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1. Hvernig geta fullorðnir talað við börn um Covid-19?

Author: Kristinsdóttir, Guðrún, Menntavísindasvið (HÍ), School of education (UI), Háskóli Íslands, and University of Iceland
Subjects: Samskipti foreldra og barna, COVID-19, Heimsfaraldrar, Samskipti kennara og nemenda
Abstract: Margir kennarar og foreldrar eru færir í að tala við börn um erfiða hluti. Það sakar samt ekki að rifja upp nokkur atriði nú þegar við erum upptekin af Covid-19. Daglega heyra börn um veiruna, sjúkdóma og dauðsföll sem henni tengjast og sum í návígi. Skólinn og frístundin tekur á þessu og eðlilega margir foreldrar. Reynsluboltarnir Raundalen og Schultz skrifuðu bókina „Kan vi snakke med barn om alt?“ [Getum við talað við börn um allt?]. Svar þeirra er ótvírætt JÁ. Foreldrar, afar, ömmur, kennarar og leikskólakennarar geta rætt opið við börn um allt, það sem gerist heima, í samfélaginu og heiminum. En hvernig?, Óritrýnt
Published: 2020

2. Stöðustjórnun: Mat á líkamsstöðu

Author: Ágústsson, Atli, Þórarinn Sveinsson, Læknadeild (HÍ), Faculty of Medicine (UI), Heilbrigðisvísindasvið (HÍ), School of Health Sciences (UI), Háskóli Íslands, and University of Iceland
Subjects: Posture, 3-D model, PPAS, Heilalömun, Windswept hips, Hryggurinn, Scoliosis, Líkön, Fullorðnir, Mjaðmagrind, Doktorsritgerðir, Cerebral palsy, Adults, Líkamsstaða
Abstract: Introduction: Adult individuals with disability and low motor function frequently have body deformations, such as scoliosis and windswept hips. Posture management is a component of physical management, which aims to prevent or reduce the development of a deformed body shape by maintaining a symmetrical posture. Aim: The purpose of this thesis is to establish valid and reliable methods of gathering evidence for postural management. This thesis is divided into two parts. The first focuses on the development of two tools to quantify posture, and the second focuses on the association between an asymmetrical posture, low postural ability and deformity. Method: The validity and reliability of the two tools designed to evaluate posture was tested and the odds of developing deformity caused by a habitual posture was assessed in a cross-sectional study. The clinical tool for posture, the Posture and Postural Ability Scale (PPAS), was evaluated through rating of posture and postural ability from photos and video recordings of 30 adults with cerebral palsy (CP). The tool for posture evaluation, a three-dimensional (3-D) camera mounted on an iPad was evaluated in a comparative study on posture in seven healthy adults by comparing the output from an iPad 3-D model with an optical motion capture system (Qualisys). The PPAS was used along with registry data for 714/830 adults with CP to calculate the relationship between spending long periods of time in an asymmetrical posture, having low postural ability and the development of deformity. Special focus was paid to asymmetrical limited hip flexion, hip and knee contractures, scoliosis and windswept hips. Results: Both posture evaluation tools (PPAS and a 3-D camera mounted on an iPad) were found to be reliable and valid (weighted Kappa values from 0.85 and intra-class correlation coefficient [ICC] from 0.982). Individuals with asymmetrical limited hip flexion showed higher odds for developing an oblique pelvis (odds ratio [OR] 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6–2.1) and an asymmetrical trunk (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.1–4.2), scoliosis (OR 3.7; 95%CI 1.3– 9.7) and windswept hips (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.2–5.4), than those who had symmetrical hip flexion. Individuals who were unable to straighten their knees had higher odds of scoliosis (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.1–3.1) and windswept hips (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.1–2.3) compared with those who could do so. It was the samevi for those who were immobile when lying down; this increased the odds of windswept hips (OR 2.9; 95% CI 1.0–3.3) and scoliosis (OR 5.7; 95% CI 3.5– 9.1). Similarly, lying only in the supine position increased the odds of having windswept hips (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.0–3.3) and lying for long periods of time in bed increased the odds for scoliosis (OR 2.9; 95% CI 1.6–2.1). Conclusion: Our publications on reliability and validity clearly indicate that both postural evaluation tools are suitable for use in clinical practise. Asymmetrical posture along with spending a long time in the same posture increases the odds of developing a deformity among adults with CP., Inngangur: Fatlaðir fullorðnir einstaklingar með litla sem enga hreyfigetu, eru margir hverjir með miklar líkamlegar aflaganir. Stöðustjórnun er hugmyndafræði sem byggir á hugmyndum um að samhverfa í líkamsstöðu stöðvi eða seinki aflögun líkamans. Markmið: Tilgangur ritgerðarinnar er að skapa grunn-matstækni, til að hægt sé að afla gagnreyndrar þekkingar á sviði stöðustjórnunar hjá fötluðum einstaklingum. Ritgerðin skiptist í tvo hluta. Annars vegar mat á réttmæti og áreiðanleika tveggja matstækja til að meta líkamsstöðu á hlutlægan hátt og hins vegar mat á tengslum þess að vera lengi í ósamhverfum líkamsstellingum, þess að vera með lélega stjórn á líkamshreyfingum og vera með aflagaðan líkama. Aðferð: Gildi og áreiðanleiki matstækjanna var kannaður og líkindi á aflögunum vegna vanastellingar var metinn með þverskurðarrannsókn. Fyrra matstækið var metið með skoðun á líkamsstöðu og stjórn á líkamshreyfingum fullorðinna einstaklinga með heilalömun á myndum og myndskeiðum. Seinna matstækið var metið með samanburðarrannsókn á líkamsstöðum 7 heilbrigðra einstaklinga, þar sem niðurstöður þrívíddar myndavélar tengdri við iPad annars vegar og þrívíddar hreyfigreini (Qualisys) hins vegar voru borin saman. Fyrra matstækið ásamt gögnum frá 714/830 fullorðnum einstaklingum úr sænskum gagnagrunni sem geymir gögn um eftirfylgni með einstaklingum með heilalömun var notað til að meta tengsl á þess að dvelja lengi í slæmum líkamsstellingum, þess að vera með lélega stjórn á líkamshreyfingum, og þess að vera með aflaganir á líkamanum. Sérstök áhersla var lögð á að skoða ósamhverfa skerðingu á mjaðmabeygju, hryggskekkju og vindblásnar mjaðmir. Niðurstaða: Bæði matstækin sýndu fram á réttmæti og áreiðanleika (weighted Kappa frá 0,85 og innri fylgni stuðull [ICC] frá 0,982). Einstaklingar með ósamhverfar skerðingar á mjaðmabeygju sýndu aukin líkindi til að vera með skakka mjaðmagrind (OR 2,6; 95% CI 1,6–2,1) og ósamhverfan bol (OR 2,1; 95% CI 1,1–4,2), aukin líkindi til að vera með hryggskekkju (OR 3,7; 95% CI 1,3–9,7) og vindblásnar mjaðmir (OR 2,6; 95% CI 1,2–5,4) samanborið við einstaklinga sem voru með samhverfa mjaðmabeygju. Einstaklingar sem ekki geta hreyft sig í liggjandi stöðu, af eigin rammleik, sýndu aukin líkindi á að vera með hryggskekkju (OR 5,7; 95% CI 3,5–9,1) og vindblásnar mjaðmir (OR 2,9; 95% CI 1,0–3,3), borið saman við þá sem geta hreyft sig í rúmi. Sama á við um þá sem ekki geta rétt úr hnjám, þeir sýndu aukin líkindi á að vera með hryggskekkju (OR 1,8; 95% CI 1,1–3,1) og vindblásnar mjaðmir (OR 1,6; 95% CI 1,1–2,3), miðað við þá sem geta rétt úr hnjám. Baklega jók líkindi á að vera með vindblásnar mjaðmir (OR 1,9; 95% CI 1,0–3,3) á meðan þeir sem dvöldu lengi í rúmlegu, voru með aukin líkindi á hryggskekkju (OR 2,9; 95% CI 1,6– 2,1). Ályktun: Niðurstöður á réttmæti og áreiðanleika matstækjanna gefa skýrt til kynna að þau henti vel í klínísku umhverfi. Ósamhverfar vanastellingar, ásamt því að dvelja lengi í sömu líkamsstöðu eykur líkindin á aflöguðum líkama.
Published: 2019

3. Táknræn eða raunveruleg þátttaka grunnskólabarna: Sýn barna á réttindi og lýðræðislega þátttöku í skóla.

Author: Björnsdóttir, Elín Helga, Rúnarsdóttir, Eyrún María, and Kristinsdóttir, Guðrún
Abstract: Copyright of Netla: Online Journal on Pedagogy & Education is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2023
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4. Choosing wisely? Quantifying the extent of three low value psychotropic prescribing practices in Australia

