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1. Quantifying changes in the British cattle movement network

Author

Duncan, Andrew J, Reeves, Aaron, Gunn, George J, and Humphry, Roger W

Subjects
Physics - Physics and Society, Statistics - Applications
Abstract

The Cattle Tracing System database is an online recording system for cattle births, deaths and between--herd movements in the United Kingdom. Although it has been thoroughly examined, the most recently reported movement analysis is from 2009. This article uses the database to construct weighted directed monthly movement networks for two distinct periods of time, 2004--2006 and 2015--2017, to quantify by how much the underlying structure of the network has changed. Substantial changes in network structure may influence policy--makers directly or may influence models built upon the network data, and these in turn could impact policy--makers and their assessment of risk. Four general network measures are used (total number of nodes with movements, movements, births and deaths), in conjunction with network metrics to describe each monthly network. Two updates of the database were examined to determine by how much the movement data stored for a particular time period had been cleansed between updates. Statistical models show that there is a statistically significant effect of the time period (2004--2006 vs 2015--2017) in the values of all network measures and six of nine network metrics. Changes in the sizes of both the Giant and Weakly Strongly Connected components predict reductions in the upper and lower bounds of the maximum epidemic size. Examination of the updates of the database show that there are differences in records between updates and therefore evidence of historical data changing between updates. Accurate modelling of disease spread through a network requires representative descriptions of the network. The authors recommend that where possible the most recent available data always be used for network modelling and that methods of network prediction be examined to mitigate for the time required for data to become available.

Published
2021

5. Phylogenetic relationship and virulence composition of Escherichia coli O26:H11 cattle and human strain collections in Scotland; 2002–2020

Author

Hoyle, Deborah V., primary, Wee, Bryan A., additional, Macleod, Kareen, additional, Chase-Topping, Margo E., additional, Bease, Andrew G., additional, Tongue, Sue C., additional, Gally, David L., additional, Delannoy, Sabine, additional, Fach, Patrick, additional, Pearce, Michael C., additional, Gunn, George J., additional, Holmes, Anne, additional, and Allison, Lesley, additional

Published
2023
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8. A framework for assessing confidence in freedom from infection in animal disease control programmes

Author

Van Schaik, G, Madouasse, Aurélien, van Roon, A M, More, S J, Graham, D A, Frossling, J, Gethmann, J. M., Fourichon, Christine, Mercat, M, Agren, E, Sauter-Louis, C, Gunn, George J., Eze, J, Humphry, R, Henry, M K, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo, M., Nielen, M, Santman-Berends, I M G, Van Schaik, G, Madouasse, Aurélien, van Roon, A M, More, S J, Graham, D A, Frossling, J, Gethmann, J. M., Fourichon, Christine, Mercat, M, Agren, E, Sauter-Louis, C, Gunn, George J., Eze, J, Humphry, R, Henry, M K, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo, M., Nielen, M, and Santman-Berends, I M G

Abstract

In the Surveillance Tool for Outcome-based Comparison of FREEdom from infection (STOC free) project (https://www.stocfree.eu), a data collection tool was constructed to facilitate standardised collection of input data, and a model was developed to allow a standardised and harmonised comparison of the outputs of different control programmes (CPs) for cattle diseases. The STOC free model can be used to evaluate the probability of freedom from infection for herds in CPs and to determine whether these CPs comply with the European Union's pre-defined output-based standards. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) was chosen as the case disease for this project because of the diversity in CPs in the six participating countries. Detailed BVDV CP and risk factor information was collected using the data collection tool. For inclusion of the data in the STOC free model, key aspects and default values were quantified. A Bayesian hidden Markov model was deemed appropriate, and a model was developed for BVDV CPs. The model was tested and validated using real BVDV CP data from partner countries, and corresponding computer code was made publicly available. The STOC free model focuses on herd-level data, although that animal-level data can be included after aggregation to herd level. The STOC free model is applicable to diseases that are endemic, given that it needs the presence of some infection to estimate parameters and enable convergence. In countries where infection-free status has been achieved, a scenario tree model could be a better suited tool. Further work is recommended to generalise the STOC free model to other diseases.

Published
2023

9. A framework for assessing confidence in freedom from infection in animal disease control programmes

Author

FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, Van Schaik, G, Madouasse, Aurélien, van Roon, A M, More, S J, Graham, D A, Frossling, J, Gethmann, J. M., Fourichon, Christine, Mercat, M, Agren, E, Sauter-Louis, C, Gunn, George J., Eze, J, Humphry, R, Henry, M K, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo, M., Nielen, M, Santman-Berends, I M G, FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, Van Schaik, G, Madouasse, Aurélien, van Roon, A M, More, S J, Graham, D A, Frossling, J, Gethmann, J. M., Fourichon, Christine, Mercat, M, Agren, E, Sauter-Louis, C, Gunn, George J., Eze, J, Humphry, R, Henry, M K, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo, M., Nielen, M, and Santman-Berends, I M G

Published
2023

10. Overview of cattle diseases listed under category C, D or E in the Animal Health Law for which control programmes are in place within Europe

Author

Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Acinger-Rogić, Žaklin, Alishani, Mentor, Autio, Tiina, Balseiro, Ana, Berezowski, John, Carmo, Luís Pedro, Chaligiannis, Ilias, Conrady, Beate, Costa, Lina, Cvetkovikj, Iskra, Davidov, Ivana, Dispas, Marc, Djadjovski, Igor, Duarte, Elsa Leclerc, Faverjon, Céline, Fourichon, Christine, Frössling, Jenny, Gerilovych, Anton, Gethmann, Jörn, Gomes, Jacinto, Graham, David, Guelbenzu, Maria, Gunn, George J, Henry, Madeleine K, Hopp, Petter, Houe, Hans, Irimia, Elena, Ježek, Jožica, Juste, Ramon A, Kalaitzakis, Emmanouil, Kaler, Jasmeet, Kaplan, Selçuk, Kostoulas, Polychronis, Kovalenko, Kaspars, Knezevic, Nada, Knific, Tanja, Koleci, Xhelil, Madouasse, Aurélien, Malakauskas, Alvydas, Mandelík, René, Meletis, Eleftherios, Mincu, Madalina, Mõtus, Kerli, Muñoz-Gómez, Violeta, et al, Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Acinger-Rogić, Žaklin, Alishani, Mentor, Autio, Tiina, Balseiro, Ana, Berezowski, John, Carmo, Luís Pedro, Chaligiannis, Ilias, Conrady, Beate, Costa, Lina, Cvetkovikj, Iskra, Davidov, Ivana, Dispas, Marc, Djadjovski, Igor, Duarte, Elsa Leclerc, Faverjon, Céline, Fourichon, Christine, Frössling, Jenny, Gerilovych, Anton, Gethmann, Jörn, Gomes, Jacinto, Graham, David, Guelbenzu, Maria, Gunn, George J, Henry, Madeleine K, Hopp, Petter, Houe, Hans, Irimia, Elena, Ježek, Jožica, Juste, Ramon A, Kalaitzakis, Emmanouil, Kaler, Jasmeet, Kaplan, Selçuk, Kostoulas, Polychronis, Kovalenko, Kaspars, Knezevic, Nada, Knific, Tanja, Koleci, Xhelil, Madouasse, Aurélien, Malakauskas, Alvydas, Mandelík, René, Meletis, Eleftherios, Mincu, Madalina, Mõtus, Kerli, Muñoz-Gómez, Violeta, and et al

Abstract

The COST action “Standardising output-based surveillance to control non-regulated diseases of cattle in the European Union (SOUND control),” aims to harmonise the results of surveillance and control programmes (CPs) for non-EU regulated cattle diseases to facilitate safe trade and improve overall control of cattle infectious diseases. In this paper we aimed to provide an overview on the diversity of control for these diseases in Europe. A non-EU regulated cattle disease was defined as an infectious disease of cattle with no or limited control at EU level, which is not included in the European Union Animal health law Categories A or B under Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/2002. A CP was defined as surveillance and/or intervention strategies designed to lower the incidence, prevalence, mortality or prove freedom from a specific disease in a region or country. Passive surveillance, and active surveillance of breeding bulls under Council Directive 88/407/EEC were not considered as CPs. A questionnaire was designed to obtain country-specific information about CPs for each disease. Animal health experts from 33 European countries completed the questionnaire. Overall, there are 23 diseases for which a CP exists in one or more of the countries studied. The diseases for which CPs exist in the highest number of countries are enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhoea and anthrax (CPs reported by between 16 and 31 countries). Every participating country has on average, 6 CPs (min–max: 1–13) in place. Most programmes are implemented at a national level (86%) and are applied to both dairy and non-dairy cattle (75%). Approximately one-third of the CPs are voluntary, and the funding structure is divided between government and private resources. Countries that have eradicated diseases like enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhoea have implemented CPs for other

Published
2021

13. Corrigendum: Overview of Cattle Diseases Listed Under Category C, D or E in the Animal Health Law for Which Control Programmes Are in Place Within Europe

Author

Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Acinger-Rogić, Žaklin, Alishani, Mentor, Autio, Tiina, Balseiro, Ana, Berezowski, John, Carmo, Luís Pedro, Chaligiannis, Ilias, Conrady, Beate, Costa, Lina, Cvetkovikj, Iskra, Davidov, Ivana, Dispas, Marc, Djadjovski, Igor, Duarte, Elsa Leclerc, Faverjon, Céline, Fourichon, Christine, Frössling, Jenny, Gerilovych, Anton, Gethmann, Jörn, Gomes, Jacinto, Graham, David, Guelbenzu, Maria, Gunn, George J., Henry, Madeleine K., Hopp, Petter, Houe, Hans, Irimia, Elena, Ježek, Jožica, Juste, Ramon A., Kalaitzakis, Emmanouil, Kaler, Jasmeet, Kaplan, Selcuk, Kostoulas, Polychronis, Kovalenko, Kaspars, Kneževič, Nada, Knific, Tanja, Koleci, Xhelil, Madouasse, Aurélien, Malakauskas, Alvydas, Mandelik, Rene, Meletis, Eleftherios, Mincu, Madalina, Mõtus, Kerli, Muñoz-Gómez, Violeta, Niculae, Mihaela, Nikitović, Jelena, Ocepek, Matjaž, Tangen-Opsal, Marie, Ózsvári, László, Papadopoulos, Dimitrios, Papadopoulos, Theofilos, Pelkonen, Sinikka, Polak, Miroslaw Pawel, Pozzato, Nicola, Rapaliuté, Eglé, Ribbens, Stefaan, Niza-Ribeiro, João, Roch, Franz Ferdinand, Rosenbaum Nielsen, Liza, Saez, Jose Luis, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, van Schaik, Gerdien, Schwan, Ebba, Sekovska, Blagica, Starič, Jože, Strain, Sam, Šatran, Petr, Šerić-Haračić, Sabina, Tamminen, Lena Mari, Thulke, Hans Hermann, Toplak, Ivan, Tuunainen, Erja, Verner, Sharon, Vilček, Štefan, Yildiz, Ramazan, Santman-Berends, Inge M.G.A., FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, dFAH AVR, and Dep Gezondheidszorg Landbouwhuisdieren

Subjects
control programmes, Europe, disease control, output-based standards, cattle, SOUND control, veterinary(all)
Abstract

A Corrigendum on Overview of Cattle Diseases Listed Under Category C, D or E in the Animal Health Law for Which Control Programmes Are in Place Within Europe (Front. Vet. Sci., (2021), 8, (688078), 10.3389/fvets.2021.688078)

Published
2022

14. Corrigendum: Overview of Cattle Diseases Listed Under Category C, D or E in the Animal Health Law for Which Control Programmes Are in Place Within Europe

Author

FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, dFAH AVR, Dep Gezondheidszorg Landbouwhuisdieren, Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Acinger-Rogić, Žaklin, Alishani, Mentor, Autio, Tiina, Balseiro, Ana, Berezowski, John, Carmo, Luís Pedro, Chaligiannis, Ilias, Conrady, Beate, Costa, Lina, Cvetkovikj, Iskra, Davidov, Ivana, Dispas, Marc, Djadjovski, Igor, Duarte, Elsa Leclerc, Faverjon, Céline, Fourichon, Christine, Frössling, Jenny, Gerilovych, Anton, Gethmann, Jörn, Gomes, Jacinto, Graham, David, Guelbenzu, Maria, Gunn, George J., Henry, Madeleine K., Hopp, Petter, Houe, Hans, Irimia, Elena, Ježek, Jožica, Juste, Ramon A., Kalaitzakis, Emmanouil, Kaler, Jasmeet, Kaplan, Selcuk, Kostoulas, Polychronis, Kovalenko, Kaspars, Kneževič, Nada, Knific, Tanja, Koleci, Xhelil, Madouasse, Aurélien, Malakauskas, Alvydas, Mandelik, Rene, Meletis, Eleftherios, Mincu, Madalina, Mõtus, Kerli, Muñoz-Gómez, Violeta, Niculae, Mihaela, Nikitović, Jelena, Ocepek, Matjaž, Tangen-Opsal, Marie, Ózsvári, László, Papadopoulos, Dimitrios, Papadopoulos, Theofilos, Pelkonen, Sinikka, Polak, Miroslaw Pawel, Pozzato, Nicola, Rapaliuté, Eglé, Ribbens, Stefaan, Niza-Ribeiro, João, Roch, Franz Ferdinand, Rosenbaum Nielsen, Liza, Saez, Jose Luis, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, van Schaik, Gerdien, Schwan, Ebba, Sekovska, Blagica, Starič, Jože, Strain, Sam, Šatran, Petr, Šerić-Haračić, Sabina, Tamminen, Lena Mari, Thulke, Hans Hermann, Toplak, Ivan, Tuunainen, Erja, Verner, Sharon, Vilček, Štefan, Yildiz, Ramazan, Santman-Berends, Inge M.G.A., FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, dFAH AVR, Dep Gezondheidszorg Landbouwhuisdieren, Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Acinger-Rogić, Žaklin, Alishani, Mentor, Autio, Tiina, Balseiro, Ana, Berezowski, John, Carmo, Luís Pedro, Chaligiannis, Ilias, Conrady, Beate, Costa, Lina, Cvetkovikj, Iskra, Davidov, Ivana, Dispas, Marc, Djadjovski, Igor, Duarte, Elsa Leclerc, Faverjon, Céline, Fourichon, Christine, Frössling, Jenny, Gerilovych, Anton, Gethmann, Jörn, Gomes, Jacinto, Graham, David, Guelbenzu, Maria, Gunn, George J., Henry, Madeleine K., Hopp, Petter, Houe, Hans, Irimia, Elena, Ježek, Jožica, Juste, Ramon A., Kalaitzakis, Emmanouil, Kaler, Jasmeet, Kaplan, Selcuk, Kostoulas, Polychronis, Kovalenko, Kaspars, Kneževič, Nada, Knific, Tanja, Koleci, Xhelil, Madouasse, Aurélien, Malakauskas, Alvydas, Mandelik, Rene, Meletis, Eleftherios, Mincu, Madalina, Mõtus, Kerli, Muñoz-Gómez, Violeta, Niculae, Mihaela, Nikitović, Jelena, Ocepek, Matjaž, Tangen-Opsal, Marie, Ózsvári, László, Papadopoulos, Dimitrios, Papadopoulos, Theofilos, Pelkonen, Sinikka, Polak, Miroslaw Pawel, Pozzato, Nicola, Rapaliuté, Eglé, Ribbens, Stefaan, Niza-Ribeiro, João, Roch, Franz Ferdinand, Rosenbaum Nielsen, Liza, Saez, Jose Luis, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, van Schaik, Gerdien, Schwan, Ebba, Sekovska, Blagica, Starič, Jože, Strain, Sam, Šatran, Petr, Šerić-Haračić, Sabina, Tamminen, Lena Mari, Thulke, Hans Hermann, Toplak, Ivan, Tuunainen, Erja, Verner, Sharon, Vilček, Štefan, Yildiz, Ramazan, and Santman-Berends, Inge M.G.A.

