-blades abaxially hirsute, adaxially bullate; bracts elliptic, apex reflexed.............................................................................................................................................................. L. corymbosa Cham. – Leaf-blades abaxially tomentose, adaxially slightly bullate; bracts ovate-lanceolate, apex straight.......................................................................................................................................................... 12 12. Leaves ovate, base cordate.................................................................. L. lacunosa Mart. & Schauer – Leaves ovate-orbicular or orbicular, base obtuse to cuneate........................... L. rotundifolia Cham. 13. Leaves congested at the apex of the branch, with few tector trichomes; drupe with 2 pyrenes............................................................................................. L. raoniana P.H.Cardoso & Salimena sp. nov. – Leaves evenly distributed along the branch, with several tector trichomes; schizocarp with 2 cluses............................................................................................................................................... 14 14. Leaves obovate to suborbicular; inflorescences few-flowered................... L. hermannioides Cham. – Leaves ovate to ovate-elliptic; inflorescences many-flowered....................................................... 15 15. Branches sulcate, nodes conspicuous; bracts elliptic................................... L. subracemosa Mansf. – Branches not sulcate, nodes inconspicuous; bracts ovate or lanceolate......................................... 16 16. Branches villous-sericeous; leaves ovate-deltate, abaxially villous-sericeous; bracts lanceolate............................................................................ L. krenakiana P.H.Cardoso, V.I.R.Valério & Salimena – Branches strigose; leaves elliptic to ovate-elliptic, adaxially strigose; bracts broadly ovate.......................................................................................................................................... L. rosella Moldenke

Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg erlangten viele Entwicklungslander ihre formelle Unabhangigkeit. Trotz des neugewonnenen Status als souverane Nation blieb eine Entwicklung der ehemaligen Kolonien jedoch grostenteils aus. Es folgte die Entwicklungshilfe seitens der Industrielander, die vor allem durch die Vorstellungen der Modernisierungstheorie gepragt war. Die Modernisierungstheorie nahm den Entwicklungsweg der Industrielander als Muster und erklarte die Entwicklung von Landern ausschlieslich uber landesinterne Faktoren, wahrend externe Faktoren auserhalb eines Landes vernachlassigt wurden. Dieser Beitrag wirft einen Blick auf das Werk Abhangigkeit und Entwicklung in Lateinamerika der Dependenztheoretiker Fernando H. Cardoso und Enzo Faletto, die grundlegend die Modernisierungstheorie in Frage stellten und das Hauptaugenmerk auf externe Faktoren, die eine Entwicklung verhindern, richteten. Cardoso und Faletto erklaren die Unterentwicklung Lateinamerikas uber die historische Abhangigkeit zu den ehemaligen Kolonialmachten, insbesondere in den Ausenhandelsbeziehungen. Aus dieser Argumentation ergibt sich die Forderung einer Abschottung der Entwicklungslander vom Weltmarkt, um so eine importsubstituierende Industrialisierung und damit autozentrierte Entwicklung in Gang zu setzen.

Das Werk „Abhangigkeit und Entwicklung in Lateinamerika“ ist einer der Ausgangspunkte fur die in Lateinamerika und international gefuhrte Dependencia-Debatte. Dependencia bedeutet dabei Abhangigkeit. Der 1931 in Rio de Janeiro geborene Sozialwissenschaftler Fernando H. Cardoso hatte den 200-seitigen Text im Exil gemeinsam mit dem chilenischen Soziologen Enzo Faletto (1935–2003) zwischen 1965 und 1967 verfasst. In einem in der deutschen Ausgabe knapp 20 Seiten langen Nachwort versuchten sie ihre Methode genauer zu beschreiben. Cardoso, der sich zunachst mit der Geschichte der Sklaverei und der Industrialisierung in Brasilien beschaftigt hatte, ging nach dem Militarputsch von 1964 ins Exil nach Santiago de Chile. Dort wurde die Niederlassung der lateinamerikanischen Wirtschaftskommission (CEPAL) sowie weitere Forschungsinstitute zu Zentren der Dependencia-Diskussion. Wahrend sich Faletto auf die akademische Laufbahn konzentrierte, verbanden sich bei Cardoso wissenschaftliche und politische Ambitionen. Auf Einladung von Alain Tourraine war er 1967/68 an der Universitat Nanterre in Paris. 1983 zog er erstmals in den brasilianischen Senat ein, 1992 wurde er Ausenminister, 1993 Finanzminister, von 1995 bis Ende 2002 war er Prasident Brasiliens. Eine von ihm betriebene Verfassungsreform ermoglichte 1998 seine Wiederwahl. Cardoso, ursprunglich Anhanger eines staatszentrierten Entwicklungskonzeptes, forderte wahrend seiner Prasidentschaft Liberalisierung und Deregulierung der Wirtschaft unter Berucksichtigung sozialer Aspekte. Zur Zeit lehrt er als Gastprofessor an der Brown University in den USA.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-24T19:54:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1997Bitstream added on 2014-06-25T11:46:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ISSN1982-4718-1997-2-2-39-58.pdf: 245493 bytes, checksum: b756f9fe43f56d336f6613b66a74ec6a (MD5) UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista/Araraquara - SP UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista/Araraquara - SP

The authors are to be commended for their experimental program and for the attempt to provide guidelines for safe design of scour countermeasures by means of launching aprons. This is a technical field in which the existing literature is still relatively scarce. In this discussion, some remarks will be given about the upstream width wu of the launching apron refer to Fig. 12 of the paper under discussion. The authors did not report specific experimentation in this respect. Indeed, the upstream width of the mattress has received relatively scarce attention in works on riprap countermeasures. Experimental evidence has shown that for short abutments as well, the values of the time-averaged shear stress distribution in the corner region upstream of the abutment face are lower than that in the incoming reach Rajaratnam and Nwachukwu 1983; Molinas et al. 1998; Dey and Barbhuiya 2005. If the phenomenon is modeled at threshold conditions as is typically done in clear-water scour experiments, no scour would be expected upstream of the abutment face in all the regions with stress lower than that in the upstream reach. Experimental evidence on sediment motion during the scour process at short and intermediate abutments Radice et al. 2006,2008 has shown that at the beginning of the erosion process, the particle motion is most intense at the abutment nose where scour starts. In contrast, grain motion is almost negligible at the junction between the duct and abutment walls junction region; here, an appreciable rate of scour depth is observed only after the scour hole whose point of maximum depth is typically at the obstacle nose has reached a significant transverse slope. In terms of design of scour countermeasures, protecting the sediment bed around the abutment nose might be sufficient to prevent the scouring process. An experimental test of local scour at a protected abutment was performed to check this issue. A rectangular duct with a length of 5.8 m and a width of 0.40 m was used. The recess section of the duct was filled with uniform plastic grains with a characteristic size of D = 3.6 mm and a relative density of 1.43. Water discharge was 18.5 l / s, corresponding to the threshold value for incipient particle motion in the undisturbed bed. The abutment model was a vertical plate with a length of 10 cm and a thickness of 1 cm Fig. 1. The experimental installation has been described in detail by Radice et al. 2009, who performed an identical scour experiment without abutment protection. In that study, the possibility of comparing scour data taken under freesurface and covered flows was also demonstrated. In the present experiment, the sediment bed around the abutment nose was protected by means of a square plate as shown in Fig. 1. The plate dimension was 20 cm along both the flow and transverse directions; plate thickness was 1 cm. The plate was roughened gluing on its upper surface sediments identical to those of the loose bed; thus the resulting thickness of the countermeasure was 1.4 mm. The described protection device is actually a rough collar installed at the level of the original sediment bed. However, at scour initiation the collar is likely to behave similarly to a launching apron with an elevation identical to that of the protected sediment bed. Therefore, the following observations on scour initiation should not be significantly affected by the different configuration of the countermeasure. At the beginning of the process, some sediment motion was evident in the junction region Fig. 2. In this region the timeaverage shear stress is expected to be smaller than the threshold value; it is therefore reasonable to assume the motion events as due to the peak stress values. During the motion events, the grains assumed directions opposite to that of the incoming flow, consistent with the structure of the principal vortex. The sediment particles moved downstream of the abutment passing over the protection plate. The grain motion in the junction region resulted in a weak but nonnegligible scour rate. Some particles coming from the upstream reach can be recognized. This is consistent with the definition used here of incipient particle motion, which corresponds to a weak sediment transport condition dimensionless sediment transport rate per unit width= 6 10 �5 . After about 3 min of run time Fig. 3, the junction-region scour depth exceeded the thickness of the protection plate and the sediments

O PROBLEMA da relação entre idéias e políticas tem suscitado vivo debate nas Ciências Sociais. Inscreve-se nesse quadro a discussão travada no Brasil a respeito da continuidade/descontinuidade entre a teoria da dependência e a ação de Fernando Henrique Cardoso, como presidente da República. Antes de se pronunciar sobre tais afinidades, o artigo examina detidamente o discurso de Cardoso sobre a globalização. Constatando, neste, a presença de dois argumentos contraditórios sobre o tema, propõe uma interpretação que responde à dupla pergunta: sobre o significado político desse discurso e sobre os seus vínculos com a teoria da dependência.