Author: Adam G Elshaug, Benjamin Daniels, Jonathan Brett, Sallie-Anne Pearson, Nicholas A. Buckley, Helga Zoega, Miðstöð í lýðheilsuvísindum (HÍ), The Centre of Public Health Sciences (UI), Læknadeild (HÍ), Faculty of Medicine (UI), Heilbrigðisvísindasvið (HÍ), School of Health Sciences (UI), Háskóli Íslands, and University of Iceland
Subjects: Adult, Male, Adolescent, medicine.medical_treatment, Context (language use), Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, Choosing wisely, Health administration, Benzodiazepines, 03 medical and health sciences, Elderly, 0302 clinical medicine, Fullorðnir, Environmental health, Humans, Antipsychotics, Medicine, Dementia, 030212 general & internal medicine, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Antipsychotic, Residential Treatment, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Polypharmacy, Psychotropic Drugs, business.industry, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Health Policy, Nursing research, Australia, lcsh:RA1-1270, Elliglöp, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Geðlyf, Comorbidity, 3. Good health, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Female, Health Services Research, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Research Article
Abstract: Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Background The global Choosing Wisely campaign has identified the following psychotropic prescribing as low-value (harmful or wasteful): (1) benzodiazepine use in the elderly, (2) antipsychotic use in dementia and (3) prescribing two or more antipsychotics concurrently. We aimed to quantify the extent of these prescribing practices in the Australian population. Methods We applied indicators to dispensing claims of a 10% random sample of Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme beneficiaries to quantify annual rates of each low-value practice from 2013 to 2016. We also assessed patient factors and direct medicine costs (extrapolated to the entire Australian population) associated with each practice in 2016. Results We observed little change in the rates of the three practices between 2013 and 2016. In 2016, 15.3% of people aged ≥65 years were prescribed a benzodiazepine, 0.5% were prescribed antipsychotics in the context of dementia and 0.2% of people aged ≥18 years received two or more antipsychotics concurrently. The likelihood of elderly people receiving benzodiazepines or antipsychotics in the context of dementia increased with age and the likelihood of receiving all three practices increased with comorbidity burden. In 2016, direct medicine costs to the government of all three practices combined, extrapolated to national figures, were > $21 million AUD. Conclusions Our indicators suggest that the frequency of these three practices has not changed appreciably in recent years and that they incur significant costs. Worryingly, people with the greatest risk of harm from these prescribing practices are often the most likely to receive them., This research was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Centre for Research Excellence in Medicines and Ageing (CREMA), a Project Grant for measuring low-value care for targeted policy action and JB received funding support from an NHMRC Postgraduate award. These funding bodies played no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data or in writing the manuscript.
Published: 2018
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5. Correlates of Sedentary Behaviour in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities—A Systematic Review

Author: Oriol Sansano-Nadal, Ellen Freiberger, Pauli Rintala, Myriam Guerra-Balic, Guillermo R. Oviedo, Alyt Oppewal, Antti Teittinen, Thessa I.M. Hilgenkamp, Craig Melville, Antonio Cuesta-Vargas, Maria Giné-Garriga, Ingi Þ. Einarsson, Liselotte Schäfer Elinder, Rocío Izquierdo-Gómez, Tækni- og verkfræðideild (HR), School of Science and Engineering (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, Universitat Ramon Llull. Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l’Educació i de l’Esport Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull. Facultat de Ciències de la Salut, and General Practice
Subjects: Gerontology, Þroskahömlun, Future studies, Genetic syndromes, health promotion, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Exercici físic, lcsh:Medicine, Líkamsástand, Review, Sport Science, Persones grans, 0302 clinical medicine, Sedentarisme, sedentary lifestyle, Residence Characteristics, Fullorðnir, Medizinische Fakultät, 030212 general & internal medicine, Determinants, determinants, developmental disabilities, Developmental disabilities, determinantit, Social ecological model, Psychology, fyysinen aktiivisuus, Lífshættir, elintavat, Ovid medline, Sedentary lifestyle, Heilsuefling, Interpersonal communication, kehitysvammat, terveyden edistäminen, istuminen, 03 medical and health sciences, Intellectual Disability, Hreyfing (heilsurækt), Humans, Adults, ddc:610, Exercise, Physical inactivity, Body Weight, lcsh:R, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, 030229 sport sciences, Mental health, Íþróttafræði, Health promotion, Discapacitats mentals, physical inactivity, Sedentary Behavior
Abstract: Individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) are at high risk for high levels of sedentary behaviour. To inform the development of programmes to reduce sedentary behaviour, insight into the correlates is needed. Therefore, the aim of this study is to review the evidence on correlates of sedentary behaviour in adults with ID. We performed a systematic literature search in Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, Web of Science and Google Scholar up to 19 January 2018, resulting in nine included studies that were published from 2011 to 2018. Correlates were categorized according to the ecological model. Studies predominantly focused on individual level correlates. Of those correlates studied in more than one study, having epilepsy was associated with less sedentary behaviour and inconsistent results were found for sex, genetic syndromes, weight status, physical health, mobility, level of ID, and mental health. Of the few interpersonal and environmental factors studied, only living arrangements were studied in more than one study, with inconsistent results. To date, we have limited and inconclusive evidence about correlates of sedentary behaviour in adults with ID. Only when future studies unravel correlates and determinants, across all domains of the ecological model, will the potential opportunities to improve health by reducing sedentary behaviour come within reach., Unrestricted funding to facilitate meetings of the European Network of Physical Activity Research in People with Intellectual Disabilities (ENPARID) was provided by Ramon Llull University and Obra Social La Caixa (reference 2016-URL-Trac-005) to MGB.
Published: 2018

6. Masters students’ perceptions of distance and transport options

Author: Mirjam Harkestad Olsen, Hermína Gunnþórsdóttir, Kennaradeild (HA), Faculty of Education (UA), Hug- og félagsvísindasvið (HA), School of Humanities and Social Sciences (UA), Háskólinn á Akureyri, and University of Akureyri
Subjects: master’s in education, Motivation, Menntun, Arctic regions, Geography, arctic regions, Landafræði, VDP::Social science: 200, Heimskautasvæði, geography, Education, motivation, Fullorðnir, VDP::Samfunnsvitenskap: 200, Adults, Áhugi, adult students
Abstract: This article is situated within the Arctic Regions North Norway and North/East Iceland. It presents a study on what motivates adults in Arctic regions to apply for and complete a Master’s degree in Education. Motivation is examined in relation to distance, transport options and degree completion times, focusing on whether distance and transport options were significant motivation factors for students in the Arctic regions. Data is based around two Master’s degree programmes, one at the University of Akureyri in Iceland and the other in Alta, at the Arctic University of Norway. All students who had completed the Master’s degree programme in Akureyri and Alta respectively were invited to take part in a questionnaire distributed to students’ email addresses. The results are introduced in terms of distance and travel time and the reason for choice of university. The findings indicate that difficult weather conditions do not negatively affect students’ learning processes as the students seem rather to take these conditions and circumstances for granted. The students are driven by intrinsic motivation such as determination, relatedness and coping and their motivation is thus directed by ownership of the decision; a significant decision that also affects their partner and their children., This work was supported by the Arctic Studies - Science Cooperation Fund, 2014-2015 under Grant number 2014-SCF-69450.
Published: 2018

7. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Dicker, Daniel, Nguyen, Grant, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdel-Rahman, Omar, Abdi, Alireza, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdurahman, Ahmed Abdulahi, Abebe, Haftom Temesgen, Abebe, Molla, Abebe, Zegeye, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Aboyans, Victor, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Pawan, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adhena, Beyene Meressa, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Adib, Mina G, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, Jose C, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Mohamed Lemine Cheikh brahim, Ahmed, Sayem, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akanda, Ali S, Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil, Akibu, Mohammed, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alebel, Animut, Aleman, Alicia V, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Raghib, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine A, Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Anlay, Degefaye Zelalem, Ansari, Hossein, Ansariadi, Ansariadi, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Aremu, Olatunde, Areri, Habtamu Abera, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna K, Asadi-Lari, Mohsen, Asayesh, Hamid, Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Assadi, Reza, Ataro, Zerihun, Atey, Tesfay Mehari Mehari, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atique, Suleman, Atre, Sachin R, Atteraya, Madhu Sudhan, Attia, Engi F, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide F G A, Awasthi, Ashish, Awuah, Baffour, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayele, Henok Tadesse, Ayele, Yohanes, Ayer, Rakesh, Ayuk, Tambe B, Azzopardi, Peter S, Azzopardi-Muscat, Natasha, Badali, Hamid, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Bali, Ayele Geleto, Banach, Maciej, Banstola, Amrit, Barac, Aleksandra, Barboza, Miguel A, Barquera, Simon, Barrero, Lope H, Basaleem, Huda, Bassat, Quique, Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Behzadifar, Masoud, Behzadifar, Meysam, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Belachew, Abate Bekele, Belay, Aregawi Gebreyesus, Belay, Ezra, Belay, Saba Abraham, Belay, Yihalem Abebe, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berman, Adam E, Bernabe, Eduardo, Bernstein, Robert S, Bertolacci, Gregory J, Beuran, Mircea, Beyranvand, Tina, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhatia, Eesh, Bhatt, Samir, Bhattarai, Suraj, Bhaumik, Soumyadeeep, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgo, Belete, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Bililign, Nigus, Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Birungi, Charles, Bisanzio, Donal, Biswas, Tuhin, Bjørge, Tone, Bleyer, Archie, Basara, Berrak Bora, Bose, Dipan, Bosetti, Cristina, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert, Brady, Oliver J, Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi, Brant, Luisa C, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brenner, Hermann, Britton, Gabrielle, Brugha, Traolach, Burke, Kristin E, Busse, Reinhard, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Callender, Charlton S K H, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R, Campuzano Rincon, Julio Cesar, Cano, Jorge, Car, Mate, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carreras, Giulia, Carrero, Juan J, Carter, Austin, Carvalho, Félix, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castillo Rivas, Jacqueline, Castro, Franz, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Çavlin, Alanur, Cerin, Ester, Chaiah, Yazan, Champs, Ana Paula, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chattopadhyay, Aparajita, Chaturvedi, Pankaj, Chen, Wanqing, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chin, Ken Lee, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal, Choi, Jee-Young J, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam J, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Cicuttini, Flavia M, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Claro, Rafael M, Cohen, Aaron J, Collado-Mateo, Daniel, Constantin, Maria-Magdalena, Conti, Sara, Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Cortinovis, Monica, Cousin, Ewerton, Criqui, Michael H, Cromwell, Elizabeth A, Crowe, Christopher Stephen, Crump, John A, Cucu, Alexandra, Cunningham, Matthew, Daba, Alemneh Kabeta, Dachew, Berihun Assefa, Dadi, Abel Fekadu, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dang, Anh Kim, Dargan, Paul I, Daryani, Ahmad, Das, Siddharth K, Das Gupta, Rajat, das Neves, José, Dasa, Tamirat Tesfaye, Dash, Aditya Prasad, Weaver, Nicole Davis, Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil, Davletov, Kairat, Dayama, Anand, Courten, Barbora de, De la Hoz, Fernando Pio, De leo, Diego, De Neve, Jan-Walter, Degefa, Meaza Girma, Degenhardt, Louisa, Degfie, Tizta T, Deiparine, Selina, Dellavalle, Robert P, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Demtsu, Balem Betsu, Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar, Deribe, Kebede, Dervenis, Nikolaos, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dessie, Getenet Ayalew, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dhimal, Meghnath, Ding, Eric L, Djalalinia, Shirin, Doku, David Teye, Dolan, Kate A, Donnelly, Christl A, Dorsey, E Ray, Douwes-Schultz, Dirk, Doyle, Kerrie E, Drake, Thomas M, Driscoll, Tim Robert, Dubey, Manisha, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Duken, Eyasu Ejeta, Duncan, Bruce B, Duraes, Andre R, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ebrahimpour, Soheil, Edessa, Dumessa, Edvardsson, David, Eggen, Anne Elise, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Elfaramawi, Mohammed, El-Khatib, Ziad, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal R F, Enayati, Ahmadali, Endries, Aman Yesuf Yesuf, Er, Benjamin, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esmaeili, Reza, Esteghamati, Alireza, Esteghamati, Sadaf, Fakhar, Mahdi, Fakhim, Hamed, Farag, Tamer, Faramarzi, Mahbobeh, Fareed, Mohammad, Farhadi, Farzaneh, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá, Farioli, Andrea, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Farzaei, Mohammad Hosein, Fazeli, Mir Sohail, Feigin, Valery L, Feigl, Andrea B, Feizy, Fariba, Fentahun, Netsanet, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Fernandes, Joao C, Feyissa, Garumma Tolu, Fijabi, Daniel Obadare, Filip, Irina, Finegold, Samuel, Fischer, Florian, Flor, Luisa Sorio, Foigt, Nataliya A, Ford, John A, Foreman, Kyle J, Fornari, Carla, Frank, Tahvi D, Franklin, Richard Charles, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Fuller, John E, Fullman, Nancy, Fürst, Thomas, Furtado, João M, Futran, Neal D, Galan, Adriana, Gallus, Silvano, 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Subjects: Child mortality, Alnæmi, Dánartíðni, Heilsufar, GBD, Börn, Dauði, Almennar lyflækningar, Fullorðnir, General & Internal Medicine, parasitic diseases, Psychology, age-specific mortality, Estimating adult mortality, Medicine (all), HIV, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, General Medicine, All-cause mortality, humanities, Countries, Death, mortality, national, Sálfræði, Health, GBD, mortality, Human medicine, Trends
Abstract: The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders. Data for this research was provided by MEASURE Evaluation, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of USAID, the US Government, or MEASURE Evaluation. The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics granted the researchers access to relevant data in accordance with licence no. SLN2014-3-170, after subjecting data to processing aiming to preserve the confidentiality of individual data in accordance with the General Statistics Law-2000. The researchers are solely responsible for the conclusions and inferences drawn upon available data., Background Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Methods The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. Findings Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4–19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2–59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5–49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1–70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7–54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3–75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5–51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9–88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3–238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6–42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2–5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. Interpretation This analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing., Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the University of Melbourne, Public Health England, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health (award P30AG047845), and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health (award R01MH110163).
Published: 2018
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8. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

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Johnson, C, Johnson, S, Jonas, J, Jürisson, M, Kabir, Z, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kamal, R, Kar, C, Karam, N, Karch, A, Karema, C, Karimi, S, Karimkhani, C, Kasaeian, A, Kassa, G, Kassaw, N, Kassebaum, N, Kastor, A, Katikireddi, S, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Keiyoro, P, Kemmer, L, Kengne, A, Keren, A, Kesavachandran, C, Khader, Y, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khang, Y, Khoja, A, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kiadaliri, A, Kieling, C, Kim, Y, Kim, D, Kimokoti, R, Kinfu, Y, Kisa, A, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kissoon, N, Kivimaki, M, Knudsen, A, Kokubo, Y, Kolte, D, Kopec, J, Kosen, S, Kotsakis, G, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krohn, K, Kumar, G, Kumar, P, Kyu, H, Lager, A, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lambert, N, Lan, Q, Lansingh, V, Larsson, A, Leasher, J, Lee, P, Leigh, J, Leshargie, C, Leung, J, Leung, R, Levi, M, Li, Y, Liang, X, Liben, M, Lim, S, Linn, S, Liu, P, Liu, A, Liu, S, Liu, Y, Lodha, R, Logroscino, G, Looker, K, Lopez, A, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lozano, R, Lucas, T, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, R, Macarayan, E, Maddison, E, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Magis-Rodriguez, C, Mahdavi, M, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malhotra, R, Malta, D, Mamun, A, Manguerra, H, Manhertz, T, Mantovani, L, Mapoma, C, March, L, Marczak, L, Martinez-Raga, J, Martins, P, Martins-Melo, F, Martopullo, I, März, W, Mathur, M, Mazidi, M, Mcalinden, C, Mcgaughey, M, Mcgrath, J, Mckee, M, Mehata, S, Meier, T, Meles, K, Memiah, P, Memish, Z, Mendoza, W, Mengesha, M, Mengistie, M, Mengistu, D, Mensah, G, Meretoja, T, Meretoja, A, Mezgebe, H, Micha, R, Millear, A, Miller, T, Minnig, S, Mirarefin, M, Mirrakhimov, E, Misganaw, A, Mishra, S, Mitchell, P, Mohammad, K, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, M, Mohammed, K, Mohammed, S, Mohan, M, Mokdad, A, Mollenkopf, S, Monasta, L, Montañez Hernandez, J, Montico, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Morrison, S, Moses, M, Mountjoy-Venning, C, Mruts, K, Mueller, U, Muller, K, Murdoch, M, Murray, C, Murthy, G, Murthy, S, Musa, K, Nachega, J, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naheed, A, Naidoo, K, Nangia, V, Nasher, J, Natarajan, G, Negasa, D, Negoi, R, Negoi, I, Newton, C, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, Q, Nguyen, T, Nguyen, G, Nguyen, M, Nichols, E, Ningrum, D, Nong, V, Norheim, O, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nyandwi, A, Obermeyer, C, O'Donnell, M, Ogbo, F, Oh, I, Okoro, A, Oladimeji, O, Olagunju, A, Olagunju, T, Olsen, H, Olusanya, B, Olusanya, J, Ong, K, Opio, J, Oren, E, Ortiz, A, Osborne, R, Osgood-Zimmerman, A, Osman, M, Ota, E, Owolabi, M, Pa, M, Pacella, R, Panda, B, Pandian, J, Papachristou, C, Park, E, Parry, C, Parsaeian, M, Patil, S, Patten, S, Patton, G, Paudel, D, Paulson, K, Pearce, N, Pereira, D, Perez, K, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Peterson, C, Petri, W, Petzold, M, Phillips, M, Phipps, G, Pigott, D, Pillay, J, Pinho, C, Piradov, M, Plass, D, Pletcher, M, Popova, S, Poulton, R, Pourmalek, F, Prabhakaran, D, Prasad, N, Purcell, C, Purwar, M, Qorbani, M, Quintanilla, B, Rabiee, R, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rai, R, Rajsic, S, Ram, U, Ranabhat, C, Rangaswamy, T, Rankin, Z, Rao, P, Rawaf, S, Ray, S, Reiner, R, Reinig, N, Reitsma, M, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, A, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, S, Ribeiro, A, Rivas, J, Roba, H, Robinson, S, Rojas-Rueda, D, Rokni, M, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Roth, G, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, A, Rubagotti, E, Ruhago, G, Saadat, S, Safdarian, M, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahathevan, R, Sahraian, M, Salama, J, Saleh, M, Salomon, J, Salvi, S, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sanchez-Niño, M, Santomauro, D, Santos, J, Santos, I, Santric Milicevic, M, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Saxena, S, Schelonka, K, Schmidt, M, Schneider, I, Schöttker, B, Schutte, A, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, S, Servan-Mori, E, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Shamsipour, M, Sharma, R, Sharma, J, She, J, Shi, P, Shibuya, K, Shields, C, Shifa, G, Shiferaw, M, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shirude, S, Shishani, K, Shoman, H, Siabani, S, Sibai, A, Sigfusdottir, I, Silberberg, D, Silva, D, Silva, J, Silveira, D, Singh, J, Singh, O, Singh, N, Singh, V, Sinha, D, Skiadaresi, E, Slepak, E, Smith, D, Smith, M, Sobaih, B, Sobngwi, E, Soljak, M, Sorensen, R, Sousa, T, Sposato, L, Sreeramareddy, C, Srinivasan, V, Stanaway, J, Stathopoulou, V, Steel, N, Stein, D, Steiner, C, Steinke, S, Stokes, M, Stovner, L, Strub, B, Subart, M, Sufiyan, M, Sunguya, B, Sur, P, Swaminathan, S, Sykes, B, Sylte, D, Szoeke, C, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tadakamadla, S, Taffere, G, Takala, J, Tandon, N, Tanne, D, Tarekegn, Y, Tavakkoli, M, Taveira, N, Taylor, H, Tegegne, T, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekelab, T, Terkawi, A, Tesfaye, D, Tesssema, B, Thakur, J, Thamsuwan, O, Theadom, A, Theis, A, Thomas, K, Thomas, N, Thompson, R, Thrift, A, Tobe-Gai, R, Tobollik, M, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Tortajada, M, Touvier, M, Traebert, J, Tran, B, Troeger, C, Truelsen, T, Tsoi, D, Tuzcu, E, Tymeson, H, Tyrovolas, S, Ukwaja, K, Undurraga, E, Uneke, C, Updike, R, Uthman, O, Uzochukwu, B, van Boven, J, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Veerman, L, Venkatesh, S, Venketasubramanian, N, Vidavalur, R, Vijayakumar, L, Violante, F, Vishnu, A, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Vollset, S, Vos, T, Wadilo, F, Wakayo, T, Wallin, M, Wang, Y, Weichenthal, S, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, R, Weiss, D, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Whiteford, H, Wijeratne, T, Williams, H, Wiysonge, C, Woldeyes, B, Wolfe, C, Woodbrook, R, Woolf, A, Workicho, A, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yadgir, S, Yaghoubi, M, Yakob, B, Yan, L, Yano, Y, Ye, P, Yihdego, M, Yimam, H, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S, Yotebieng, M, Younis, M, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, M, Zegeye, E, Zenebe, Z, Zhang, X, Zheng, Y, Zhou, M, Zipkin, B, Zodpey, S, Zoeckler, L, Zuhlke, L, Brayne, Carol [0000-0001-5307-663X], Chowdhury, Rajiv [0000-0003-4881-5690], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: Male, Dánarmein, AUSTRALIA, GBD, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), Heilsufar, Lífslíkur, Epidemiology, Life expectancy, Diseases, Global Health, THERAPY, Global Burden of Disease, Residence Characteristics, Fullorðnir, Cause of Death, Medicine and Health Sciences, Psychology, Konur, Aged, 80 and over, Tölfræði, PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM, Aldraðir, Sjúkdómar, Medicine (all), Fatlaðir, Men, Þjóðir, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, ASSOCIATION, Middle Aged, Health policy, PREVALENCE, Sálfræði, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), Female, Lýðheilsa, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Global Health Metrics, Adult, AFRICA, Quality of life, People with disabilities, GBD, WEIGHTS, Social ecology, Lífsgæði, Communicable Diseases, World health/statistics, Age Distribution, Life Expectancy, Medicine, General & Internal, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, General & Internal Medicine, Heilbrigðisstefna, Humans, Adults, Disabled Persons, Women, Sex Distribution, Mortality, Noncommunicable Diseases, Aged, Science & Technology, Faraldsfræði, MORTALITY, Wounds and injuries, EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION, HIV, Áverkar, Karlar, Wounds and Injuries, Félagshagfræði, Older people
Abstract: Correction in: LANCET Volume: 390 Issue: 10106 Pages: E38-E38 Published: OCT 28 2017, Background Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Findings The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75.2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71.9-78.6) for females and 72.0 years (68.8-75.1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45.6 years [42.0-49.5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41.5 years [39.0-44.0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6.24 years (5.97-6.48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6.04 years (5.74-6.27) for males and 6.49 years (6.08-6.77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1.78 years (1.61-1.93) for males and 1.96 years (1.69-2.13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2.3% [-5.9 to 0.9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the five lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16.1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. Interpretation At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention efforts, and development assistance for health, including financial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support., Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Published: 2017

9. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Reitsma, Marissa B., Fullman, Nancy, Ng, Marie, Salama, Joseph S., Abajobir, Amanuel, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Biju, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Aleman, Alicia V., Ali, Raghib, Al Alkerwi, Ala A., Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa Mohammad, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Asayesh, Hamid, Atnafu, Niguse Tadela, Azzopardi, Peter, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barrientos-Gutierrez, Tonatiuh, Basto-Abreu, Ana Cristina, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bedi, Neeraj, Bell, Brent, Bello, Aminu K., Bensenor, Isabela M., Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Biryukov, Stan, Bolt, Kaylin, Brenner, Hermann, Butt, Zahid, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Cercy, Kelly, Chen, Honglei, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Colistro, Valentina, Colomar, Mercedes, Cornaby, Leslie, Dai, Xiaochen, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dansereau, Emily, Davletov, Kairat, Dayama, Anand, Degfie, Tizta Tilahun, Deribew, Amare, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dimtsu, Balem Demtsu, Doyle, Kerrie E., Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Estep, Kara, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L., Feigl, Andrea B., Fischer, Florian, Friedman, Joseph, Ghiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gall, Seana L., Gao, Wayne, Gillum, Richard F., Gold, Audra L., Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C., Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Graeme Hankey, Harb, Hilda L., Hay, Simon I., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Husseini, Abdullatif, Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Islami, Farhad, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kamal, Ritul, Kasaeian, Amir, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef S., Khalil, Ibrahim, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kinfu, Yohannes, Knibbs, Luke D., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotsakis, Georgios A., Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Krohn, Kristopher J., Krueger, Hans, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kumar, G. Anil, Leasher, Janet L., Lee, Alexander, Leinsalu, Mall, Li, Tong, Linn, Shai, Liu, Patrick, Liu, Shiwei, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Lopez, Alan D., Ma, Stefan, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manamo, Wondimu Ayele, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Mekonnen, Alemayehu Berhane, Mendoza, Walter, Miller, Ted R., Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Morawska, Lidia, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nagel, Gabriele, Neupane, Sudan Prasad, Quyen Nguyen, Nguyen, Grant, Oh, In-Hwan, Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel, Mahesh, P. A., Pana, Adrian, Park, Eun-Kee, Patil, Snehal T., Patton, George C., Pedro, Joao, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Refaat, Amany H., Reinig, Nickolas, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rodriguez, Alina, Roman, Yesenia, Roth, Gregory, Roy, Ambuj, Sagar, Rajesh, Salomon, Joshua, Sanabria, Juan, Santos, Itamar Souza, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Sawyer, Susan, Saylan, Mete, Schaub, Michael P., Schluger, Neil, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Serdar, Berrin, Shaikh, Masood Ali, She, Jun, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silverberg, Jonathan I., Singh, Jasvinder, Singh, Virendra, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Soneji, Samir, Soriano, Joan B., Soshnikov, Sergey, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stein, Dan J., Stranges, Saverio, Subart, Michelle L., Swaminathan, Soumya, Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tran, Bach, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tymeson, Hayley, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A., Violante, Francesco Saverio, Vladimirov, Sergey K., Vlassov, Vasiliy, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Wen, Chi-Pan, Werdecker, Andrea, Wilson, Shelley, Wubshet, Mamo, Xiao, Lin, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Ye, Penpeng, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zhang, Anthony Lin, Zipkin, Ben, Murray, Christopher J. L., Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Gakidou, Emmanuela, Gbd, Tobacco Collaborators, Reitsma, Marissa B, Fullman, Nancy, Ng, Marie, Salama, Joseph S, Abajobir, Amanuel, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Biju, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Aleman, Alicia V, Ali, Raghib, Al Alkerwi, Ala'A, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa Mohammad, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Asayesh, Hamid, Atnafu, Niguse Tadela, Azzopardi, Peter, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barrientos-Gutierrez, Tonatiuh, Basto-Abreu, Ana Cristina, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bedi, Neeraj, Bell, Brent, Bello, Aminu K, Bensenor, Isabela M, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Biryukov, Stan, Bolt, Kaylin, Brenner, Hermann, Butt, Zahid, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Cercy, Kelly, Chen, Honglei, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesuda, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Colistro, Valentina, Colomar, Mercede, Cornaby, Leslie, Dai, Xiaochen, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dansereau, Emily, Davletov, Kairat, Dayama, Anand, Degfie, Tizta Tilahun, Deribew, Amare, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dimtsu, Balem Demtsu, Doyle, Kerrie E, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Estep, Kara, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Feigl, Andrea B, Fischer, Florian, Friedman, Joseph, G/hiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gall, Seana L, Gao, Wayne, Gillum, Richard F, Gold, Audra L, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hankey, Graeme, Harb, Hilda L, Hay, Simon I, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Husseini, Abdullatif, Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Islami, Farhad, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kamal, Ritul, Kasaeian, Amir, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef S, Khalil, Ibrahim, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohanne, Knibbs, Luke D, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotsakis, Georgios A, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Krohn, Kristopher J, Krueger, Han, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kumar, G Anil, Leasher, Janet L, Lee, Alexander, Leinsalu, Mall, Li, Tong, Linn, Shai, Liu, Patrick, Liu, Shiwei, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Lopez, Alan D, Ma, Stefan, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manamo, Wondimu Ayele, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Mekonnen, Alemayehu Berhane, Mendoza, Walter, Miller, Ted R, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Morawska, Lidia, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nagel, Gabriele, Neupane, Sudan Prasad, Nguyen, Quyen, Nguyen, Grant, Oh, In-Hwan, Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel, Pa, Mahesh, Pana, Adrian, Park, Eun-Kee, Patil, Snehal T, Patton, George C, Pedro, Joao, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Refaat, Amany H, Reinig, Nickola, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rodriguez, Alina, Roman, Yesenia, Roth, Gregory, Roy, Ambuj, Sagar, Rajesh, Salomon, Joshua, Sanabria, Juan, de Souza Santos, Itamar, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Sawyer, Susan, Saylan, Mete, Schaub, Michael P, Schluger, Neil, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serdar, Berrin, Shaikh, Masood Ali, She, Jun, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silverberg, Jonathan I, Singh, Jasvinder, Singh, Virendra, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Soneji, Samir, Soriano, Joan B, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stein, Dan J, Stranges, Saverio, Subart, Michelle L, Swaminathan, Soumya, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tran, Bach, Tsilimparis, Nikolao, Tymeson, Hayley, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A, Violante, Francesco Saverio, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Wen, Chi-Pan, Werdecker, Andrea, Wilson, Shelley, Wubshet, Mamo, Xiao, Lin, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Ye, Penpeng, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zhang, Anthony Lin, Zipkin, Ben, Murray, Christopher J L, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Viðskiptadeild (HR), School of Business (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, and Halk Sağlığı
Subjects: Male, Heilsufar, Dánartíðni, Internationality, Lífslíkur, Risk analysis, Life expectancy, Epidemiology, IMPACT, Áhættuþættir, FRAMEWORK CONVENTION, Diseases, Global Burden of Disease, Fullorðnir, Risk Factors, IMPLEMENTATION, Psychology, LIFE EXPECTANCY, Unglingar, Konur, Risk assessment, Aged, 80 and over, Public health, Velferðarkerfi, Aldraðir, Medicine (all), Smoking, Þjóðir, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Alþjóðasamstarf, Tóbaksvarnir, Sálfræði, World health, Mannsævin, Lýðheilsa, Female, HEALTH, Reykingar, B990 Subjects Allied to Medicine not elsewhere classified, Algengi sjúkdóma, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Adult, Adolescent, L400, TOBACCO CONTROL POLICIES, Young Adult, Heilbrigðisvísindi, Age Distribution, Medicine, General & Internal, General & Internal Medicine, SELF-REPORTED SMOKING, Mortality, Sex Distribution, Áhættugreining, Retrospective Studies, Aged, Science & Technology, Faraldsfræði, Prevention, MORTALITY, Ungt fólk, RISKS, B900, Tobacco use, PROMOTION, Socioeconomic Factors, Karlar, L510 Health & Welfare
Abstract: Correction in: LANCET Volume: 390 Issue: 10103 Pages: 1644-1644 Published: OCT 7 2017 ., Background The scale-up of tobacco control, especially after the adoption of the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control, is a major public health success story. Nonetheless, smoking remains a leading risk for early death and disability worldwide, and therefore continues to require sustained political commitment. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) offers a robust platform through which global, regional, and national progress toward achieving smoking-related targets can be assessed. Methods We synthesised 2818 data sources with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and produced estimates of daily smoking prevalence by sex, age group, and year for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We analysed 38 risk-outcome pairs to generate estimates of smoking-attributable mortality and disease burden, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). We then performed a cohort analysis of smoking prevalence by birth-year cohort to better understand temporal age patterns in smoking. We also did a decomposition analysis, in which we parsed out changes in all-cause smoking-attributable DALYs due to changes in population growth, population ageing, smoking prevalence, and risk-deleted DALY rates. Finally, we explored results by level of development using the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings Worldwide, the age-standardised prevalence of daily smoking was 25.0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24.2-25.7) for men and 5.4% (5.1-5.7) for women, representing 28.4% (25.8-31.1) and 34.4% (29.4-38.6) reductions, respectively, since 1990. A greater percentage of countries and territories achieved significant annualised rates of decline in smoking prevalence from 1990 to 2005 than in between 2005 and 2015; however, only four countries had significant annualised increases in smoking prevalence between 2005 and 2015 (Congo [Brazzaville] and Azerbaijan for men and Kuwait and Timor-Leste for women). In 2015, 11.5% of global deaths (6.4 million [95% UI 5.7-7.0 million]) were attributable to smoking worldwide, of which 52.2% took place in four countries (China, India, the USA, and Russia). Smoking was ranked among the five leading risk factors by DALYs in 109 countries and territories in 2015, rising from 88 geographies in 1990. In terms of birth cohorts, male smoking prevalence followed similar age patterns across levels of SDI, whereas much more heterogeneity was found in age patterns for female smokers by level of development. While smoking prevalence and risk-deleted DALY rates mostly decreased by sex and SDI quintile, population growth, population ageing, or a combination of both, drove rises in overall smoking-attributable DALYs in low-SDI to middle-SDI geographies between 2005 and 2015. Interpretation The pace of progress in reducing smoking prevalence has been heterogeneous across geographies, development status, and sex, and as highlighted by more recent trends, maintaining past rates of decline should not be taken for granted, especially in women and in low-SDI to middle-SDI countries. Beyond the effect of the tobacco industry and societal mores, a crucial challenge facing tobacco control initiatives is that demographic forces are poised to heighten smoking's global toll, unless progress in preventing initiation and promoting cessation can be substantially accelerated. Greater success in tobacco control is possible but requires effective, comprehensive, and adequately implemented and enforced policies, which might in turn require global and national levels of political commitment beyond what has been achieved during the past 25 years., Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Bloomberg Philanthropies.
Published: 2017

10. Long-term inpatient disease burden in the Adult Life after Childhood Cancer in Scandinavia (ALiCCS) study: A cohort study of 21,297 childhood cancer survivors

Author: Henrik Hasle, Jeanette Falck Winther, Peter H. Asdahl, Anna Sällfors Holmqvist, Laura Madanat-Harjuoja, Thorgerdur Gudmundsdottir, Trine Gade Bonnesen, Jørgen H. Olsen, Laufey Tryggvadottir, Kathrine Rugbjerg, Finn Wesenberg, Sofie de Fine Licht, Læknadeild (HÍ), Faculty of Medicine (UI), Heilbrigðisvísindasvið (HÍ), School of Health Sciences (UI), Háskóli Íslands, University of Iceland, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Clinicum, and HUS Children and Adolescents
Subjects: Male, Central Nervous System, Pediatrics, Heilsufar, Disease, Börn, Nervous System, Cohort Studies, Geographical Locations, 0302 clinical medicine, 3123 Gynaecology and paediatrics, Fullorðnir, Neoplasms, Medicine and Health Sciences, Medicine, Public and Occupational Health, Registries, Survivors, 030212 general & internal medicine, Young adult, Child, ADOLESCENT CANCER, Aged, 80 and over, RISK, education.field_of_study, Child Health, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Hospitals, 3. Good health, Survival Rate, Europe, Oncology, HOSPITALIZATION, Child, Preschool, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Female, Anatomy, Research Article, Cohort study, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Patients, Population, 3122 Cancers, Scandinavian and Nordic Countries, Risk Assessment, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Diagnostic Medicine, COMPLETENESS, Cancer Detection and Diagnosis, Journal Article, Humans, education, Survival rate, Disease burden, Aged, Retrospective Studies, REGISTER, Krabbamein, Sweden, Inpatients, business.industry, Krabbameinssjúklingar, Biology and Life Sciences, Cancers and Neoplasms, Cancer, Retrospective cohort study, medicine.disease, Health Care, Health Care Facilities, People and Places, HEALTH-CARE, Morbidity, business
Abstract: Background Survivors of childhood cancer are at increased risk for a wide range of late effects. However, no large population-based studies have included the whole range of somatic diagnoses including subgroup diagnoses and all main types of childhood cancers. Therefore, we aimed to provide the most detailed overview of the long-term risk of hospitalisation in survivors of childhood cancer. Methods and findings From the national cancer registers of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Sweden, we identified 21,297 5-year survivors of childhood cancer diagnosed with cancer before the age of 20 years in the periods 1943–2008 in Denmark, 1971–2008 in Finland, 1955–2008 in Iceland, and 1958–2008 in Sweden. We randomly selected 152,231 population comparison individuals matched by age, sex, year, and country (or municipality in Sweden) from the national population registers. Using a cohort design, study participants were followed in the national hospital registers in Denmark, 1977–2010; Finland, 1975–2012; Iceland, 1999–2008; and Sweden, 1968–2009. Disease-specific hospitalisation rates in survivors and comparison individuals were used to calculate survivors’ standardised hospitalisation rate ratios (RRs), absolute excess risks (AERs), and standardised bed day ratios (SBDRs) based on length of stay in hospital. We adjusted for sex, age, and year by indirect standardisation. During 336,554 person-years of follow-up (mean: 16 years; range: 0–42 years), childhood cancer survivors experienced 21,325 first hospitalisations for diseases in one or more of 120 disease categories (cancer recurrence not included), when 10,999 were expected, yielding an overall RR of 1.94 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.91–1.97). The AER was 3,068 (2,980–3,156) per 100,000 person-years, meaning that for each additional year of follow-up, an average of 3 of 100 survivors were hospitalised for a new excess disease beyond the background rates. Approximately 50% of the excess hospitalisations were for diseases of the nervous system (19.1% of all excess hospitalisations), endocrine system (11.1%), digestive organs (10.5%), and respiratory system (10.0%). Survivors of all types of childhood cancer were at increased, persistent risk for subsequent hospitalisation, the highest risks being those of survivors of neuroblastoma (RR: 2.6 [2.4–2.8]; n = 876), hepatic tumours (RR: 2.5 [2.0–3.1]; n = 92), central nervous system tumours (RR: 2.4 [2.3–2.5]; n = 6,175), and Hodgkin lymphoma (RR: 2.4 [2.3–2.5]; n = 2,027). Survivors spent on average five times as many days in hospital as comparison individuals (SBDR: 4.96 [4.94–4.98]; n = 422,218). The analyses of bed days in hospital included new primary cancers and recurrences. Of the total 422,218 days survivors spent in hospital, 47% (197,596 bed days) were for new primary cancers and recurrences. Our study is likely to underestimate the absolute overall disease burden experienced by survivors, as less severe late effects are missed if they are treated sufficiently in the outpatient setting or in the primary health care system. Conclusions Childhood cancer survivors were at increased long-term risk for diseases requiring inpatient treatment even decades after their initial cancer. Health care providers who do not work in the area of late effects, especially those in primary health care, should be aware of this highly challenged group of patients in order to avoid or postpone hospitalisations by prevention, early detection, and appropriate treatments., This study was funded by grant 09–066899 from the Danish Council for Strategic Research, http://ufm.dk/forskning-og-innovation/rad-og-udvalg/tidligere-rad-og-udvalg/det-strategiske-forskningsrad. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Published: 2017
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11. Movement of juvenile migratory birds from settlement to adulthood across the non‐breeding range.

Author: Gunnarsson, Tómas Grétar, Alves, José A., Gilroy, James J., Þórisson, Böðvar, Sutherland, William J., Potts, Peter M., and Gill, Jennifer A.
Subjects: *AUTUMN, *BIRD migration, *MIGRATORY birds, *ADULTS, *DEMOGRAPHY, *SHORE birds
Abstract: Among migratory vertebrates, high levels of fidelity to non‐breeding sites during adulthood are common. If occupied sites vary in quality, strong site fidelity can have profound consequences for individual fitness and population demography. Given the prevalence of adult site fidelity, the regions of the non‐breeding range to which juveniles first migrate, and the scale of any subsequent movements, are likely to be pivotal in shaping distributions and demographic processes across population ranges.However, inherent difficulties in tracking migratory individuals through early life mean that opportunities to quantify juvenile settlement and movements across non‐breeding ranges, and the mechanisms involved, are extremely rare.Through long‐term, range‐wide resightings of hundreds of colour‐marked individuals from their first migration to adulthood and the application of state‐space models, we quantify levels of juvenile and adult regional‐scale movements and distances at different life stages across the whole non‐breeding distribution range in a migratory shorebird, the Black‐tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa islandica).We show that the probability of individuals changing non‐breeding regions (seven historical wintering regions spanning the Western Europe range) at all ages is very low (mean movement probability = 10.9% from first to subsequent winter, and 8.3% from first adult winter to later winters). Movement between regions was also low between autumn and winter of the same year for both juveniles (mean movement probability = 17.0%) and adults (10.4%). The great majority of non‐breeding movements from the first autumn to adulthood were within regions and less than 100 km.The scarcity of regional‐scale non‐breeding movements from the first autumn to adulthood means that the factors influencing where juveniles settle will be key determinants of non‐breeding distributions and of the rate and direction of changes in distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2024
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12. Aflimanir ofan ökkla 2010-2019 vegna útæðasjúkdóms og/eða sykursýki : Aðdragandi og áhættuþættir

Author: Arnadottir, Solrun Dogg, Palsdottir, Gudbjorg, Logason, Karl, Arnardottir, Harpa, Arnadottir, Solrun Dogg, Palsdottir, Gudbjorg, Logason, Karl, and Arnardottir, Harpa
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: No recent studies exist on lower extremity amputations (LLAs) in Iceland. The aim of this study was to investigate LLA incidence in Iceland 2010-2019 and preceding procedures in amputations induced by peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and diabetes mellitus (DM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study on clinical records of all patients (>18 years) who underwent LLA in Iceland's two main hospitals during 2010-2019. Patients were excluded if LLA was performed for reasons other than DM and/or PAD. Symptoms, medication and circulation assessment were recorded from first hospital visit due to symptoms, and prior to the last LLA, respectively. Previous arterial surgeries and amputations were also recorded. RESULTS: A total of 167 patients underwent LLA. Thereof, 134 (77 ± 11 years, 93 men and 41 woman) due to DM and/or PAD. The LLA-rate due to those diseases increased from 4.1/100,000 inhabitants in 2010-2013 to 6.7/100,000 in 2016-2019 (p=0,04). Risk factors were mainly hypertension, 84%, and smoking, 69%. Chronic limb -threatening ischemia induced 71% of first hospital visits. Revascularisations were performed (66% endovascular) in 101 patients. Non -diabetic patients were 52% and had statins less frequently prescribed than DM patients (26:45, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: DM and/or PAD are the leading causes of LLA in Iceland. Amputation rate increased during the period but is low in an international context. Amputation is most often preceded by arterial surgery. DM is present in almost half of cases, similar or less than in most other countries. Opportunities for improved prevention should aim on earlier diagnosis and preventive treatment of non -diabetic individuals with PAD., INNGANGUR: Ekki eru til nýlegar rannsóknir um tíðni aflimana hérlendis. Tilgangur þessarar rannsóknar var að athuga fjölda og aðdraganda aflimana ofan ökkla á grunni útæðasjúkdóms og/eða sykursýki á Íslandi 2010-2019. EFNIVIÐUR OG AÐFERÐIR: Afturskyggn rannsókn, byggð á sjúkraskrárgögnum allra aflimaðra ofan ökkla á Landspítala og á Sjúkrahúsinu á Akureyri á rannsóknartímanum. Útilokaðir frá rannsókn voru fullorðnir aflimaðir vegna annars en ofangreindra sjúkdóma og börn. Tveir tímapunktar voru skoðaðir í aðdraganda aflimunar varðandi einkenni, mat á blóðflæði og lyfjanotkun. Annars vegar við fyrstu komu á sjúkrahús vegna blóðþurrðareinkenna og/eða sáramyndunar og hins vegar fyrir síðustu aflimun. Einnig voru skráðar áður framkvæmdar æðaaðgerðir og aflimanir. NIÐURSTÖÐUR: Alls voru 167 einstaklingar aflimaðir á rannsóknartímanum, þar af 134 (80%, meðalaldur 77 ± 11 ár, 93 karlmenn og 41 kona) á grunni sykursýki og/eða útæðasjúkdóms. Aflimunum vegna sjúkdómanna fjölgaði úr að meðaltali 4,1/100.000 íbúa 2010-2013 í 6,7/100.000 2016-2019 (p=0,04). Algengustu áhættuþættir voru háþrýstingur 84% og reykingasaga 69%. Langvinn tvísýn blóðþurrð var í 71% tilfella ástæða fyrstu komu á sjúkrahús. Æðaaðgerðir voru framkvæmdar hjá 101 einstaklingi (66% innæðaaðgerðir). Með útæðasjúkdóm án sykursýki voru 52% en þeir voru sjaldnar skráðir á blóðfitulækkandi lyf en þeir sem voru með sykursýki (45:26, p<0,001). ÁLYKTUN: Sykursýki og/eða útæðasjúkdómur eru helstu ástæður aflimana neðri útlima ofan ökkla á Íslandi. Aflimunum fjölgaði á tímabilinu, en tíðnin er lág í alþjóðlegum samanburði. Í flestum tilfellum eru æðaaðgerðir gerðar áður en til aflimunar kemur. Sykursýki er undirliggjandi í tæpum helmingi tilfella sem er svipað eða lægra en í öðrum löndum. Möguleg sóknarfæri varðandi greiningu og forvarnir eru hjá einstaklingum með útæðasjúkdóm án sykursýki., Title in WoS: Lower Limb Amputations in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease and/or Diabetes in Iceland 2010-2019; revascularisation, comorbidities and risk factors
Published: 2024
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13. Icelandic Whimbrel first migration: Non‐stop until West Africa, yet later departure and slower travel than adults.

Author: Carneiro, Camilo, Gunnarsson, Tómas G., Kaasiku, Triin, Piersma, Theunis, and Alves, José A.
Subjects: ADULTS, SOCIAL learning, ONTOGENY
Abstract: Copyright of Ibis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2024
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14. Why do people with little formal education not participate in lifelong learning activities?

Author: Árnason, Hróbjartur and Valgeirsdóttir, Halla
Subjects: ADULT education student attitudes, ADULT education, ADULT learning, SELF-esteem, EDUCATORS
Abstract: Copyright of Netla: Online Journal on Pedagogy & Education is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2015

15. AÐ UNDRAST HEIMINN: HEIMSPEKI OG BÖRN.

Author: FRIÐJÓNSSON, INGI JÓHANN and FRÍMANNSSON, GUÐMUNDUR HEIÐAR
Subjects: CRITICAL thinking, LANGUAGE acquisition, TEACHING guides, NATIONAL curriculum, TEACHER qualifications, CREATIVE thinking
Abstract: Copyright of Icelandic Journal of Education / Timarit um Uppeldi og Menntun is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2024
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16. BÖRN MEÐ STUÐNINGSÞARFIR Í LEIKSKÓLA MARGBREYTILEIKANS.

Author: ELÍDÓTTIR, JÓRUNN
Subjects: CHILDREN with disabilities, PRESCHOOL teachers, PRESCHOOL education, CHILD development, CHILD support
Abstract: Copyright of Icelandic Journal of Education / Timarit um Uppeldi og Menntun is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2024
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17. ÞRENGSLI Í LEIKSKÓLUM.

Author: SVAVARSSON, HÖRÐUR and JÓHANNESSON, INGÓLFUR ÁSGEIR
Subjects: TEACHERS' unions, SCHOOL day, PRESCHOOL education, SCHOOL children, GENDER inequality, PRESCHOOL children
Abstract: Copyright of Icelandic Journal of Education / Timarit um Uppeldi og Menntun is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2024
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18. SJÁLFSPROTTINN LEIKUR MEÐ STAFRÆNAN OG SKAPANDI EFNIVIÐ Í LEIKSKÓLA.

Author: DÝRFJÖRÐ, KRISTÍN
Subjects: CAREER development, EDUCATIONAL entertainment, EARLY childhood education, EDUCATIONAL planning, EDUCATIONAL counseling, CREATIVE ability in children
Abstract: Copyright of Icelandic Journal of Education / Timarit um Uppeldi og Menntun is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2024
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19. „MEÐ FAGVITUND AÐ VOPNI": UPPLIFUN LEIKSKÓLAKENNARA AF HLUTVERKI SÍNU Í FRAMVARÐASVEIT Í HEIMSFARALDRI.

Author: MÖRK, SVAVA BJÖRG
Subjects: COVID-19 pandemic, PRESCHOOL education, PRESCHOOL teachers, PROTECTIVE clothing, WORKING parents, PRESCHOOL children
Abstract: Copyright of Icelandic Journal of Education / Timarit um Uppeldi og Menntun is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2024
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20. „Þeir vilja ekki leika, bara tala saman” Sýn barna á hlutverk fullorðinna í leik.

Author: Ólafsdóttir, Sara M. and Einarsdóttir, Jóhanna
Abstract: Copyright of Netla: Online Journal on Pedagogy & Education is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2017

21. „Helvítis fokking útlendingar": Valdleysi, jaðarsetning og annar skaði hatursglæpa.

Author: EYÞÓRSDÓTTIR, EYRÚN
Subjects: HATE crimes, CRIME victims
Abstract: Copyright of Icelandic Society / Íslenska þjóðfélagið is the property of Icelandic Sociological Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2023

22. Barnstýrðir matmálstímar „...nú má maður setjast bara einhvers staðar.".

Author: Dýrfjörð, Kristín and Harðardóttir, Guðrún Alda
Abstract: Copyright of Netla: Online Journal on Pedagogy & Education is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2023
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23. Löggjöf, efnistök og skipulagning tannlæknaþjónustu fyrir þjóðfélagshópa í samfélagslega veikri stöðu

Author: Gunhild Vesterhus Strand, Eeva Widström, Lisa Bøge Christensen, and Katharina Wretlind
Abstract: Markmið greinarinnar er að veita almenna yfirsýn yfir tannheilbrigðiskerfi fjögurra Norðurlanda og líta sérstaklega til þjónustunnar hjá hópum sem standa höllum fæti félagslega. Öll löndin bjóða upp á gjaldfrjálsa tannlæknaþjónustu fyrir börn og unglinga en þjónustan er mismunandi þegar kemur að fullorðnum. Fullorðnir einstaklingar í Noregi þurfa að greiða úr eigin vasa, Danir fá grunnkostnað endurgreiddan að hluta og Finnar fá niðurgreiddan kostnað af opinberri tannlæknaþjónustu, en sú þjónusta annar ekki öllum. Í Svíþjóð þurfa fullorðnir að greiða upp að ákveðnu marki, dýrar meðferðir eru niðurgreiddar. Að auki bjóða öll Norðurlönd upp á ýmis viðbótarkerfi sem styðja við tannlæknaþjónustu fyrir félagslega viðkvæma hópa. Með árunum hafa þessi kerfi þróast yfir í flókið púsluspil með mismunandi niðurgreiðslum í viðkomandi löndum. Sem stendur er verið að endurskoða mörg þessara kerfa og gera á þeim smærri eða stærri breytingar, eða þá að slíkri endurskoðun er lokið.
Published: 2021
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24. „DRASL SEM GULL". ÁHERSLA LEIKSKÓLA Á OPINN EFNIVIÐ OG VAL BARNA Á LEIKJUM Í KYNJAFRÆÐILEGU LJÓSI.

Author: PÁLSDÓTTIR, SÓLVEIG BJÖRG and JÓHANNESSON, INGÓLFUR ÁSGEIR
Subjects: GENDER inequality, PRESCHOOL teachers, ETIQUETTE, PRESCHOOL education, CRITICAL thinking, JIGSAW puzzles
Abstract: Copyright of Icelandic Journal of Education / Timarit um Uppeldi og Menntun is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2022

25. „Það var spes að koma aftur í skólann, erfitt...": Reynsla einstaklinga af grunnskólagöngu eftir foreldramissi.

Author: Þorgeirsdóttir, Heiður Ósk and Elídóttir, Jórunn
Subjects: PRIMARY schools, ADOLESCENCE
Abstract: Copyright of Netla: Online Journal on Pedagogy & Education is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2022
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26. Þróun eigin fagmennsku í skapandi starfi: Starfendarannsókn í leikskóla.

Author: Sívertsen, Ásta Möller, Jónsdóttir, Svanborg R., and Guðjónsdóttir, Hafdís
Subjects: TEACHER role, PRESCHOOL teachers, ACTION research, PROFESSIONAL education, PRESCHOOLS
Abstract: Copyright of Netla: Online Journal on Pedagogy & Education is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2022
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27. „Ég held að þetta hafi gefið okkur hugrekki til að láta í okkur heyra" Um frumkvæði nokkurra ungmenna að breytingum á námskrá og menntun í grunnskóla.

Author: Hreinsdóttir, Anna Magnea
Subjects: ACTIVISM, CURRICULUM, HUMAN voice, STUDENTS
Abstract: Copyright of Netla: Online Journal on Pedagogy & Education is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2022
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28. Viðhorf leikskólastarfsmanna til málörvunar barna sem hafa íslensku sem annað mál.

Author: Ólafsdóttir, Sigríður, Einarsdóttir, Jóhanna Thelma, and Runólfsdóttir, Jóhanna
Subjects: PRESCHOOLS, LANGUAGE & languages, PRESCHOOL children
Abstract: Copyright of Netla: Online Journal on Pedagogy & Education is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2022
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29. Mörk í nánu rými: #MeToo í sviðslistum og íþróttum.

Author: Jóhannsdóttir, Ásta and Gíslason, Ingólfur V.
Subjects: SEXUAL assault, PERFORMING arts, SPORTS
Abstract: Copyright of Netla: Online Journal on Pedagogy & Education is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2022
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30. Málleg samskipti starfsmanna við börn með íslensku sem annað mál og börn með íslensku sem móðurmál.

Author: Ólafsdóttir, Sigríður and Valsdóttir, Ástrós Þóra
Subjects: VOCABULARY, PRESCHOOLS, LANGUAGE & languages, PRESCHOOL children
Abstract: Copyright of Netla: Online Journal on Pedagogy & Education is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2022
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31. Icelandic and Japanese preschoolers' attributions in social interactions involving a child's moral transgression and a theacher's expressed blame

Author: Terada, Hiroe, Sigrún Aðalbjarnardóttir, Uppeldis- og menntunarfræðideild (HÍ), Faculty of Education Studies (UI), Menntavísindasvið (HÍ), School of Education (UI), Háskóli Íslands, and University of Iceland
Subjects: Japan, Hugarkenning, Samskipti, Ísland, Doktorsritgerðir, Leikskólafræði, Kennarar, Leikskólabörn
Abstract: At preschool, children are socially active--they engage in various social interactions with their peers and teachers. Social interactions require people to understand others’ minds (e.g., perspectives, ideas, emotional states, thoughts, intentions, beliefs), and this ability is often referred as a theory of mind or social cognition. Studies in the last few decades have revealed that young children are capable of understanding another’s mind, and preschool aged children show progressively better understanding of another’s thoughts and feelings (e.g., Fabes, Eisenberg, Nyman, & Michealieu, 1991; Harris, 1989; Pons, Harris, & de Rosnay, 2004; Selman, 1980; Wellman, Cross, & Watson, 2001). Though more evidence is available about young children’s theory-of-mind ability, little is known about their theory-of-mind patterns and their own emotional and behavioral response patterns in social interactions. Moreover, how children’s theory-of-mind patterns differ between different age groups, cultural groups, and social situations is not well understood. The main purpose of this study is to gain better understanding of how children attribute another’s mind in common social interactions at preschool. Given that children’s conflicts are quite common and teachers often get involved in such situations at preschool, preschool children of two age groups (a younger group: 3;10 to 5 years, an older group: 5;1 to 6;5 years) from two countries, Iceland (N = 41) and Japan (N = 64), were interviewed and instructed to take the first-person perspective in four hypothetical situations. They were asked about three aspects of their social information processing in the hypothetical social situations--their inference about the teacher’s feeling, the protagonist’s emotional reaction, and his/her subsequent action. These four hypothetical social situations involved a protagonist, a crying friend, and a teacher, in which the protagonist either did (e.g., the child pushes the friend, and the friend falls down) or did not make a moral transgression (e.g., the friend was tripped by himself/herself and falls down), which was either followed by or not followed by the teacher expressing her blame toward the protagonist. Using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVAs), the results showed that Japanese children and children in the older age group attributed a more negative feeling to the teacher than did their counterparts in all the conditions including a situation where the child did not do anything wrong and the teacher did not express any blame. However, children in both age groups and countries differentiated the child’s moral transgression from the no moral transgression by attributing similarly a more negative feeling to the teacher and the child. Although children expected the child to take a more passive action choice (i.e., stopping what they were doing) when the child committed a moral transgression, his/her moral transgression had the least impact on their proposed action choice among the three studied aspects of children’s social information processing. One of the important findings of this study was that the presence or absence of the teacher’s expressed blame did not appear to impact the three studied aspects of children’s social information processing--how children’s inference about the teacher’s feeling, the child’s emotional reaction, and his/her subsequent action--when s/he made a moral transgression. Further analysis of children’s justifications for their expected child’s feeling, using open-ended questions, suggested that children imagined teacher’s criticism when the child committed a moral transgression irrespective to the presence of the teacher’s blame. Moreover, a cultural difference was observed in how children from the two countries justified why they would feel as such if they were the protagonist. Japanese children were more elaborate, and often included their fear, compared to Icelandic children’s justifications. Another important finding was the complexity of the relationships between children’s social information processing and factors such as children’s age, cultural background, and given social context. How one factor (e.g., children’s age, the child’s moral transgression) impacts one aspect of children’s social information processing (e.g., emotion attribution) can be different from how it impacts other aspects of the social information processing (e.g., emotional reaction, action). Moreover, given that the moral transgression appeared to have more impact on children’s understanding of the teacher’s mind and on their expected emotional reaction than on their expected action choice, teachers and parents may need to recognize that children’s actions may not always reveal their emotional reactions or their interpretation of a teacher’s or parent’s mental states. In this study, children were also asked to suggest how adults/teachers could avoid blaming an innocent child mistakenly. Children from both countries suggested that adults/teachers should be attentive (e.g., watch children well, remember, listen to children) and kind. Findings of this study invite adults and caregivers/teachers to challenge our assumptions about how children think and feel, and be open in exploring each other’s thoughts and feelings in social interactions. Fostering an open attitude to exchange each other’s thoughts and feelings might be more important than ever in the world, which is becoming increasingly interconnected. Key words: theory of mind; social information processing; preschool children; teacher-child interaction; cross-cultural study, Börn í leikskóla eru félagslega virk og taka þátt í margvíslegum samskiptum við önnur börn sem og kennara sína. Félagsleg samskipti krefjast hæfni til að skilja það sem býr í huga annarra, svo sem hver sjónarmið þeirra eru, hugmyndir, tilfinningar, ásetningur eða skoðanir. Þessi hæfni heyrir ýmist undir kenningar um félagsvitund (e. social cognition) eða hugarkenninguna (e. theory of mind). Rannsóknir á undanförnum áratugum hafa leitt í ljós að ung börn geta skilið hugsanir og tilfinningar annarra og að slíkur skilningur þroskist með börnum á leikskólaaldri (t.d. Fabes, Eisenberg, Nyman og Michealieu, 1991; Harris, 1989; Pons, Harris og de Rosnay, 2004; Selman, 1980; Wellman, Cross og Watson, 2001). Þrátt fyrir að töluvert sé til af rannsóknum á hæfni ungra barna til að skilja hugsun og tilfinningar annarra (e. theory-of-mind ability), er lítið vitað bæði um hvað einkennir hugsanir þeirra (e. theory-of-mind patterns) og hvað einkennir tilfinningaleg og hegðunarleg viðbrögð þeirra (e. emotional and behavioral response patterns) í félagslegum samskiptum. Jafnframt liggur takmörkuð vitneskja fyrir um skilning þeirra á hugsun og tilfinningum annarra í ýmsum félagslegum aðstæðum; svo og hvort aldur þeirra skipti þar máli og mismunandi menning. Í þessu ljósi er megintilgangur þessarar rannsóknar að öðlast betri skilning á því hvernig leikskólabörn skilja hugsun og tilfinningar annarra við algengar félagslegar aðstæður í leikskóla. Viðtöl voru tekin við börnin og var viðfangsefni viðtalanna valið með tilliti til þess að árekstrar í samskiptum eru algengir meðal leikskólabarna og þess að kennarar eru oft hluti af slíkum samskiptum. Börnin voru úr tveimur aldurshópum (yngri hópur: 3;10 til 5 ára, eldri hópur: 5;1 til 6;5 ára) og frá tveimur löndum, Íslandi (N = 41) og Japan (N = 64). Í viðtölunum voru börnin beðin um að skoða fjórar mismunandi „ímyndaðar aðstæður“ (e. hypothetical situations) frá sjónarhóli fyrstu persónu. Í hverri þessara aðstæðna var aðalpersóna (barn), grátandi vinur og kennari þar sem aðalpersónan annaðhvort braut af sér (t.d. barnið ýtir vininum og vinurinn dettur; e. moral transgression) eða braut ekki af sér (t.d. vinurinn hrasaði um sjálfan sig og datt). Á eftir annað hvort áfelldist kennarinn aðalpersónuna eða áfelldist hana ekki. Börnin voru spurð um þrennt þegar þau unnu úr þessum félagslegum upplýsingum (e. social information processing): Í fyrsta lagi voru þau spurð um tilfinningar kennarans, í öðru lagi um tilfinningaleg viðbrögð aðalpersónunnar (barnsins) og í þriðja lagi hvað aðalpersónan myndi gera í þessum aðstæðum. Niðurstöður margbreytudreifigreiningar (e. MANOVA) benda til þess að japönsku börnin og börnin í eldri aldurshópunum eignuðu kennaranum neikvæðar tilfinningar í ríkari mæli en börnin í öðrum hópum. Þetta gilti í öllum aðstæðunum, þ.m.t. aðstæðum þar sem barnið gerði ekkert af sér og þar sem kennarinn áfelldist barnið ekki. Á hinn bóginn mátti sjá að börn í báðum aldurshópum og frá báðum löndum gerðu greinarmun á barni sem að braut af sér og því barni sem ekki braut af sér með því að eigna kennaranum og barninu neikvæðari tilfinningar. Þá fannst börnunum oftar að barnið ætti að hætta því sem það gerði þegar það braut af sér (e. passive action choice) en þegar það braut ekki af sér. Jafnframt kom fram minni munur á svörum barnanna þegar þau stungu upp á hvað barnið ætti að gera (e. action choice) í aðstæðunum tveimur (brot, ekki brot) en þegar þau voru spurð um tilfinningar kennarans og tilfinningaleg viðbrögð barnsins. Eitt af því mikilvæga sem rannsóknin leiddi í ljós var, að þegar aðalpersónan (barnið) braut af sér virtist ekki skipta máli hvort kennarinn áfelldist það eða ekki um það hvernig börnin ályktuðu um: tilfinningar kennarans, tilfinningaleg viðbrögð barnsins eða viðbrögð þess hegðunarlega séð í kjölfarið. Frekari greining á röksemdum barnanna við opnum spurningum um hvernig barninu liði benti til þess að þau töldu kennarann áfellast/skamma barnið þegar það braut af sér hvort sem kennarinn hafði áfellst/skammað barnið eða ekki. Jafnframt mátti greina mun á því hvernig börnin í löndunum tveimur greindu frá hvernig þeim liði í sporum aðalpersónunnar. Japönsku börnin gáfu ítarlegri svör og nefndu meðal annars oftar að þau yrðu hrædd en íslensku börnin. Fjallað er jafnframt í ritgerðinni um flókna samvirkni sem kom fram á milli hugmynda barnanna annars vegar um (a) tilfinningar kennarans, tilfinningaleg viðbrögð aðalpersónunnar og viðbrögð hennar hegðunarlega séð og (b) hins vegar um samskipti kennara og aðalpersónu í hinum mismunandi félagslegum aðstæðum, aldurs barnanna og menningarlegs bakgrunns þeirra. Í ljósi þess að brot barnsins virtist hafa meiri áhrif á skilning barnanna á bæði hugsun kennarans og tilfinningalegum viðbrögðum barnsins frekar en á þeim athöfnum barnsins sem þau bjuggust við að sjá, benda til þess að kennarar og foreldrar gætu þurft að hafa í huga að hegðun barna gefur ekki alltaf til kynna tilfinningaleg viðbrögð þeirra eða hvernig þau túlka hugsun og tilfinningar kennara eða foreldra. Börnin voru einnig beðin um að benda á hvernig fullorðnir/kennarar gætu komið í veg fyrir að áfellast eða skamma saklaust barn. Bæði japönsku og íslensku börnin bentu á að fullorðnir/kennarar ættu að vera eftirtektarsamir (t.d. fylgjast vel með börnum, muna, hlusta á börn) og vera góðir. Niðurstöður rannsóknarinnar gefa fullorðnum og umönnunar–aðilum/kennurum tilefni til að ögra viðteknum hugmyndum um hvernig börn hugsa og hvernig þeim líður og vera opnir í leit að skilningi á hvert annars hugsunum og tilfinningum í félagslegum samskiptum. Segja má að mikilvægara en nokkru sinni fyrr sé að stuðla að því að fólk deili hugsunum sínum og tilfinningum hvort með öðru í heimi sem verður stöðugt tengdari innbyrðis. Lykilorð: hugarkenning, úrvinnsla félagslegra upplýsinga, leikskólabörn, samskipti barna og kennara, þvermenningarleg rannsókn
Published: 2017

32. SKÓLAR OG LÝÐRÆÐI.

Author: JÓNSSON, ÓLAFUR PÁLL
Published: 2020

33. FULLGILDI Í LEIKSKÓLA: SJÓNARMIÐ BARNA OG STARFSFÓLKS.

Author: EINARSDÓTTIR, JