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The performance of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites reinforced with functionalized titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in rutile and anatase crystalline phases were systematically investigated. The results underline that the incorporation of TiO2, regardless of its crystalline structure, significantly enhances PLA's crystallinity by 85%. Notably, rutile TiO2, when functionalized with higher glutaric acid concentrations, was an effective crystallinity booster by 95%, passing from 20.39% to 39.58% crystallinity for the PLA/TiO2 R20 + 10% system. Furthermore, this research elucidates that the selection between anatase and rutile phases plays a vital role in the photostabilization. Functionalized Rutile TiO2 exhibited exceptional UV resistance, effectively inhibiting photodegradation; for example, after 15 days of exposure, the functionalized systems exhibited a 497.6% improvement for PLA/TiO2 R10 + 5% (22.1 ± 2.5 MPa), while the PLA/TiO2 R10 + 5% showed an 85.1% increase in composite stiffness (35.5 ± 3.5 MPa) after 7 days of degradation, in comparison with pristine PLA (19.2 ± 2.9 MPa). Anatase, conversely, displayed varying effects depending on concentration, acting as a stabilizer at lower levels and a promoter of degradation at higher concentrations. This knowledge enables the precise modifying of PLA composites for specific applications, balancing crystallinity, mechanical properties, and UV resistance for a diverse array of applications. Highlights: TiO2 enhances photostability in PLA confirming its potential as a UV stabilizer.Comparing anatase and rutile phase: Unveiling PLA composite dynamics.Glutaric acid on TiO2 enhances PLA composite strength significantly.Optimal acid concentration key to composite performance.Tailored PLA composites balance crystallinity, mechanics, and UV resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mixed dibasic acids (DBA) is a by-product during adipic acid (ADA) production by oxidation of cyclohexanol or cyclohexanone, which contains large amount of glutaric acid (GA) with ADA and succinic acid (SA). In this work, we have explored the feasibility of the coupled solution crystallization and melt crystallization for the purification of GA. To obtain fundamental thermodynamic properties for the process design, the gravimetric method was used to measure the solubility of the three dibasic acids in water from 293.15 K to 345.15 K at atmospheric pressure. The results showed that GA was the most soluble component while all solubility increased with increasing temperature. Therefore, it is reasonable to concentrate GA in the liquid phase by cooling crystallization. Similarly, the ternary solid-liquid melt equilibrium phase diagram was constructed based on the experimental data of the three binary subsystems (GA-ADA, GA-SA, ADA-SA). It was found that the concentrated GA after solvent evaporation could be purified by melt crystallization efficiently. Thus a coupled solution crystallization and melt crystallization process was designed. With the operated operating parameters, the purity of GA could reach 99.06% by secondary melt crystallization. Overall, the coupled solution crystallization and melt crystallization method to separate DBA has proven to be effective. [Display omitted] • A novel coupled solution crystallization and melt crystallization method. • Determination of solubility data of three kinds of diacid in water from 293.15 K to 345.15 K. • The solid - liquid equilibrium phase diagrams of three dibasic acids were established by extrapolation. • A process for separating mixed diacid and preparing high purity glutaric acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Corticosteroids are among the most commonly used drugs in cats and are increasingly discussed as a treatment for feline pancreatitis. However, its effects on serum lipase in healthy cats remain unknown. Objectives To evaluate the effects of prednisolone on serum lipase activity and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (PLI) in cats. Animals Seven clinically healthy colony cats, aged 4 to 7 years, with unremarkable CBC/biochemistry panel were studied. Methods Prospective study: Prednisolone (1.1‐1.5 mg/kg, median 1.28 mg/kg PO) was given daily for 7 consecutive days. Lipase activity (LIPC Roche; RI, 8‐26 U/L) and PLI (Spec fPL; RI, 0‐3.5 μg/L) were determined at day 1 before first treatment and at days 2, 3, 8, 10, and 14. Cats were examined daily. An a priori power analysis indicated that 6 cats were needed to find a biological relevant effect at 1‐β = 0.8. Statistical analyses comprised the Friedman test, random intercept regression, and repeated‐measures linear regression. Results Median (range) day 1 lipase activities and PLI were 22 U/L (14‐52 U/L) and 3.2 μg/L (2.3‐15.7 μg/L). One cat with abnormally high lipase activity (52 U/L) and PLI (15.7 μg/L) at day 1 continued having elevated lipase activities and PLI throughout the study. Lipase activities and PLI concentrations did not differ significantly among time points regardless of whether the cat with elevated values was included or not. All cats remained healthy throughout the study. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Administration of prednisolone in anti‐inflammatory doses does not significantly increase serum lipase activity and PLI concentration.

