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Worldwide, annual glass waste production surpasses 200 million tonnes, urging exploration of sustainable reuse avenues. This study evaluates the incorporation of waste glass powder (WGP) into concrete as a partial replacement for fine aggregate. Thirty concrete mixes, varying water-cement ratios and WGP levels, underwent comprehensive analysis. Findings reveal that as WGP percentage in sand increases, the slump of concrete rises marginally until reaching maximum glass powder replacement, with workability remaining within the 50 to 100 mm range. At a 10% replacement level, early and later age strength minimally impacts compressive strength. WGP's workability and strength hinge on particle geometry, indicating increased concrete strength when mixed with WGP featuring higher surface area and improved cement paste bonding. To enhance solid waste management, conserve sand, and bolster sustainability, WGP can replace up to 10% of sand weight in concrete at lower water-cement ratios. Positive correlation exists between slump and WGP percentage replaced. Both water-cement ratio and replacement amount significantly influence compressive strength, as confirmed by ANOVA. However, long-term mechanical strength and durability research is essential before recommending WGP for environmentally friendly and sustainable concrete applications, promising increased understanding through additional data collection and analysis.

Amidst rising natural aggregate consumption, recycling dumped waste for structural concrete effectively addresses resource scarcity and environmental contamination. Nevertheless, the adoption of toughened glass waste aggregate (TGWA) in construction remains relatively limited. This study explores the potential use of toughened glass waste (TGW) as a substitute for natural coarse aggregate (NCA) in high-performance concrete (HPC). This paper assesses the bond strength of deformed bars embedded in toughened glass waste high-performance concrete (TGW-HPC), considering different steel reinforcement diameters (8 mm and 12 mm) and various levels of TGW replacement (ranging from 0 % to 100 %). Various durability properties, including water absorption, water permeability, chloride ion penetration, and acid attack were examined. The study also investigated the microstructural characteristics of acid attacked specimens using techniques such as XRD, FTIR, and FESEM. Several important parameters, such as chloride diffusivity (D), hydraulic diffusivity (D (θ)), and permeability coefficients (K), were derived from the experimental data. The study found TGW50-HPC resulted in the highest bond strength, about 13.1 % more than the control mix. However, TGW100-HPC bond strength decreased by 17.51 % compared to the control mix. Notably, TGW100-HPC exhibited superior durability properties and showed the lowest coefficient of permeability, indicating reduced chloride ion, and water molecule transport through the interconnected pore structure. At 90 days, the TGW100-HPC mixture exhibited a strength reduction of 42.29 %, which closely resembled the 41.20 % reduction observed at 56 days. The formation of thenardite and basanite mitigate damage to the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) led to fewer micro-cracks and reduced acid ingress through the matrix. Incorporating TGWA in engineering projects can lead to cost savings through reduced raw material expenses and disposal fees, resulting in significant economic benefits and social well-being.

Lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE), a promising coolant in advanced nuclear systems, can be activated by neutrons during nuclear reactor operations. The decommissioning of nuclear facilities would generate lead–bismuth (Pb–Bi) alloy‐contaminated nuclear waste. The current metallic nuclear waste treatment approach involves remelting followed by cementitious solidification. This increases the waste volume and the risk of radionuclide migration in groundwater. Therefore, this study developed a method for vitrification of Pb–Bi alloy waste. Different amounts of SiO2 were added at 750–1100°C in the air to turn the simulated LBE waste into glass waste form. The values of the normalized elemental leaching rates (Pb, Bi, Si, Te, and Ni) determined using the 28‐day static leaching test were less than.2 g m−2 d−1 and varied with SiO2 addition. Furthermore, a three‐stage evolution of the glass structure with SiO2 addition was proposed according to the structural analysis performed using Raman and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopies. The evolution stages were as follows: (i) the stage of heavy metal transition from covalent to ionic heavy metals (7.5 wt% < SiO2 < 15 wt%), (ii) the stage of increase in bridging oxygen (15 wt% < SiO2 < 20 wt%), and (iii) the stage of domination of the Si–O network (20 wt% < SiO2 < 25 wt%). The evolution of the glass structure resulted in varying glass chemical durability. Finally, the glass‐forming region of (20–48)PbO–(35–70)Bi2O3–(7.5–25)SiO2 (wt%) and the temperature needed to melt those glasses were determined through the melting test, where radionuclides and toxic heavy metals showed undetectable volatilization during vitrification. Hence, turning LBE waste into glass waste form will be a potential approach for treating Pb–Bi alloy nuclear waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of artificial stone through the incorporation of granite and glass waste into an epoxy resin matrix is not only an ecological alternative capable of reducing the environmental impacts caused by improper disposal of these wastes but it is also technically satisfactory, as it adds economic value and optimizes the characteristics of the artificial stone compared to natural stone. The goal of this research was to produce and evaluate the properties of artificial stone plates manufactured using vibration, compression, and vacuum methodology. Plates were produced with 15% epoxy resin by weight, and aggregates in the proportions of 50% Ocre Itabira gray granite waste and 50% colorless tempered glass waste. During production, the materials were processed under a compaction pressure of 3.68 MPa for 20 min at 90 °C. The following characterization tests were conducted: density, apparent porosity, water absorption, three-point flexural strength, impact resistance, abrasive wear, staining, chemical attack, durability test through wetting and drying cycles, and microstructural analysis. The material achieved a water absorption of 0.13 ± 0.03%, flexural strength of 32.77 ± 3.29 MPa, rupture height of 0.45 ± 0.12 m, and abrasive wear of 1.65 ± 0.02 mm. It demonstrated good interfacial adhesion in the microstructural analysis and exhibited resistance to staining, chemical attack, and durability testing through wet-dry cycles. Therefore, the technical feasibility of the produced material was confirmed, with results consistent with previous studies in the field, demonstrating resistance to the conducted tests and indicating its potential application in the construction industry.

The use of red mud in the geopolymer production is an attractive method for managing this waste. However, the processing steps usually applied, such as drying and grinding, can significantly increase the material processing costs, and consequently increase the cost of the final product. In this study, geopolymers were developed using red mud "in natura" (non‐processed slurry) and glass waste powder. Parameters including SiO2/Al2O3 ratio (4, 5, and 6), NaOH solution (6, 8, and 10 M) and curing duration (10, 28, and 56 days), were examined to understand the extent and degree of geopolymerization. Compressive strength tests were performed along with the analysis of their microstructural characteristics using quantitative x‐ray diffraction (QXRD) analysis based on Rietveld's refinement method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal analysis (TG and DTA). As a result, higher SiO2/Al2O3 ratios and NaOH solution concentrations generally lead to greater compressive strength, which ranges from 9.7 to 43.1 MPa. Microstructural and compositional analyses demonstrated that the final products consist of an amorphous geopolymer binder, crystalline phases originating from raw RM and a neoformed phase, Garronite. This study showed that the RM without any processing step displays a high potential in the geopolymer production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was to determine the impact of glass waste as a valuable additive in cement mortars. As part of this study, three mortars with different glass waste contents were designed with the addition of 10, 20, and 30% glass waste, as well as a reference mortar without the additive. The selected characteristics of the mixtures were determined, including the consistency, density, air content, and strength properties of the mortar. Strength tests (bending and compressive strength) were performed after 28 and 56 days of maturation. Mortars with the lowest waste content (MC10%) achieved flexural strength of 26% and compressive strength of 18% compared to the average value of standard mortar, whereas MC20% mortars showed a decrease in bending strength of 30% and compressive strength of 24%. Studies have also been conducted to determine the parameters of air trapped in the mortar microstructure and its possible impact on mortar durability in a freezing/thawing environment. A group of experimental studies involved microstructure studies aimed at assessing the changes that occur in mortars containing glass waste. The negative effects of glass waste on the compressive and bending strengths and the positive effect at low temperatures were clearly demonstrated.

Modern consumption patterns have led to a surge in waste glass accumulating in municipal landfills, contributing to environmental pollution, especially in countries that do not have well-established recycling standards. While glass itself is 100% recyclable, the logistics and handling involved present significant challenges. Flint and amber-colored glass, often found in high quantities in municipal waste, can serve as valuable sources of raw materials. We propose an affordable route that requires just a thermal treatment of glass waste to obtain glass-based antimicrobial materials. The thermal treatment induces crystallized nanoregions, which are the primary factor responsible for the bactericidal effect of waste glass. As a result, coarse particles of flint waste glass that undergo thermal treatment at 720 °C show superior antimicrobial activity than amber waste glass. Glass-ceramic materials from flint waste glass, obtained by thermal treatment at 720 °C during 2 h, show antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli after just 30 min of contact time. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was employed to monitor the elemental composition of the glass waste. The obtained glass-ceramic material was structurally characterized by transmission electron microscopy, enabling the confirmation of the presence of nanocrystals embedded within the glass matrix.

The main objective of this study was to determine the impact of glass waste as a valuable additive in cement mortars. As part of this study, three mortars with different glass waste contents were designed with the addition of 10, 20, and 30% glass waste, as well as a reference mortar without the additive. The selected characteristics of the mixtures were determined, including the consistency, density, air content, and strength properties of the mortar. Strength tests (bending and compressive strength) were performed after 28 and 56 days of maturation. Mortars with the lowest waste content (MC10%) achieved flexural strength of 26% and compressive strength of 18% compared to the average value of standard mortar, whereas MC20% mortars showed a decrease in bending strength of 30% and compressive strength of 24%. Studies have also been conducted to determine the parameters of air trapped in the mortar microstructure and its possible impact on mortar durability in a freezing/thawing environment. A group of experimental studies involved microstructure studies aimed at assessing the changes that occur in mortars containing glass waste. The negative effects of glass waste on the compressive and bending strengths and the positive effect at low temperatures were clearly demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating use of glass in an ever-evolving world poses a waste management challenge, with glass waste contributing to non-biodegradable landfill growth. Recycling glass waste emerges as a viable solution, combating the need for additional landfills and the environmental repercussions. This study employs a scientometric and content analysis from the Scopus bibliometric database and explores the functional feasibility and performance characteristics of recycled glass waste (RGW) in sustainable concrete production. Results indicate that Asia dominates research contributions to RGW for concrete production compared to other continents. Glass-mixed concrete properties depend on glass type, particle size, shape, surface texture, replacement ratio, and curing age. The pozzolanic reactivity of recycled glass is correlated with its relative fineness. Finer glass particles were considered more suitable for use due to the enhanced alkali-silica interaction. Utilizing glass powder and fine aggregates improves mechanical properties, but high replacement levels could affect concrete strength development. Additionally, using RGA as a cement and fine aggregate replacement reduces concrete's thermal conductivity. This scientometric analysis not only aids in understanding a comprehensive overview of incorporating recycled glass waste into concrete production but also identifies knowledge gaps, guiding sustainable concrete research and development for addressing waste management challenges linked to the growing use of glass in our contemporary society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has reported on the extraction and synthesis of silica gels from a waste glass of chemicals. This study aims to optimize silica gel synthesized from chemical glass waste as heavy metal adsorbent Cu2+. Silica gel adsorbent has been successfully synthesized by reacting silica from chemical glass waste and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) by a fusion reaction and sol–gel process. Synthesized silica gel has an amorphous diffractogram at 2θ 20–30°, a purity of 75.63 %, a surface area of 297.08 m2/g, and a pore radius of 15.74 nm. The adsorption formulation was optimized using Design Box–Behnken and optimum conditions were obtained at adsorbent doses close to 3.5 g, initial concentration 50–100 ppm, contact time 10 min, and pH 9. Adsorption Isotherm Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Raduskevich were investigated to determine the mechanism of adsorption. Adsorption data show that the adsorption is well-fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model. The results of SEM–EDX characterization showed that the surface morphology of silica gel showed a spherical and irregular surface then after adsorption cu metal was distributed on the surface of the silica gel. Based on all the results of the study it can be indicated that silica gel synthesized from chemical glass bottle waste can be applied as adsorbent Cu2+.

Expansive clay soils, characterized by their propensity to undergo significant volume changes in response to moisture variations, present considerable challenges in construction engineering. These challenges manifest as structural damage, including fractures, asymmetrical settlements, and erosion. This study investigates the application of sustainable waste materials, specifically a mixture of plastic and glass waste, as an innovative approach to soil stabilization. In the context of Anbar, Iraq, laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of incorporating plastic and glass waste in various proportions (0%, 4%, 5%, 6%) into clayey soil. The primary focus was to assess changes in geotechnical properties, notably the reduction in swelling potential and alterations in the maximum dry unit weight of the soil. Results indicated that the inclusion of waste materials in the specified proportions significantly mitigated the soil's swelling behavior, with reductions of 2%, 3%, and 5% observed for the respective waste content. Concurrently, enhancements in soil density were recorded, with increases in the maximum dry unit weight by 4%, 5%, and 9% corresponding to the same proportions of waste additives. These findings underscore the potential of using recycled waste materials in soil stabilization, aligning with environmental sustainability goals through the repurposing of waste. Additionally, this approach offers an economically viable alternative to traditional stabilization methods. The utilization of waste materials not only addresses the environmental impact of construction activities but also contributes to the broader goal of waste management and resource conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) is one of the most advanced recent high compressive strength concrete. This work explored the effects of using glass waste as a fractional replacement for fine aggregate in reactive powder concrete at levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 100%. Linear and mass attenuation coefficients have been calculated as a function of the sample's thickness and bremsstrahlung energy. These coefficients were obtained using energy selective scintillation response to bremsstrahlung having an energy ranging from (0.1-1.1) MeV. In addition, the half-value thickness of the samples prepared has been investigated. It was found that there is a reversal association between the attenuation coefficient and the energy of the bremsstrahlung ray. The results showed that, with the exception of the specimen with a partial replacement of 25% glass waste, adding fine aggregate in part by glass waste had a negative impact on the reactive powder concrete's attenuation properties. That means the sample’s density can be improved with the glass waste content ratio to 25%. Also, the bremsstrahlung radiation shielding capabilities of reactive powder concrete can be enhanced using glass waste of not more than 25%.

The presented article studies a metakaolin-based geopolymer matrix for which two types of non-recyclable automotive glass waste (AGW) have been used as an alternative aggregate. Their composition and character, as well as their influence on the properties and structure of geopolymer composites (AGW-Gs), have been investigated by means of X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction analyses, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Infrared analysis has proven that the use of AGW does not affect the formation of geopolymer bonds. GC/MS analysis has revealed the presence of triethylene glycol bis(2-ethylhexanoate) in AGW and geopolymers, whose concentration varied according to the size of the fractions used. Preliminary compressive-strength tests have shown the promising potential of AGW-Gs. From the presented results, based on the study of two types of automotive glass waste, it is possible to assume that automotive glass will generally behave in the same or a similar manner in metakaolin-based geopolymer matrices and can be considered as potential alternative aggregates. The result is promising for the current search for new sources of raw materials, for ensuring resource security, for the promotion of sustainability and innovation and for meeting the needs of the growing world population while reducing dependence on limited resources.

This research discusses the potential of upcycling glass for bioreceptive applications in the urban environment, proposing a paradigm shift in design philosophy to address escalating linear glass waste streams and mitigate challenges posed by extreme weather phenomena and air pollution. By harnessing the benefits of bioreceptivity as an alternative to conventional green living wall systems, a novel idea of exploiting unutilised glass waste is explored, through engineering the optimum microporosity to enhance water retention from the surrounding environment. The method of glass foaming is investigated, as the means to achieve a capillary-porosity (open pore) network that can incorporate large amounts of waste into the recipe. A total of 22 different samples were produced to study the parameters related to the mixture, foaming process, and potential biofilm formation. Microscopic analysis was conducted initially, followed by a series of preliminary experiments designed to inform subsequent sample iterations based on promising findings related to their hydraulic performance. All samples were assessed for their water absorption, evaporation rate and frosting resistance. The test results pinpointed two iterations showcasing superior performance: (1) contaminated soda-lime powder with 10wt% CaCO3 as foaming agent, formed at 840°C, (2) a mixture with a ratio of 1:1 with borosilicate and soda-lime glass powder with 0.33wt% Carbon black and 1.66wt% CaHPO4, formed at 790°C. The two selected formulations were further tested for moss-growth and compressive strength. Based on the findings regarding foaming for bioreceptivity, the study suggests that façade tiles represent one of the most promising market applications, offering a means to transform unexploited urban surfaces to green substrates for bio-growth.

The use of plastic waste as a resource in construction applications is an opportunity for environmental protection, conservation of natural resources and reduction of pollution. Unfortunately, they don't always withstand the stresses to which they are subjected, leading to subsidence and collapsing. An analysis of the causes using the Pareto curve shows that 74.47 % of the causes of this collapse are due to poorly formulated mixes and poor choice of raw materials for the composite. The compressive test carried out on the first sample of pavers studied showed a maximum compressive strength value of 4.6 MPa, which is below the standard requirements. As a result, the pavers were considered unsuitable for use on a T5 road. Through the use of the SUPERDECISION software, we were able to identify two favourable constituent materials - glass/glass waste and gravel - for the production of composite paving stones. By adding low-density plastic waste, collected, cleaned and crushed in the form of aggregates, we obtain a compressive strength of 7 MPa with gravel and 8 MPa with glass waste. These values are below the recommendations of the NF EN 1339 standard (Rc ≥ 20 MPa) for T5 traffic. The best composition for ecological paving is therefore (PET/PP/PEBD) + sand + glass (50/12.5/37.5). Analyzing these results shows that the raw materials used for ecological paving should be adapted to the loads.

This work focused on producing an eco-friendly lightweight structure by recycling the cathode ray tube glass waste (CRT-GW)to prepare a foam glass aggregate (FGA) and using metakaolin to prepare a geopolymer binder (GP). The geopolymer binder replaces cement to decrease the release of gas generated during cement production. The silicon carbide (SiC) was used as a foaming agent at 1 wt% to prepare the FGA. The foaming temperature effect was investigated for the FGA characterization included: bulk density, volume expansion, apparent porosity, uniaxial compressive strength, and leaching tests for lead and barium. The foam glass aggregate was sintered at different temperatures 725 °C, 750 °C, 775 °C, and 800 °C. These temperatures were selected depending on heating microscopy analysis results, where the maximum expansion height was 119 % at 800 °C. The main characterization ranges of foam glass were: bulk density 0.58–1.26 g/cm3, volume expansion 8–77 (vol%), uniaxial compressive strengths 1.55–9.98 MPa, and thermal conductivity 0.063–0.097 W/m.K.The lightweight geopolymer (LWGP) was prepared with 30 vol% of FGA sintered at different temperatures and 70 vol% of GP. These samples hardened at room temperature. The bulk density and compressive strength were measured for the lightweight geopolymer samples after a curing time of 28 days. A higher compressive strength was 9.11 MPa with a bulk density of 1.21 g/cm3 for lightweight geopolymer-containing foam glass aggregate sintered at 775 °C.

Amidst a world of never-ending waste production and waste disposal crises, scientists have been working their way to come up with solutions to serve the earth better. Two such commonly found trash deteriorating the environment are glass and tin can waste. This study aims to investigate the comparative suitability of response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) in predicting the mechanical strength of concrete prepared with fine glass aggregate (GFA) and condensed milk can (tin) fibers (CMCF). An experimental scheme has been designed in this study with two input variables as GFA and CMCF, and two output variables compressive and splitting tensile strength. The results show that both variables influenced the compressive and splitting tensile strength of concrete at 7, 28, and 56 days (p

Modern consumption patterns have led to a surge in waste glass accumulating in municipal landfills, contributing to environmental pollution, especially in countries that do not have well-established recycling standards. While glass itself is 100% recyclable, the logistics and handling involved present significant challenges. Flint and amber-colored glass, often found in high quantities in municipal waste, can serve as valuable sources of raw materials. We propose an affordable route that requires just a thermal treatment of glass waste to obtain glass-based antimicrobial materials. The thermal treatment induces crystallized nanoregions, which are the primary factor responsible for the bactericidal effect of waste glass. As a result, coarse particles of flint waste glass that undergo thermal treatment at 720 °C show superior antimicrobial activity than amber waste glass. Glass-ceramic materials from flint waste glass, obtained by thermal treatment at 720 °C during 2 h, show antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli after just 30 min of contact time. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was employed to monitor the elemental composition of the glass waste. The obtained glass-ceramic material was structurally characterized by transmission electron microscopy, enabling the confirmation of the presence of nanocrystals embedded within the glass matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of waste as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in concrete is already widespread, with glass waste being an increasingly used option. The utilization of glass waste as a partial substitute for cement in small proportions has shown satisfactory outcomes. Nevertheless, substituting cement in high proportions requires further investigation. Experimental research was carried out on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete with the replacement of cement by glass powder (GP), at a high volume equal to 50%. Binder content (cement plus GP) varied from 300 to 500 kg/m3. The results are promising regarding the use of the high volume of GP in high-performance concretes. The specimens with 500 kg/m3 of binder (50% of which was GP-G250) achieved almost 55 MPa at 28 days. The specimen with the lowest resistance was G150, with 32 MPa. This result may be related to the high pozzolanic activity index of the used GP. The specimens with GP showed satisfactory performance regarding chloride migration, with diffusion coefficients always below those of the reference specimens. The G250 concrete showed a reduction of 58%. Regarding open porosity, concretes with 50% GP had a lower porosity than the reference concretes. The smallest reduction (21%) occurred in the G150 concrete. The reduction in porosity provided by the fineness of the GP may be the main cause of this high performance. Concerning capillary absorption, the GP concretes have a reduction that varies between 47% for G150 and 67% for G250. This fact may be related to the existence of a larger quantity of larger-sized capillary pores in the reference concretes.

The application of used glazed waste in concrete production can improve the performance of the structure of the building. Flexural and shear behavior and action of reinforced HollowGlass Concrete Beams (HGCB) and Solid Glass Concrete Beams (SGCB) made with glass waste under a two-point load are studied in this paper. In this work, 6 reinforced concrete solid and hollow beams were tested under a four-point bending test to evaluate and calculate the flexural behavior of SGCB and HGCB. For that purpose, Beams were prepared with 1000 mm length, 230 mm height, and 120 mm. All beams were divided into groups and named according to the space stirrups steel bar. The experimental work investigates five main variables which are: first: the comparison between SGCB and HGCB with the concrete beams made with glass waste (Glass Concrete Beam GCB), second: comparison between Solid Concrete Beams for Normal Concrete Beams (NCB), and GCB, three: comparison between Hollow Concrete Beams for NCB and GCB, four: the comparison between HGCB and HCB, last: the comparison between SGCB and SCB. The test results indicated that GCB was offered higher strength than NCB, but the load–slip behavior of all specimens is similar for both types of concretes, and the bond strength is not influenced by steel specimens. Furthermore, the results of this study indicated that the contribution of GCB to the load is indicated to be considerable. The results indicate that the hollow opening affected the ultimate load capacity and deflection of HGCB.

The individual effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) on the performance of magnesia-based cement is the main focus of this study. Different magnesium oxide–glass waste (MgO–GW) mixtures of MgO-to-SiO2 molar ratios (MgO/SiO2) of 1, 2, and 3 were prepared and characterized. The results revealed that the mixture having MgO/SiO2=2 showed the best performance at all curing ages. The addition of 3% by weight NaOH significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of the MgO–GW mixture at MgO/SiO2=2. Further addition of NaOH (5% and 7% by weight) caused a notable reduction in the compressive strength values, suggesting the negative effect of high NaOH content on the binding capacity of the produced binder. Increasing the MgCl2 content up to 5% by weight improved the performance of the fabricated cement; meanwhile, the addition of 7% by weight MgCl2 showed the lowest effect. Furthermore, pH is regarded as the key point that affects the performance of magnesia-based cement materials. Two hydration mechanisms were identified, depending on the type of chemical admixture. NaOH increased the pH of the cementitious system, accompanied by speeding up the formation rate of magnesium silicate hydrate (M-S-H) through the improvement of the dissolution of the silicate network within the GW material. Another mechanism was detected in the MgCl2–MgO–GW composite, in which an extra magnesium oxychloride phase (Phase 5: 5 Mg (OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O) was formed besides M–S–H, yielding hardened samples with the highest mechanical properties. Hence, the results herein show that desirable NaOH and MgCl2 contents enhance the feasibility of utilizing GW to produce a high-performance, eco-friendly binder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the recycling behavior of Croatian citizens and identifies the determinants of individual recycling intention. It also addresses whether the existing deposit refund system for glass bottles in Croatia can be replaced by an expanded system that includes the return and reuse of almost all types of glass containers. A total of 427 Croatian citizens participated in the survey. Quantitative data analysis was performed using Structural Equation Modeling. In addition to the survey, a focus group was conducted with the relevant experts. The results confirmed the assumption about the pro-environmental orientation in Croatia. Citizens have a positive attitude towards the expanded deposit refund system in waste glass disposal and intend to implement it. The most significant predictor of their intention is their attitude towards the expanded deposit refund system, followed by familiarity with recycling. A person’s recycling intention is mainly determined by familiarity with recycling and perceived behavioral control. In the qualitative study, Croatian experts were generally positive about an expanded deposit refund system for glass containers but warned that implementation would not be without certain obstacles. The added value of the study is the creation of new knowledge for the design of local and national policies that can promote individuals’ environmentally friendly behavior and improve the glass waste disposal system in Croatia.