Published
2022

16. Output-based assessment of herd-level freedom from infection in endemic situations: Application of a Bayesian Hidden Markov model

Author

van Roon, Annika, Madouasse, A., Toft, N., Santman-Berends, Inge M. G. A., Gethmann, J., Eze, J., Humphry, R.W., Graham, David, Guelbenzu, Maria, Nielen, M., More, S. J., Mercat, M., Fourichon, C., Sauter-Louis, C., Frossling, J., Frössling, Jenny, Agren, E., Gunn, George J., Gunn, G. J., Henry, Madeleine K., and van Schaik, Gerdien

Subjects
Clinical Science
Abstract

Countries have implemented control programmes (CPs) for cattle diseases such as bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) that are tailored to each country-specific situation. Practical methods are needed to assess the output of these CPs in terms of the confidence of freedom from infection that is achieved. As part of the STOC free project, a Bayesian Hidden Markov model was developed, called STOC free model, to estimate the probability of infection at herd-level. In the current study, the STOC free model was applied to BVDV field data in four study regions, from CPs based on ear notch samples. The aim of this study was to estimate the probability of herd-level freedom from BVDV in regions that are not (yet) free. We additionally evaluated the sensitivity of the parameter estimates and predicted probabilities of freedom to the prior distributions for the different model parameters. First, default priors were used in the model to enable comparison of model outputs between study regions. Thereafter, country-specific priors based on expert opinion or historical data were used in the model, to study the influence of the priors on the results and to obtain country-specific estimates. The STOC free model calculates a posterior value for the model parameters (e.g. herd-level test sensitivity and specificity, probability of introduction of infection) and a predicted probability of infection. The probability of freedom from infection was computed as one minus the probability of infection. For dairy herds that were considered free from infection within their own CP, the predicted probabilities of freedom were very high for all study regions ranging from 0.98 to 1.00, regardless of the use of default or country-specific priors. The priors did have more influence on two of the model parameters, herd-level sensitivity and the probability of remaining infected, due to the low prevalence and incidence of BVDV in the study regions. The advantage of STOC free model compared to scenario tree modelling, the reference method, is that actual data from the CP can be used and estimates are easily updated when new data becomes available.

Published
2022

20. Overview of Cattle Diseases Listed Under Category C, D or E in the Animal Health Law for Which Control Programmes Are in Place Within Europe

Author

Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, primary, Acinger-Rogić, Žaklin, additional, Alishani, Mentor, additional, Autio, Tiina, additional, Balseiro, Ana, additional, Berezowski, John, additional, Carmo, Luís Pedro, additional, Chaligiannis, Ilias, additional, Conrady, Beate, additional, Costa, Lina, additional, Cvetkovikj, Iskra, additional, Davidov, Ivana, additional, Dispas, Marc, additional, Djadjovski, Igor, additional, Duarte, Elsa Leclerc, additional, Faverjon, Céline, additional, Fourichon, Christine, additional, Frössling, Jenny, additional, Gerilovych, Anton, additional, Gethmann, Jörn, additional, Gomes, Jacinto, additional, Graham, David, additional, Guelbenzu, Maria, additional, Gunn, George J., additional, Henry, Madeleine K., additional, Hopp, Petter, additional, Houe, Hans, additional, Irimia, Elena, additional, Ježek, Jožica, additional, Juste, Ramon A., additional, Kalaitzakis, Emmanouil, additional, Kaler, Jasmeet, additional, Kaplan, Selcuk, additional, Kostoulas, Polychronis, additional, Kovalenko, Kaspars, additional, Kneževič, Nada, additional, Knific, Tanja, additional, Koleci, Xhelil, additional, Madouasse, Aurélien, additional, Malakauskas, Alvydas, additional, Mandelik, Rene, additional, Meletis, Eleftherios, additional, Mincu, Madalina, additional, Mõtus, Kerli, additional, Muñoz-Gómez, Violeta, additional, Niculae, Mihaela, additional, Nikitović, Jelena, additional, Ocepek, Matjaž, additional, Tangen-Opsal, Marie, additional, Ózsvári, László, additional, Papadopoulos, Dimitrios, additional, Papadopoulos, Theofilos, additional, Pelkonen, Sinikka, additional, Polak, Miroslaw Pawel, additional, Pozzato, Nicola, additional, Rapaliuté, Eglé, additional, Ribbens, Stefaan, additional, Niza-Ribeiro, João, additional, Roch, Franz-Ferdinand, additional, Rosenbaum Nielsen, Liza, additional, Saez, Jose Luis, additional, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, additional, van Schaik, Gerdien, additional, Schwan, Ebba, additional, Sekovska, Blagica, additional, Starič, Jože, additional, Strain, Sam, additional, Šatran, Petr, additional, Šerić-Haračić, Sabina, additional, Tamminen, Lena-Mari, additional, Thulke, Hans-Hermann, additional, Toplak, Ivan, additional, Tuunainen, Erja, additional, Verner, Sharon, additional, Vilček, Štefan, additional, Yildiz, Ramazan, additional, and Santman-Berends, Inge M. G. A., additional

Published
2021
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21. Overview of Cattle Diseases Listed Under Category C, D or E in the Animal Health Law for Which Control Programmes Are in Place Within Europe

Author

FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, Dep Gezondheidszorg Landbouwhuisdieren, Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Acinger-Rogić, Žaklin, Alishani, Mentor, Autio, Tiina, Balseiro, Ana, Berezowski, John, Carmo, Luís Pedro, Chaligiannis, Ilias, Conrady, Beate, Costa, Lina, Cvetkovikj, Iskra, Davidov, Ivana, Dispas, Marc, Djadjovski, Igor, Duarte, Elsa Leclerc, Faverjon, Céline, Fourichon, Christine, Frössling, Jenny, Gerilovych, Anton, Gethmann, Jörn, Gomes, Jacinto, Graham, David, Guelbenzu, Maria, Gunn, George J., Henry, Madeleine K., Hopp, Petter, Houe, Hans, Irimia, Elena, Ježek, Jožica, Juste, Ramon A., Kalaitzakis, Emmanouil, Kaler, Jasmeet, Kaplan, Selcuk, Kostoulas, Polychronis, Kovalenko, Kaspars, Kneževič, Nada, Knific, Tanja, Koleci, Xhelil, Madouasse, Aurélien, Malakauskas, Alvydas, Mandelik, Rene, Meletis, Eleftherios, Mincu, Madalina, Mõtus, Kerli, Muñoz-Gómez, Violeta, Niculae, Mihaela, Nikitović, Jelena, Ocepek, Matjaž, Tangen-Opsal, Marie, Ózsvári, László, Papadopoulos, Dimitrios, Papadopoulos, Theofilos, Pelkonen, Sinikka, Polak, Miroslaw Pawel, Pozzato, Nicola, Rapaliuté, Eglé, Ribbens, Stefaan, Niza-Ribeiro, João, Roch, Franz Ferdinand, Rosenbaum Nielsen, Liza, Saez, Jose Luis, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, van Schaik, Gerdien, Schwan, Ebba, Sekovska, Blagica, Starič, Jože, Strain, Sam, Šatran, Petr, Šerić-Haračić, Sabina, Tamminen, Lena Mari, Thulke, Hans Hermann, Toplak, Ivan, Tuunainen, Erja, Verner, Sharon, Vilček, Štefan, Yildiz, Ramazan, Santman-Berends, Inge M.G.A., FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, Dep Gezondheidszorg Landbouwhuisdieren, Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Acinger-Rogić, Žaklin, Alishani, Mentor, Autio, Tiina, Balseiro, Ana, Berezowski, John, Carmo, Luís Pedro, Chaligiannis, Ilias, Conrady, Beate, Costa, Lina, Cvetkovikj, Iskra, Davidov, Ivana, Dispas, Marc, Djadjovski, Igor, Duarte, Elsa Leclerc, Faverjon, Céline, Fourichon, Christine, Frössling, Jenny, Gerilovych, Anton, Gethmann, Jörn, Gomes, Jacinto, Graham, David, Guelbenzu, Maria, Gunn, George J., Henry, Madeleine K., Hopp, Petter, Houe, Hans, Irimia, Elena, Ježek, Jožica, Juste, Ramon A., Kalaitzakis, Emmanouil, Kaler, Jasmeet, Kaplan, Selcuk, Kostoulas, Polychronis, Kovalenko, Kaspars, Kneževič, Nada, Knific, Tanja, Koleci, Xhelil, Madouasse, Aurélien, Malakauskas, Alvydas, Mandelik, Rene, Meletis, Eleftherios, Mincu, Madalina, Mõtus, Kerli, Muñoz-Gómez, Violeta, Niculae, Mihaela, Nikitović, Jelena, Ocepek, Matjaž, Tangen-Opsal, Marie, Ózsvári, László, Papadopoulos, Dimitrios, Papadopoulos, Theofilos, Pelkonen, Sinikka, Polak, Miroslaw Pawel, Pozzato, Nicola, Rapaliuté, Eglé, Ribbens, Stefaan, Niza-Ribeiro, João, Roch, Franz Ferdinand, Rosenbaum Nielsen, Liza, Saez, Jose Luis, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, van Schaik, Gerdien, Schwan, Ebba, Sekovska, Blagica, Starič, Jože, Strain, Sam, Šatran, Petr, Šerić-Haračić, Sabina, Tamminen, Lena Mari, Thulke, Hans Hermann, Toplak, Ivan, Tuunainen, Erja, Verner, Sharon, Vilček, Štefan, Yildiz, Ramazan, and Santman-Berends, Inge M.G.A.

Published
2021

23. Prevalence and Epidemiology of Non-O157 Escherichia coli Serogroups O26, O103, O111, and O145 and Shiga Toxin Gene Carriage in Scottish Cattle, 2014–2015

Author

Hoyle, Deborah V., primary, Keith, Marianne, additional, Williamson, Helen, additional, Macleod, Kareen, additional, Mathie, Heather, additional, Handel, Ian, additional, Currie, Carol, additional, Holmes, Anne, additional, Allison, Lesley, additional, McLean, Rebecca, additional, Callaby, Rebecca, additional, Porphyre, Thibaud, additional, Tongue, Sue C., additional, Henry, Madeleine K., additional, Evans, Judith, additional, Gunn, George J., additional, Gally, David L., additional, Silva, Nuno, additional, and Chase-Topping, Margo E., additional

Published
2021
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24. Age-related decline in carriage of ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli in young calves

Author

Hoyle, Deborah V., Shaw, Darren J., Knight, Hazel I., Davison, Helen C., Pearce, Michael C., Low, J. Chris, Gunn, George J., and Woolhouse, Mark E.J.

Subjects
Ampicillin -- Research, Escherichia coli -- Research, Cohort analysis, Biological sciences
Abstract

Comparison of the carriage of ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli with age and time in multiple cohorts of calves sampled monthly from birth on four farms is done. The presence of ampicillin-resistant E.coli in older cattle on all farms suggests that in some calves the decline is transient, with cattle reacquiring resistant bacteria at a later point due to environmental changes or management events on the farm.

Published
2004

26. Ir-Man

Author

Carmichael, Alexander F. B., primary, Bhowmik, Deepayan, additional, Baily, Johanna, additional, Brownlow, Andrew, additional, Gunn, George J., additional, and Reeves, Aaron, additional

Published
2020
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34. STOC Free: An Innovative Framework to Compare Probability of Freedom From Infection in Heterogeneous Control Programmes

Author

van Roon, Annika M., Santman-Berends, Inge M. G. A., Graham, David, More, Simon J., Nielen, Mirjam, Madouasse, Aurélien, Mercat, Mathilde, Fourichon, Christine, Gethmann, Jörn, Frössling, Jenny, Lindberg, Ann, Correia-Gomes, Carla, Gunn, George J., Sauter-Louis, Carola, Henry, Madeleine K., van Duijn, Linda, van Schaik, Gerdien, LS Evidence Based Vet Medicine, dFAH AVR, LS GZ Landbouwhuisdieren, LS Evidence Based Vet Medicine, dFAH AVR, LS GZ Landbouwhuisdieren, Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University [Utrecht], GD Animal Health, Partenaires INRAE, Ireland, University College Dublin (UCD), Biologie, Epidémiologie et analyse de risque en Santé Animale (BIOEPAR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), National Veterinary Institute, and Scotland's Rural College (SRUC)

Subjects
output-based, Frequency of occurrence, Computer science, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Control (management), Biosecurity, Target groups, Control programmes, Output-based, Freedom from disease, Bovine viral diarrhea virus, Bayesian statistics, Safe trade, freedom from disease, lcsh:Veterinary medicine, General Veterinary, Member states, Bayesian network, control programmes, bovine viral diarrhea virus, Risk analysis (engineering), Perspective, lcsh:SF600-1100, Veterinary Science
Abstract

The existence, stage of eradication and design of control programmes (CPs) for diseases that are not regulated by the EU differ between Member States. When freedom from infection is reached (or being pursued), safe trade is essential to protect (or reach) that status. The aim of STOC free, a collaborative project between six countries, is to develop and validate a framework that enables a transparent and standardized comparison of confidence of freedom for CPs across herds, regions or countries. The framework consists of a model combined with a tool to facilitate the collection of the necessary parameters. All relevant actions taken in a CP are included in a Bayesian network model, which allows prior distributions for most parameters. In addition, frequency of occurrence and risk estimates for factors that influence either the probability of introduction or temporary misclassification leading to delayed detection of the infection are included in the model. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is used as an example disease. Many countries have CPs in place for BVDV and although elements of the CPs are similar, biosecurity measures and testing protocols, including types of tests and testing frequency, as well as target groups, differ widely. Although the initially developed framework is based on BVDV, the aim is to make it sufficiently generic to be adaptable to CPs for other diseases and possibly other species. Thus, STOC free will result in a single general framework, adaptable to multiple disease CPs, which aims to enhance the safety of trade. European Food Safety Authority

Published
2019

36. STOC Free: An Innovative Framework to Compare Probability of Freedom From Infection in Heterogeneous Control Programmes

Author

LS Evidence Based Vet Medicine, dFAH AVR, LS GZ Landbouwhuisdieren, van Roon, Annika M., Santman-Berends, Inge M. G. A., Graham, David, More, Simon J., Nielen, Mirjam, Madouasse, Aurélien, Mercat, Mathilde, Fourichon, Christine, Gethmann, Jörn, Frössling, Jenny, Lindberg, Ann, Correia-Gomes, Carla, Gunn, George J., Sauter-Louis, Carola, Henry, Madeleine K., van Duijn, Linda, van Schaik, Gerdien, LS Evidence Based Vet Medicine, dFAH AVR, LS GZ Landbouwhuisdieren, van Roon, Annika M., Santman-Berends, Inge M. G. A., Graham, David, More, Simon J., Nielen, Mirjam, Madouasse, Aurélien, Mercat, Mathilde, Fourichon, Christine, Gethmann, Jörn, Frössling, Jenny, Lindberg, Ann, Correia-Gomes, Carla, Gunn, George J., Sauter-Louis, Carola, Henry, Madeleine K., van Duijn, Linda, and van Schaik, Gerdien

Published
2019

38. Identifying associations between pig pathologies using a multi-dimensional machine learning methodology

Author

Sanchez-Vazquez Manuel J, Nielen Mirjam, Edwards Sandra A, Gunn George J, and Lewis Fraser I

Subjects
Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract

Abstract Background Abattoir detected pathologies are of crucial importance to both pig production and food safety. Usually, more than one pathology coexist in a pig herd although it often remains unknown how these different pathologies interrelate to each other. Identification of the associations between different pathologies may facilitate an improved understanding of their underlying biological linkage, and support the veterinarians in encouraging control strategies aimed at reducing the prevalence of not just one, but two or more conditions simultaneously. Results Multi-dimensional machine learning methodology was used to identify associations between ten typical pathologies in 6485 batches of slaughtered finishing pigs, assisting the comprehension of their biological association. Pathologies potentially associated with septicaemia (e.g. pericarditis, peritonitis) appear interrelated, suggesting on-going bacterial challenges by pathogens such as Haemophilus parasuis and Streptococcus suis. Furthermore, hepatic scarring appears interrelated with both milk spot livers (Ascaris suum) and bacteria-related pathologies, suggesting a potential multi-pathogen nature for this pathology. Conclusions The application of novel multi-dimensional machine learning methodology provided new insights into how typical pig pathologies are potentially interrelated at batch level. The methodology presented is a powerful exploratory tool to generate hypotheses, applicable to a wide range of studies in veterinary research.

Published
2012
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39. Predicted costs and benefits of eradicating BVDV from Ireland

Author

Stott Alistair W, Humphry Roger W, Gunn George J, Higgins Isabella, Hennessy Thia, O’Flaherty Joe, and Graham David A

Subjects
BVDV, Eradication, Cost benefit analysis, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract

Abstract Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) causes an economically important endemic disease (BVD) of cattle in Ireland and worldwide. Systematic eradication by detection and removal of infectious (BVDV carrier) cattle has been successful in several regions. We therefore assessed the benefits (disease losses avoided) and costs (testing and culling regime) of a potential eradication programme in Ireland. Published bio-economic models of BVDV spread in beef suckler herds and dairy herds were adapted to estimate potential benefits of eradication in Ireland. A simple model of BVDV spread in beef finisher herds was devised to estimate the benefits of eradication in this sector. A six year eradication programme consisting of 5 inter-related virological and serological testing programmes is outlined and costed. We found that the annualised benefits of BVDV eradication in Ireland exceeded the costs by a factor of 5 in the beef suckler sector and a factor of 14 in the dairy sector. Corresponding payback periods were 1.2 and 0.5 years respectively. These results highlight the significant economic impact of BVDV on the Irish cattle industry and suggest a clear economic benefit to eradication using the proposed approach. This type of cost-benefit analysis is considered an essential prerequisite prior to undertaking an eradication campaign of this magnitude.

Published
2012
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40. A framework for estimating society’s economic welfare following the introduction of an animal disease: the case of Johne’s disease

Author

Barratt, Alyson S., Arnoult, Matthieu H., Ahmadi, Bouda Vosough, Rich, Karl M., Gunn, George J., and Stott, Alistair W.

Abstract

Animal diseases are global issues affecting the productivity and financial profitability of affected farms. Johne’s disease is distributed on farms worldwide and is an endemic contagious bacterial infection in ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. In cattle, the clinical disease manifests itself as chronic enteritis resulting in reduced production, weight loss, and eventually death. Johne’s disease is prevalent in the UK, including Scotland. Direct costs and losses associated with Johne’s disease have been estimated in previous research, confirming an important economic impact of the disease in UK herds. Despite this, the distributional impact of Johne’s disease among milk consumers and producers in Scotland has not been estimated. In this paper, we evaluate the change in society’s economic welfare, namely to dairy producers (i.e. infected and uninfected herds) and milk consumers in Scotland induced by the introduction of Johne’s disease in the national Scottish dairy herd. At the national-level, we conclude that the economic burden falls mainly on producers of infected herds and, to a lesser extent, milk consumers, while producers of uninfected herds benefit from the presence of Johne’s. An infected producer’s loss per cow is approximately two times larger in magnitude than that of an uninfected producer’s gain. Such economic welfare estimates are an important comparison of the relative costs of national herd prevalence and the wider economic welfare implications for both producers and consumers. This is particularly important from a policy, public good, cost sharing, and human health perspective. The economic welfare framework presented in this paper can be applied to other diseases to examine the relative burden of society’s economic welfare of alternative livestock disease scenarios. In addition, the sensitivity analysis evaluates uncertainty in economic welfare given limited data and uncertainty in the national herd prevalence, and other input parameters, associated with Johne’s disease in Scotland. Therefore, until the prevalence of Johne’s is better understood, the full economic cost to Scottish dairy herds remains uncertain but in the meantime the sensitivity analysis evaluates the robustness of economic welfare to such uncertainties.

Published
2018

43. Analysis of feces samples collected from a wild-bird garden feeding station in Scotland for the presence of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157

Author

Foster, Geoffrey, Evans, Judith, Knight, Hazel I., Smith, Alastair W., Gunn, George J., Allison, Lesley J., Synge, Barti A., and Pennycott, Tom W.

Subjects
Escherichia coli -- Genetic aspects, Bacterial toxins -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

Composite wild bird feces collected at regular intervals from a garden feeding station in southwest Scotland over a 3-year period were examined for verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 causing infections in humans. The findings indicate that VTEC O157 appears and disappears from cattle herds over time, and it might be that local bird populations play a role in the spread of the organism between farms and possibly over larger distances due to migratory habits.

Published
2006

44. Temporal and spatial patterns of bovine Escherichia coli O157 prevalence and comparison of temporal changes in the patterns of phage types associated with bovine shedding and human E. coli O157 cases in Scotland between 1998-2000 and 2002-2004

Author

Low J Christopher, Reilly William, Synge Barti A, Smith Alastair W, Knight Hazel I, Matthews Louise, Ternent Helen E, Locking Mary E, Allison Lesley, Mellor Dominic J, McKendrick Iain J, Chase-Topping Margo E, Pearce Michael C, Reid Stuart WJ, Gunn George J, and Woolhouse Mark EJ

Subjects
Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

Abstract Background Escherichia coli O157 is an important cause of acute diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis and, especially in children, haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). Incidence rates for human E. coli O157 infection in Scotland are higher than most other United Kingdom, European and North American countries. Cattle are considered the main reservoir for E. coli O157. Significant associations between livestock related exposures and human infection have been identified in a number of studies. Results Animal Studies: There were no statistically significant differences (P = 0.831) in the mean farm-level prevalence between the two studies (SEERAD: 0.218 (95%CI: 0.141-0.32); IPRAVE: 0.205 (95%CI: 0.135-0.296)). However, the mean pat-level prevalence decreased from 0.089 (95%CI: 0.075-0.105) to 0.040 (95%CI: 0.028-0.053) between the SEERAD and IPRAVE studies respectively (P < 0.001). Highly significant (P < 0.001) reductions in mean pat-level prevalence were also observed in the spring, in the North East and Central Scotland, and in the shedding of phage type (PT) 21/28. Human Cases: Contrasting the same time periods, there was a decline in the overall comparative annual reported incidence of human cases as well as in all the major PT groups except 'Other' PTs. For both cattle and humans, the predominant phage type between 1998 and 2004 was PT21/28 comprising over 50% of the positive cattle isolates and reported human cases respectively. The proportion of PT32, however, was represented by few (P = 0.002). Conclusion There was no significant decrease in the mean farm-level prevalence of E. coli O157 between 1998 and 2004 in Scotland, despite significant declines in mean pat-level prevalence. Although there were declines in the number of human cases between the two study periods, there is no statistically significant evidence that the overall rate (per 100,000 population) of human E. coli O157 infections in Scotland over the last 10 years has altered. Comparable patterns in the distribution of PTs 21/28 and 32 between cattle and humans support a hypothesized link between the bovine reservoir and human infections. This emphasizes the need to apply and improve methods to reduce bovine shedding of E. coli O157 in Scotland where rates appear higher in both cattle and human populations, than in other countries.

Published
2009
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45. Herd-level risk factors associated with the presence of Phage type 21/28 E. coli O157 on Scottish cattle farms

Author

Mellor Dominic J, Low Chris, Fenlon Dave, Allison Lesley, McKendrick Iain J, Pearce Michael C, Chase-Topping Margo E, Halliday Jo EB, Gunn George J, and Woolhouse Mark EJ

Subjects
Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

Abstract Background E. coli O157 is a bacterial pathogen that is shed by cattle and can cause severe disease in humans. Phage type (PT) 21/28 is a subtype of E. coli O157 that is found across Scotland and is associated with particularly severe human morbidity. Methods A cross-sectional survey of Scottish cattle farms was conducted in the period Feb 2002-Feb 2004 to determine the prevalence of E. coli O157 in cattle herds. Data from 88 farms on which E. coli O157 was present were analysed using generalised linear mixed models to identify risk factors for the presence of PT 21/28 specifically. Results The analysis identified private water supply, and northerly farm location as risk factors for PT 21/28 presence. There was a significant association between the presence of PT 21/28 and an increased number of E. coli O157 positive pat samples from a farm, and PT 21/28 was significantly associated with larger E. coli O157 counts than non-PT 21/28 E. coli O157. Conclusion PT 21/28 has significant risk factors that distinguish it from other phage types of E. coli O157. This finding has implications for the control of E. coli O157 as a whole and suggests that control could be tailored to target the locally dominant PT.

Published
2006
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46. Vulnerability of the British swine industry to classical swine fever

Author

Porphyre, Thibaud, Correia-Gomes, Carla, Chase-Topping, Margo E., Gamado, Kokouvi, Auty, Harriet K., Hutchinson, Ian, Reeves, Aaron, Gunn, George J., and Woolhouse, Mark E.J.

Subjects
Classical Swine Fever, Risk, Swine, Animals, Industry, Models, Theoretical, Epidemics, Article, United Kingdom
Abstract

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a notifiable, highly contagious viral disease of swine which results in severe welfare and economic consequences in affected countries. To improve preparedness, it is critical to have some understanding of how CSF would spread should it be introduced. Based on the data recorded during the 2000 epidemic of CSF in Great Britain (GB), a spatially explicit, premises-based model was developed to explore the risk of CSF spread in GB. We found that large outbreaks of CSF would be rare and generated from a limited number of areas in GB. Despite the consistently low vulnerability of the British swine industry to large CSF outbreaks, we identified concerns with respect to the role played by the non-commercial sector of the industry. The model further revealed how various epidemiological features may influence the spread of CSF in GB, highlighting the importance of between-farm biosecurity in preventing widespread dissemination of the virus. Knowledge of factors affecting the risk of spread are key components for surveillance planning and resource allocation, and this work provides a valuable stepping stone in guiding policy on CSF surveillance and control in GB.

Published
2017
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48. Overview of progress in European medium sized tokamaks towards an integrated plasma-edge/wall solution

Author

Meyer, H., Eich, T., Beurskens, M., Coda, S., Hakola, A.H., Martin, P., Adamek, J., Agostini, M., Aguiam, D., Ahn, J., Aho-Mantila, L., Akers, R., Albanese, R., Aledda, R., Alessi, E., Allan, Jonathan S., da Costa Alves Machado, Simone, Ambrosino, R., Amicucci, L., Anand, H., Anastassiou, G., Andrèbe, Y., Angioni, C., Apruzzese, G., Ariola, M., Arnichand, H., Arter, W., Baciero, A., Barnes, M., Barrera Orte, L., Behn, R., Bencze, A., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Bettini, P., Bílková, P., Bin Najib, Waqas, Birkenmeier, G., Bizarro, J P S, Blanchard, P., Blanken, T., Bluteau, M., Bobkov, V., Bogar, O., Böhm, P., Bolzonella, T., Boncagni, L., Botrugno, A., Bottereau, C., Bouquey, F., Bourdelle, C., Bremond, S., Brezinsek, S., Brida, D., Brochard, F., Buchanan, F.J., Bufferand, H., Buratti, P, Cahyna, P., Calabro, G., Camenen, Y., Caniello, R., Cannas, B., Canton, A., Cardinali, A., Carnevale, D., Carr, Meghan, Carralero, D., Carvalho, P., Casali, L., Castaldo, C., Castejón, F., Castro, R., Causa, F., Cavazzana, R., Cavedon, M., Cecconello, M., Ceccuzzi, S., Cesario, R., Challis, C.D., Chapman, I.T., Chapman, S.C., Chernyshova, M., Choi, D-Y., Cianfarani, C., Ciraolo, G., Citrin, J, Clairet, F., Classen, I., Coelho, R., Coenen, J.W., Colas, L., Conway, G., Corre, Y., Costea, S., Crisanti, F, Cruz, N., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., D’Arcangelo, O., De Angeli, M., De Masi, G., De Temmerman, G., De Tommasi, G., Decker, J., Delogu, R.S., Dendy, R.O., Denner, P., Di Troia, C., Dimitrova, M., D’Inca, R., Dorić, V., Douai, D., Drenik, A., Dudson, B., Dunai, D., Dunne, M., Duval, B. P., Easy, L., Elmore, S., Erdös, B., Esposito, B., Fable, E., Faitsch, M., Fanni, A., Fedorczak, N., Felici, F., Ferreira, J., Février, O., Ficker, O., Fietz, S., Figini, L., Figueiredo, A., Fil, A., Fishpool, G., FitzGerald, Michael, Fontana, M., Ford, O., Frassinetti, L, Fridström, R., Frigione, D., Fuchert, G., Fuchs, C., Furno Palumbo, M., Futatani, S., Gabellieri, L., Gałązka, K., Galdon-Quiroga, J., Galeani, S., Gallart, D., Gallo, Antonio, Galperti, C., Gao, Y., Garavaglia, S., Garcia, J., Garcia-Carrasco, A., Garcia Lopez, J., García-Muñoz, M., Gardarein, J.-L., Garzotti, L., Gaspar, J., Gauthier, E., Geelen, P., Geiger, B., Ghendrih, P., Ghezzi, F., Giacomelli, L., Giannone, L., Giovannozzi, E., Giroud, C., Gleason González, C., Gobbin, M., Goodman, T.P., Gorini, G., Gospodarczyk, M., Granucci, G., Gruber, M., Gude, A., Guimarais, L., Guirlet, R., Gunn, George J., Hacek, P., Hacquin, S., Hall, S., Ham, C., Happel, T., Harrison, J., Harting, D., Hauer, V., Havlícková, E., Hellsten, T., Helou, W., Henderson, S.S., Hennequin, P., Heyn, M., Hnat, B., Hölzl, M., Hogeweij, G.M.D., Honoré, Connie, Hopf, C., Horáček, J., Hornung, G., Horvath, L., Huang, Zhiwei, Huber, Andreas, Igitkhanov, J., Igochine, V., Imrisek, M., Innocente, P., Ionita-Schrittwieser, C., Isliker, H., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jacobsen, Asger Schou, Jacquet, P., Jakubowski, M., Jardin, A., Jaulmes, F., Jenko, F., Jensen, Thomas, Olsen, Jeppe Miki Busk, Jessen, Martin, Joffrin, E., Jones, O., Jónsson, T., Kallenbach, A., Kallinikos, N., Kalvin, S., Kappatou, A., Karhunen, J., Karpushov, A., Kasilov, S., Kasprowicz, G., Kendl, A., Kernbichler, W., Kim, D., Kirk, A., Kjer, S., Klimek, I., Kocsis, G., Kogut, D., Komm, M., Korsholm, Søren Bang, Koslowski, H R, Koubiti, M., Kovacic, J., Kovarik, K., Krawczyk, N., Krbec, J., Krieger, K., Krivska, A., Kube, R., Kudlacek, O., Kurki-Suonio, T., Labit, B., Laggner, F.M., Laguardia, L., Lahtinen, Annukka M, Lalousis, P., Lang, P.T., Lauber, P., Lazanyi, N., Lazaros, A., Le, H.B., Lebschy, A., Leddy, J., Lefèvre, Laure, Lehnen, M., Leipold, Frank, Lessig, A., Leyland, M., Li, L., Liang, Y., Lipschultz, B., Liu, Y.Q., Loarer, T., Loarte, A., Loewenhoff, T., Lomanowski, B., Loschiavo, V.P., Lunt, T., Lupelli, I., Lux, H., Lyssoivan, A., Madsen, Jens, Maget, P., Maggi, C., Maggiora, R., Magnussen, Michael Løiten, Mailloux, J., Maljaars, B., Malygin, S.A., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Maraschek, M., Marchand, B., Marconato, N., Marini, C., Marinucci, M., Markovic, T., Marocco, D., Marrelli, L., Martin, Y., Martín-Solís, J. R., Martitsch, A., Mastrostefano, S., Mattei, M., Matthews, G.F., Mavridis, M., Mayoral, M.-L., Mazon, D., McCarthy, P., McAdams, R., McArdle, G.J., McClements, K.G., McDermott, R., McMillan, B., Meisl, G., Merle, A., Meyer, O., Milanesio, D., Militello, F., Miron, I.G., Mitosinkova, K., Mlynar, J., Mlynek, A., Molina, Daniel R., Molina, Pablo, Monakhov, I., Morales, J.M., Moreau, Debra L., Morel, P., Moret, J.-M., Del Moro, A., Moulton, D., Müller, H.W., Nabais, F., Nardon, E., Naulin, Volker, Nemes-Czopf, A., Nespoli, F., Neu, R., Nielsen, Anders Henry, Nielsen, Stefan Kragh, Nikolaeva, V., Nimb, Søren Robert, Nocente, M., Nouailletas, R., Nowak, S., Oberkofler, M., Oberparleiter, M., Ochoukov, R., Odstrčil, T., Olsen, J., Omotani, J., O’Mullane, M.G., Orain, F., Osterman, N., Paccagnella, R., Pamela, S., Pangione, L., Panjan, M., Papp, G., Papřok, R., Parail, V., Parra, F.I., Pau, A., Pautasso, G., Pehkonen, S.-P., Pereira, A., Perelli Cippo, Enrico, Pericoli Ridolfini, V., Peterka, M., Petersson, P., Petrzilka, V., Piovesan, P., Piron, C., Pironti, A., Pisano, F., Pisokas, T., Pitts, R., Ploumistakis, I., Plyusnin, V., Pokol, G., Poljak, D., Pölöskei, P., Popovic, Z., Pór, G., Porte, L., Potzel, S., Predebon, I., Preynas, M., Primc, G., Pucella, Gianluca, Puiatti, M.E., Pütterich, T., Rack, M., Ramogida, G., Rapson, C., Rasmussen, Jens Juul, Rasmussen, Jesper, Rattá, G.A., Ratynskaia, S., Ravera, G., Réfy, D., Reich, M., Reimerdes, H., Reimold, F., Reinke, M., Reiser, D., Resnik, M., Reux, C., Ripamonti, D., Rittich, D., Riva, G., Rodriguez-Ramos, M., Rohde, V., Rosato, J., Ryter, F., Saarelma, S., Sabot, R., Saint-Laurent, F., Salewski, Mirko, Salmi, A., Samaddar, D., Sanchis-Sanchez, L., Santos, J., Sauter, O., Scannell, R., Scheffer, M., Schneider, M., Schneider, B., Schneider, P., Schneller, M., Schrittwieser, R., Schubert, M., Schweinzer, J., Seidl, J., Sertoli, M., Šesnić, S., Shabbir, A., Shalpegin, A., Shanahan, B., Sharapov, S., Sheikh, U., Sias, G., Sieglin, B., Silva, C., Silva, A., Silva Fuglister, M., Simpson, James J., Snicker, A., Sommariva, C., Sozzi, C, Spagnolo, S., Spizzo, G., Spolaore, M., Stange, T., Pedersen, Morten Stejner, Stepanov, I., Stober, J., Strand, P., Šušnjara, A., Suttrop, W., Szepesi, T., Tál, B., Tala, T., Tamain, P., Tardini, G., Tardocchi, M., Teplukhina, A., Terranova, D., Testa, D., Theiler, C., Thornton, A., Tolias, P., Tophøj, Laust Emil Hjerrild, Treutterer, W., Trevisan, G.L., Tripsky, M., Tsironis, C., Tsui, C., Tudisco, O., Uccello, A., Urban, Jesper, Valisa, M., Vallejos, Paul, Valovic, M., van den Brand, H., Vanovac, B., Varoutis, S., Vartanian, S., Vega-Castillo, Jesús, Verdoolaege, G., Verhaegh, K., Vermare, L., Vianello, N., Vicente, J., Viezzer, E., Vignitchouk, L., Vijvers, W.A.J., Villone, F., Viola, B., Vlahos, L., Voitsekhovitch, I., Vondráček, P., Vu, N.M.T., Wágner, D., Walkden, N. R., Wang, N., Wauters, T., Weiland, M., Weinzettl, V., Westerhof, E., Wiesenberger, M., Willensdorfer, M., Wischmeier, M., Wodniak, I., Wolfrum, E., Yadykin, D., Zagorski, R., Zammuto, I., Zanca, P., Zaplotnik, R., Zestanakis, P., Zhang, W., Zoletnik, S., Zuin, Matteo, Meyer, H., Eich, T., Beurskens, M., Coda, S., Hakola, A.H., Martin, P., Adamek, J., Agostini, M., Aguiam, D., Ahn, J., Aho-Mantila, L., Akers, R., Albanese, R., Aledda, R., Alessi, E., Allan, Jonathan S., da Costa Alves Machado, Simone, Ambrosino, R., Amicucci, L., Anand, H., Anastassiou, G., Andrèbe, Y., Angioni, C., Apruzzese, G., Ariola, M., Arnichand, H., Arter, W., Baciero, A., Barnes, M., Barrera Orte, L., Behn, R., Bencze, A., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Bettini, P., Bílková, P., Bin Najib, Waqas, Birkenmeier, G., Bizarro, J P S, Blanchard, P., Blanken, T., Bluteau, M., Bobkov, V., Bogar, O., Böhm, P., Bolzonella, T., Boncagni, L., Botrugno, A., Bottereau, C., Bouquey, F., Bourdelle, C., Bremond, S., Brezinsek, S., Brida, D., Brochard, F., Buchanan, F.J., Bufferand, H., Buratti, P, Cahyna, P., Calabro, G., Camenen, Y., Caniello, R., Cannas, B., Canton, A., Cardinali, A., Carnevale, D., Carr, Meghan, Carralero, D., Carvalho, P., Casali, L., Castaldo, C., Castejón, F., Castro, R., Causa, F., Cavazzana, R., Cavedon, M., Cecconello, M., Ceccuzzi, S., Cesario, R., Challis, C.D., Chapman, I.T., Chapman, S.C., Chernyshova, M., Choi, D-Y., Cianfarani, C., Ciraolo, G., Citrin, J, Clairet, F., Classen, I., Coelho, R., Coenen, J.W., Colas, L., Conway, G., Corre, Y., Costea, S., Crisanti, F, Cruz, N., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., D’Arcangelo, O., De Angeli, M., De Masi, G., De Temmerman, G., De Tommasi, G., Decker, J., Delogu, R.S., Dendy, R.O., Denner, P., Di Troia, C., Dimitrova, M., D’Inca, R., Dorić, V., Douai, D., Drenik, A., Dudson, B., Dunai, D., Dunne, M., Duval, B. 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R., Wang, N., Wauters, T., Weiland, M., Weinzettl, V., Westerhof, E., Wiesenberger, M., Willensdorfer, M., Wischmeier, M., Wodniak, I., Wolfrum, E., Yadykin, D., Zagorski, R., Zammuto, I., Zanca, P., Zaplotnik, R., Zestanakis, P., Zhang, W., Zoletnik, S., and Zuin, Matteo

Abstract

Integrating the plasma core performance with an edge and scrape-off layer (SOL) that leads to tolerable heat and particle loads on the wall is a major challenge. The new European medium size tokamak task force (EU-MST) coordinates research on ASDEX Upgrade (AUG), MAST and TCV. This multi-machine approach within EU-MST, covering a wide parameter range, is instrumental to progress in the field, as ITER and DEMO core/pedestal and SOL parameters are not achievable simultaneously in present day devices. A two prong approach is adopted. On the one hand, scenarios with tolerable transient heat and particle loads, including active edge localised mode (ELM) control are developed. On the other hand, divertor solutions including advanced magnetic configurations are studied. Considerable progress has been made on both approaches, in particular in the fields of: ELM control with resonant magnetic perturbations (RMP), small ELM regimes, detachment onset and control, as well as filamentary scrape-off-layer transport. For example full ELM suppression has now been achieved on AUG at low collisionality with n = 2 RMP maintaining good confinement HH(98,y2)≈0.95 Advances have been made with respect to detachment onset and control. Studies in advanced divertor configurations (Snowflake, Super-X and X-point target divertor) shed new light on SOL physics. Cross field filamentary transport has been characterised in a wide parameter regime on AUG, MAST and TCV progressing the theoretical and experimental understanding crucial for predicting first wall loads in ITER and DEMO. Conditions in the SOL also play a crucial role for ELM stability and access to small ELM regimes.

Published
2017

49. Molecular epidemiology of antimicrobial-resistant commensal Escherichia coli strains in a cohort of newborn calves

Author

Hoyle, Deborah V., Yates, Catherine M., Amyes, Sebastian G.B., Chase-Topping, Margor E., Woolhouse, Mark E., Turner, Esther J., Gunn, George J., Davies, Sarah E., and Low, J. Chris

Subjects
Escherichia coli -- Research, Calves -- Genetic aspects, Epidemiology -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

A unique view of the microbial ecology of an antimicrobial-resistant commensal Escherichia coli population within a large cohort of calves monitored intensively from birth is presented. Results reveal that calves are colonized by a succession of multiply resistant strains, with a probable environmental source, that disseminated through the cohort over time.

Published
2005

50. Identifying associations between pig pathologies using a multi-dimensional machine learning methodology

Author

Sanchez-Vazquez, Manuel J, Nielen, Mirjam, Edwards, Sandra A, Gunn, George J, Lewis, Fraser I, Sanchez-Vazquez, Manuel J, Nielen, Mirjam, Edwards, Sandra A, Gunn, George J, and Lewis, Fraser I

Abstract

Background: Abattoir detected pathologies are of crucial importance to both pig production and food safety. Usually, more than one pathology coexist in a pig herd although it often remains unknown how these different pathologies interrelate to each other. Identification of the associations between different pathologies may facilitate an improved understanding of their underlying biological linkage, and support the veterinarians in encouraging control strategies aimed at reducing the prevalence of not just one, but two or more conditions simultaneously. Results: Multi-dimensional machine learning methodology was used to identify associations between ten typical pathologies in 6485 batches of slaughtered finishing pigs, assisting the comprehension of their biological association. Pathologies potentially associated with septicaemia (e.g. pericarditis, peritonitis) appear interrelated, suggesting on-going bacterial challenges by pathogens such as Haemophilus parasuis and Streptococcus suis. Furthermore, hepatic scarring appears interrelated with both milk spot livers (Ascaris suum) and bacteria-related pathologies, suggesting a potential multi-pathogen nature for this pathology. Conclusions: The application of novel multi-dimensional machine learning methodology provided new insights into how typical pig pathologies are potentially interrelated at batch level. The methodology presented is a powerful exploratory tool to generate hypotheses, applicable to a wide range of studies in veterinary research.

Published
2012

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