In pursuit of understanding structure–property relationships for the melting point depression of binary eutectic mixtures, the influence of the anion on the solid–liquid (S–L) phase behavior was explored for mixtures of glutaric acid + tetraethylammonium chloride, bromide, and iodide. A detailed experimental evaluation of the S–L phase behavior revealed that the eutectic point is shifted toward lower temperatures and higher salt contents upon decreasing the ionic radius. The salt fusion properties were experimentally inaccessible owing to thermal decomposition. The data were inter- and extrapolated using various models for the Gibbs energy of mixing fitted to the glutaric-acid rich side only, which allowed for the assessment of the eutectic point. Fitting the experimental data to a two-parameter Redlich–Kister expansion with Flory entropy, the eutectic depth could be related to the ionic radius of the anion. The anion type, and in particular its size, can therefore be viewed as an important design parameter for the liquid window of other acid and salt-based deep eutectic solvents/systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites reinforced with functionalized titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in rutile and anatase crystalline phases were systematically investigated. The results underline that the incorporation of TiO2, regardless of its crystalline structure, significantly enhances PLA's crystallinity by 85%. Notably, rutile TiO2, when functionalized with higher glutaric acid concentrations, was an effective crystallinity booster by 95%, passing from 20.39% to 39.58% crystallinity for the PLA/TiO2 R20 + 10% system. Furthermore, this research elucidates that the selection between anatase and rutile phases plays a vital role in the photostabilization. Functionalized Rutile TiO2 exhibited exceptional UV resistance, effectively inhibiting photodegradation; for example, after 15 days of exposure, the functionalized systems exhibited a 497.6% improvement for PLA/TiO2 R10 + 5% (22.1 ± 2.5 MPa), while the PLA/TiO2 R10 + 5% showed an 85.1% increase in composite stiffness (35.5 ± 3.5 MPa) after 7 days of degradation, in comparison with pristine PLA (19.2 ± 2.9 MPa). Anatase, conversely, displayed varying effects depending on concentration, acting as a stabilizer at lower levels and a promoter of degradation at higher concentrations. This knowledge enables the precise modifying of PLA composites for specific applications, balancing crystallinity, mechanical properties, and UV resistance for a diverse array of applications. Highlights: TiO2 enhances photostability in PLA confirming its potential as a UV stabilizer.Comparing anatase and rutile phase: Unveiling PLA composite dynamics.Glutaric acid on TiO2 enhances PLA composite strength significantly.Optimal acid concentration key to composite performance.Tailored PLA composites balance crystallinity, mechanics, and UV resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A straightforward and practical method has been developed to access α-substituted glutaric diesters from acrylates and aldehydes using visible light, with Eosin Y facilitating hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and subsequent Giese-type addition. Also, sunlight has been successfully used as an alternative sustainable light source. The method has also been explored to access substituted 4,5-dihydro-2H-pyridazinones, which have potential biological and industrial applications. Comprehensive mechanistic investigations have been carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrastructural features of striatal white matter and cells in an in vivo model of glutaric acidemia type I created by intracerebral injection of glutaric acid (GA) were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. To test if the white matter damage observed in this model could be prevented, we administered the synthetic chemopreventive molecule CH38 ((E)‐3‐(4‐methylthiophenyl)‐1‐phenyl‐2‐propen‐1‐one) to newborn rats, previous to an intracerebroventricular injection of GA. The study was done when striatal myelination was incipient and when it was already established (at 12 and 45 days post‐injection [DPI], respectively). Results obtained indicate that that the ultrastructure of astrocytes and neurons did not appear significantly affected by the GA bolus. Instead, in oligodendrocytes, the most prominent GA‐dependent injury defects included endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and nuclear envelope swelling at 12 DPI. Altered and reduced immunoreactivities against heavy neurofilament (NF), proteolipid protein (PLP), and myelin‐associated glycoprotein (MAG) together with axonal bundle fragmentation and decreased myelin were also found at both ages analyzed. CH38 by itself did not affect striatal cells or axonal packages. However, the group of rats that received CH38 before GA did not show evidence neither of ER stress nor nuclear envelope dilation in oligodendrocytes, and axonal bundles appeared less fragmented. In this group, labeling of NF and PLP was similar to the controls. These results suggest that the CH38 molecule is a candidate drug to prevent or decrease the neural damage elicited by a pathological increase of GA in the brain. Optimization of the treatments and identification of the mechanisms underlying CH38 protective effects will open new therapeutic windows to protect myelin, which is a vulnerable target of numerous nervous system diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optically-active luminescent materials based on lanthanoid ions attract significant attention due to their unique spectroscopic properties and the possibility of application as chemical sensors. Five isostructural lanthanoid metal organic frameworks, namely {[Pr(3,4-PDA)(Glu)0.5(H2O)2]CH3CN}(1) and [Ln(3,4-PDA)(Glu)0.5(H2O)2]: Ln = Nd (2), Sm (3), Eu (4), and Tb (5) (where 3,4-PDA = pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylic acid, Glu = glutaric acid), synthesized via the solvothermal method are reported. These lanthanoid metal–organic frameworks were characterized by FTIR, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, BET, Hirshfeld surface analysis, DFT calculations, electronic spectroscopy, and photoluminescence techniques. MOFs 1–5 show porous two-dimensional (2D) structures. The luminescence properties of MOFs 4 and 5 demonstrated the range of sensing capabilities for some toxic heavy metals. However, MOFs 4 and 5 are highly sensitive for the detection of Pb2+, exhibiting the most effective luminescence quenching with the lowest detectable change in the signal occurring at ∼0.014 and ∼0.013 ppm of Pb2+ with MOFs 4 and 5, respectively, at room temperature in minutes. The MOF-based luminescence sensors designed in this paper demonstrate a successful and feasible strategy to use pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylic acid-based ligand as an antenna, which can efficiently sensitize Eu3+ and Tb3+ emission. MOFs 4 and 5 show great potential in the application of environmental detection of Pb2+ in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The utility of 1,2‐o‐dilauryl‐rac‐glycero glutaric acid‐(6′‐methylresorufin)‐ester‐(DGGR)‐lipase activity (DLA) in monitoring clinical progression of chronic pancreatitis (CP) in dogs is unknown. Objective To examine the association of DLA with clinical signs of CP, as assessed by a CP clinical severity score (CPCSS). Animals: Twenty‐four dogs. Methods This is a retrospective study. Chronic pancreatitis was diagnosed based on clinical signs and DLA > 250 U/L and monitored using CPCSS and DLA. Results The study included 134 visits (median, 10 visits/dog; range, 2‐11). Mild‐moderate (CPCSS, 0‐3) and severe (CPCSS, ≥4) disease were documented in 94 (70%) and 40 (30%) visits, respectively. In emergency visits (n = 44; 33%) CPCSS (median, 5; range, 0‐15) and DLA (median, 534 U/L; range, 63‐7133) were higher (P

Background: Corticosteroids are among the most commonly used drugs in cats and are increasingly discussed as a treatment for feline pancreatitis. However, its effects on serum lipase in healthy cats remain unknown., Objectives: To evaluate the effects of prednisolone on serum lipase activity and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (PLI) in cats., Animals: Seven clinically healthy colony cats, aged 4 to 7 years, with unremarkable CBC/biochemistry panel were studied., Methods: Prospective study: Prednisolone (1.1-1.5 mg/kg, median 1.28 mg/kg PO) was given daily for 7 consecutive days. Lipase activity (LIPC Roche; RI, 8-26 U/L) and PLI (Spec fPL; RI, 0-3.5 μg/L) were determined at day 1 before first treatment and at days 2, 3, 8, 10, and 14. Cats were examined daily. An a priori power analysis indicated that 6 cats were needed to find a biological relevant effect at 1-β = 0.8. Statistical analyses comprised the Friedman test, random intercept regression, and repeated-measures linear regression., Results: Median (range) day 1 lipase activities and PLI were 22 U/L (14-52 U/L) and 3.2 μg/L (2.3-15.7 μg/L). One cat with abnormally high lipase activity (52 U/L) and PLI (15.7 μg/L) at day 1 continued having elevated lipase activities and PLI throughout the study. Lipase activities and PLI concentrations did not differ significantly among time points regardless of whether the cat with elevated values was included or not. All cats remained healthy throughout the study., Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Administration of prednisolone in anti-inflammatory doses does not significantly increase serum lipase activity and PLI concentration., (© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)

A trinuclear linear mixed-valence centrosymmetric cobalt(iii)-cobalt(ii)-cobalt(iii) complex, [Co II {(μ-L)(μ-Hglu)Co III (OH 2 )} 2 ](ClO 4 ) 2 ·6H 2 O has been synthesized during tetradentate N 2 O 2 donor 'Schiff base' ligand, H 2 L { N , N '-bis(salicylidene)-1,3-diaminopropane} and glutaric acid (H 2 glu) as anionic co-ligand. The complex has been characterized by spectroscopic measurements and its solid state structure has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The supra-molecular assembly formed by the hydrogen bonding interactions in the solid state of the complex has been analysed using DFT calculations., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

The present study demonstrates that low concentrations of azelaic acid (AZA) significantly impact the metabolism of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, leading to imbalances in numerous minerals and metabolites due to AZA‐induced stress. Untargeted metabolomic analyses were conducted on untreated and AZA‐treated seedlings at two time points: 7 and 14 days after treatment initiation. The results revealed a general accumulation of sugars (e.g., glucose, mannose, xylose), amino acids (e.g., lysine, GABA, threonine, glutamine), and organic acids (e.g., glutaric acid, shikimic acid, succinic acid) in AZA treated‐seedlings, suggesting that AZA triggers stress responses in Arabidopsis. Ionomic analysis revealed that AZA induces phosphorus deficiency, which plants compensate by increasing malate content in the roots. Additionally, AZA treatment induced putrescine accumulation within the root, a metabolic biomarker of potassium deficiency and plant stress. The metabolomic profile showed elevated levels of different specialized metabolites, such as nitrogen‐ and sulphur‐containing compounds, and altered levels of various phytohormones, including jasmonates and brassinosteroids, implicated in plant protection under biotic and/or abiotic stresses. These findings support the hypothesis that AZA's mode of action is associated with an auxin imbalance, suggesting its function as an auxinic herbicide. The observed increases in starch and jasmonates, coupled with the disruptions in potassium homeostasis, are linked to the previously reported alterations in the auxin transport, root architecture and gravitropic root response. Statistical analyses were applied, including Kruskal‐Wallis tests for ionomic data, as well as multifactor analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Orthogonal Partial Least Squares‐Discriminant Analysis, and enrichment pathway analysis for metabolomic data, ensuring the robustness and validity of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive extraction uses extractant ( I E i ) combined with diluents to increase extraction efficiency (ratio of acid concentration in the organic phase to initial acid concentration in the aqueous phase). The model equation representing the extraction system as a second-order polynomial, associate a relation between independent input variables (initial concentration of glutaric acid, percentage of TOA, pH) and dependent variable (experimentally obtained extraction efficiency) in the reactive extraction process ([23]). Keywords: glutaricacid; optimization; reactive extraction; response surface method EN glutaricacid optimization reactive extraction response surface method 511 520 10 06/01/22 20220501 NES 220501 1 Introduction Glutaric acid (1,5 pentanedioic acid) is a white crystalline solid used in the manufacture of polyamides, ester plasticizers, polyester polyols, and corrosion inhibitors, as well as surfactants, metal finishing compounds and pharmaceutical synthesis ([7]). 4.2.3 Effect of concentration of GLA and pH on extraction efficiency Figure 5 shows 3-D surface plot, plotted against the concentration of glutaric acid, pH and extraction efficiency. [Extracted from the article]

Glutaric acid is an important C5 platform compound for the synthesis of nylon polymers. However, its production titer and cost are limited by the need for expensive cofactors addition as well as the difficulty of reusing microbial catalysts. Herein, to address these problems, two regeneration systems each for NAD(P)+ and α‐ketoglutaric acid were introduced into a five‐enzyme cadaverine pathway for a whole‐cell biocatalytic approach. We demonstrated the efficient conversion of lysine to glutaric acid in a synthetic microbial consortium manner, producing 73.2 g/L glutaric acid with a 74 % molar yield in a 5‐L bioreactor scale. Moreover, with a colloidal chitin‐based immobilization, the engineered microbial consortium exhibited good stability and reusability in a five‐cycle bioconversion. This study provides an efficient microbial platform for glutaric acid production by developing a cheaper and universal cell immobilization approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polymorphs and hydrates of multi-component crystals have not been studied as extensively as those of single-component crystals. In this work, one anhydrate and one monohydrate of a cocrystal involving axitinib (AXI) and glutaric acid (GA), AXI-GA I and AXI-GA·H2O, were successfully synthesized and fully characterized by single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, polarizing microscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analyses. Hirshfeld surface analysis demonstrates that the most prominent contributions of the intermolecular interactions of these two forms are provided by van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonds/C–H⋯O contacts and C–H⋯π interactions. The hygroscopicity, accelerated stability and powder dissolution behaviors were evaluated. The phase transition relationship under various conditions was also investigated, and a metastable anhydrous form, AXI-GA II, was discovered during this process. The results show that AXI-GA I is the most thermodynamically stable form and has great potential for further development as it exhibits significantly improved solubility with enough stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corynebacterium glutamicum was engineered to produce glutaric acid by metabolic engineering approaches starting from the heterologous introduction of the glutaric acid biosynthesis pathway by the expression of Pseudomonas putida davTDBA genes. Two conversion modules i.e., L -lysine conversion module and glutaric acid production module, were constructed on the basis of dual-vector systems to support high-level glutaric acid biosynthesis from glucose with reduced byproducts accumulation. Fed-batch fermentation of the final engineered strain harboring two conversion modules along with Escherichia coli dapBmut (dapBC115G,G116C) expression resulted in the production of 65.6 g L−1 of glutaric acid in a 5 L fermenter. Furthermore, pilot-scale fed-batch fermentation was carried out in a 500 L fermenter to prepare large amounts of glutaric acid, resulting in the production of 56.0 g L−1 of glutaric acid. Glutaric acid produced by the pilot-scale fermentation of C. glutamicum was purified and then used for the synthesis of dioctyl glutarate (DOG) which was further applied in PVC film plasticization and genuine leather coating. It was found that the physical properties of the PVC film plasticized by DOG were comparable to those of the PVC film plasticized by dioctyl succinate (DOS) and dioctyl adipate (DOA). Also, a nitrocellulose (NC) coating agent consisting of DOG could support similar flexibilities and abrasion resistance of leather to those treated with the NC coating agent consisting of DOS and DOA. These results suggest that bio-based DOG developed in this study can be considered as a promising plasticizer having comparable plasticization efficiencies with other aliphatic dicarboxylic acid ester plasticizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]