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Katherine S Monroe, Lindsey Amerson, William Bundy, Yulanda Greene, Gregory Jarvis, Jennifer Stever, Gaurav P Patel Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiologist Assistant Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USACorrespondence: Gaurav P Patel, Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiologist Assistant Program, Emory University School of Medicine, 57 Executive Park South, Suite 300, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA, Email gppatel@emory.eduBackground: The Anesthesiologist Assistant (AA) profession is gaining popularity, and as such, the number of applicants and the number of AA programs are also increasing. There is no published data on what makes a good AA student – multiple studies exist in this regard for anesthesiology residents and medical students. The Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT) and the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) have shown to have some correlation with student success in other health professions. There is no data to suggest that they can indicate potential success or academic problems during AA school. As such, this study evaluated the impact of these standardized test scores and student success in both the preclinical and clinical curricula at the Emory AA program.Methods: A retrospective analysis of MCAT scores and GRE scores was performed. 2-tailed Pearson coefficients were calculated to see if there was a relationship between higher MCAT and GRE scores and performance in our program.Results: 2- tailed Pearson coefficients showed a moderately strong correlation between MCAT scores and our AA program’s science curriculum. There was a weak correlation as well between GRE scores here. The correlation dropped slightly for the MCAT and performance during our clinical curriculum, and a similar drop was noted for the GRE.Discussion: Our study shows that the MCAT appears to more strongly correlated with better performance in both the science curriculum of our program and also with our clinical program. The study likely implies that the MCAT appears to be a better gauge as to how a student will do in an AA program in comparison to the GRE. Further studies are needed to understand how to appropriately admit students who will successfully complete the rigorous AA program curriculum both at Emory and beyond.Keywords: admission metrics, certified anesthesiologist assistant, anesthesia care team, student success, standardized test scores

Katherine S Monroe, William Bundy, Yulanda Greene, Gregory Jarvis, Jennifer Stever, Gaurav P Patel Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USACorrespondence: Gaurav P Patel, Emory University, 57 Executive Park South, Suite 300, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA, Email gppatel@emory.eduPurpose: The Anesthesiologist Assistant career is gaining significant popularity in the health professions in the United States. Given that this medical occupation is relatively young, there is limited information regarding student success in this demanding graduate-level program. Assessing if pre-admission metrics influence how students perform during the curriculum is essential to recruiting the appropriate candidates. Grade point averages have been shown to correlate with student success in medical education programs for both medical students and physician assistant students, but there is currently no information regarding anesthesiologist assistant students.Methods: Pre-matriculation science and cumulative grade point averages were accessed in a deidentified manner for Emory University Anesthesiologist Assistant Students, and 2-tailed Pearson coefficients were calculated to see if there was a correlation with performance during the science/didactic curriculum of our program and with the clinical curriculum of the program.Results: The 2-tailed Pearson coefficients showed a moderately strong positive correlation between pre-admission science and cumulative grade point averages and performance during the science curriculum of the Emory program (r=0.522). Data also suggested a moderate correlation with grade point averages at graduation from our program (r=0.484). Similar results were found with cumulative grade point averages as well.Conclusion: Given the limited information, we have regarding pre-admission metrics and performance in an Anesthesiologist Assistant program, our study shows that pre-admission science scores and grades in general in undergraduate studies does in fact mimic the information found from studies of other health profession students. Further studies are needed to elucidate how to choose the most appropriate candidates for admission to anesthesiologist assistant programs.Keywords: admission metrics, certified anesthesiologist assistant, anesthesia care team, student success

El presente artículo nos presenta el mundo literario de la obra de Graham Greene, quien, con el suspenso y el terror policial, con sus aventuras, intrigas y persecuciones, nos traslada al mundo sobrenatural del pecado y de la gracia. No se trata sólo de una novela de entretención, sino del genio de un autor que ha sabido plasmar a partir del género policial la estrecha relación entre su vida real de espía y su quehacer creativo como autor de novelas. Así nos surge la pregunta de si Greene fue un novelista que también era un espía o fue su carrera literaria la pantalla perfecta para su principal actividad de espionaje.

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Up to 50% of those diagnosed with HIV in the U.S. are not retained in medical care. Care retention provides opportunity to monitor benefits of HIV therapy and enable viral suppression. To increase retention, there is a need to prioritize best practices appropriate for translation and dissemination for real-world implementation. Eighteen interventions from CDC's Compendium of Evidence-Based Interventions were scored using the RE-AIM framework to determine those most suitable for dissemination. A CDC Division of HIV Prevention workgroup developed a RE-AIM scale with emphasis on the Implementation and Maintenance dimensions and less emphasis on the Efficacy dimension since all 18 interventions were already identified as evidence-based or evidence-informed. Raters referenced primary efficacy publications and scores were averaged for a ranked RE-AIM score for interventions. Of 18 interventions, four included care linkage and 7 included viral suppression outcomes. Interventions received between 20.6 and 35.3 points (45 maximum). Scores were converted into a percentage of the total possible with ranges between 45.8 and 78.4%. Top four interventions were ARTAS (78.4%); Routine Screening for HIV (RUSH) (73.2%); Optn4Life (67.4%) and Virology Fast Track (65.9%). All four scored high on Implementation and Maintenance dimensions. Select items within the scale were applicable to health equity, covering topics such as reaching under-served focus populations and acceptability to that population. Navigation-enhanced Case Management (NAV) scored highest on the health equity subscale. RE-AIM prioritization scores will inform dissemination and translation efforts, help clinical staff select feasible interventions for implementation, and support sustainability for those interventions., (© 2022. This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.)

On September 30, 2022, after >3 years with no confirmed cholera cases (1), the Directorate of Epidemiology, Laboratories and Research (DELR) of the Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population (Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population [MSPP]) was notified of two patients with acute, watery diarrhea in the metropolitan area of Port-au-Prince. Within 2 days, Haiti's National Public Health Laboratory confirmed the bacterium Vibrio cholerae O1 in specimens from the two patients with suspected cholera infection, and an outbreak investigation began immediately. As of January 3, 2023, >20,000 suspected cholera cases had been reported throughout the country, and 79% of patients have been hospitalized. The moving 14-day case fatality ratio (CFR) was 3.0%. Cholera, which is transmitted through ingestion of water or food contaminated with fecal matter, can cause acute, severe, watery diarrhea that can rapidly lead to dehydration, shock, and death if not treated promptly (2). Haiti is currently facing ongoing worsening of gang violence, population displacement, social unrest, and insecurity, particularly in the metropolitan area of Port-au-Prince, including Belair, Bas-Delmas, Centre-Ville, Martissant, Cité Soleil, Croix-des Bouquets, and Tabarre, creating an environment that has facilitated the current resurgence of cholera (3). This report describes the initial investigation, ongoing outbreak, and public health response to cholera in Haiti. Cholera outbreak responses require a multipronged, multisectoral approach including surveillance; case management; access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services; targeted oral cholera vaccine (OCV) campaigns; risk communication; and community engagement. This activity was reviewed by CDC and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy., Competing Interests: All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.

Since 2003, the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) has supported implementation and maintenance of health information systems for HIV/AIDS and related diseases, such as tuberculosis, in numerous countries. As the COVID-19 pandemic emerged, several countries conducted rapid assessments and enhanced existing PEPFAR-funded HIV and national health information systems to support COVID-19 surveillance data collection, analysis, visualization, and reporting needs. We describe efforts at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, and CDC country offices that enhanced existing health information systems in support COVID-19 pandemic response. We describe CDC activities in Haiti as an illustration of efforts in PEPFAR countries. We also describe how investments used to establish and maintain standards-based health information systems in resource-constrained settings can have positive effects on health systems beyond their original scope.

Background: Haiti's first COVID-19 cases were confirmed on March 18, 2020, and subsequently spread throughout the country. The objective of this study was to describe clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in Haitian outpatients and to identify risk factors for severity of clinical manifestations., Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of COVID-19 outpatients diagnosed from March 18-August 4, 2020, using demographic, epidemiological, and clinical data reported to the Ministry of Health (MoH). We used univariate and multivariate analysis, including multivariable logistic regression, to explore the risk factors and specific symptoms related to persons with symptomatic COVID-19 and the severity of symptomatic COVID-19 disease., Results: Of 5,389 cases reported to MOH during the study period, 1,754 (32.5%) were asymptomatic. Amongst symptomatic persons 2,747 (75.6%) had mild COVID-19 and 888 (24.4%) had moderate-to-severe disease; the most common symptoms were fever (69.6%), cough (51.9%), and myalgia (45.8%). The odds of having moderate-to-severe disease were highest among persons with hypertension (aOR = 1.72, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] (1.34, 2.20), chronic pulmonary disease (aOR = 3.93, 95% CI (1.93, 8.17)) and tuberculosis (aOR = 3.44, 95% CI (1.35, 9.14)) compared to persons without those conditions. The odds of having moderate-to-severe disease increased with age but was also seen among children aged 0-4 years (OR: 1.73, 95% CI (0.93, 3.08)), when using 30-39 years old as the reference group. All of the older age groups, 50-64 years, 65-74 years, 75-84 years, and 85+ years, had significantly higher odds of having moderate-to-severe COVID-19 compared with ages 30-39 years. Diabetes was associated with elevated odds of moderate-to-severe disease in bivariate analysis (OR = 2.17, 95% CI (1.58,2.98) but, this association did not hold in multivariable analyses (aOR = 1.22,95%CI (0.86,1.72))., Conclusion: These findings from a resource-constrained country highlight the importance of surveillance systems to track emerging infections and their risk factors. In addition to co-morbidities described elsewhere, tuberculosis was a risk factor for moderate-to-severe COVID-19 disease., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Background: Haiti introduced a monovalent human group A rotavirus (RVA) vaccine (Rotarix) into its routine infant immunization program in April 2014. The goal of the surveillance program was to characterize RVA strains circulating in Haiti before and after RVA vaccine introduction., Methods: Stool samples were collected from children <5 years old presenting with acute gastroenteritis at 16 hospitals in Haiti. RVA antigen enzyme immunoassay (EIA) testing was performed, and G and P genotypes were determined for positive specimens. In this study, genotype data for samples collected from May 2012 through April 2014 (the pre-vaccine introduction era) and May 2014 through July 2019 (post-vaccine introduction era) were analyzed., Results: A total of 809 specimens were tested by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. During the pre-vaccine introduction era (May 2012 through April 2014), G12P[8] was the predominant genotype, detected in 88-94% of specimens. There was a high prevalence of the equine-like G3P[8] genotype among Haitian children with RVA after vaccine introduction., Conclusions: The predominance of equine-like G3P[8] in three of five RVA seasons post-vaccine introduction suggests possible vaccine-specific selection pressure in Haiti. These temporal variations in RVA genotype predominance will require continued monitoring in Haiti as the vaccination program continues., (© 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.)

Rotavirus is responsible for 26% of diarrheal deaths in Latin America and the Caribbean. Haiti introduced the monovalent rotavirus vaccine in April 2014. The objective of this analysis is to describe the impact of the rotavirus vaccine on hospitalizations among Haitian children younger than 5 years old during the first 5 years after introduction. This analysis includes all children with diarrhea who were enrolled as part of a sentinel surveillance system at two hospitals from May 2013 to April 2019. We compare the proportion of rotavirus-positive specimens in each post-vaccine introduction year to the pre-vaccine period. To account for the potential dilution of the proportion of rotavirus-positive specimens from a waning cholera outbreak, we also analyzed annual trends in the absolute number of positive stools, fit a two-component finite-mixture model to the negative specimens, and fit a negative binomial time series model to the pre-vaccine rotavirus-positive specimens to predict the number of rotavirus diarrhea hospital admissions in the absence of rotavirus vaccination. The overall percentage of rotavirus-positive specimens declined by 22% the first year after introduction, increased by 17% the second year, and declined by 33% to 50% the subsequent 3 years. All sensitivity analyses confirmed an overall decline. We observed a clear annual rotavirus seasonality before and after vaccine introduction, with the greatest activity in December through April, and a biennial pattern, with high sharp peaks and flatter longer periods of increased rotavirus activity in alternating years, consistent with suboptimal vaccination coverage. Overall, our study shows evidence that the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine reduced the burden of severe rotavirus diarrhea.

Background: Rotavirus vaccines are effective in preventing severe rotavirus. Haiti introduced 2-dose monovalent (G1P[8]) rotavirus vaccine recommended for infants at 6 and 10 weeks of age in 2014. We calculated the effectiveness of rotavirus vaccine against hospitalization for acute gastroenteritis in Haiti., Methods: We enrolled children 6-59 months old admitted May 2014-September 2019 for acute watery diarrhea at any sentinel surveillance hospital. Stool was tested for rotavirus using enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and genotyped with multiplex one-step RT-PCR assay and Sanger sequencing for stratification by genotype. We used a case-negative design where cases were children positive for rotavirus and controls were negative for rotavirus. Only children eligible for vaccination were included and a child was considered vaccinated if vaccine was given ≥ 14 days before enrollment. We used unconditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios and calculated 2-dose and 1-dose vaccine effectiveness (VE) as (1 - odds ratio) * 100., Results: We included 129 (19%) positive cases and 543 (81%) negative controls. Among cases, 77 (60%) were positive for equine-like G3P[8]. Two doses of rotavirus vaccine were 66% (95% CI: 44, 80) effective against hospitalizations due to any strain of rotavirus and 64% (95% CI: 33, 81) effective against hospitalizations due to the equine-like G3P[8] genotype., Conclusions: These findings are comparable to other countries in the Americas region. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first VE estimate both against the equine-like G3P[8] genotype and from a Caribbean country. Overall, these results support rotavirus vaccine use and demonstrate the importance of complete vaccination., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest At the time of data collection and manuscript preparation Negar Aliabadi was an employee of CDC, but have since taken on employment at Pfizer, Inc. Eyal Leshem received personal consulting fees from Sanofi Pasteur outside the area of work in this study. Mark Katz received consulting fees from Roche in 2018 and 2019 for participation on an advisory board related to Baloxivir. Mark Katz have worked with the Clalit Research Institute, in Tel Aviv, Israel, which has received a grant from Pfizer for work on pneumococcal disease., (Published by Elsevier Ltd.)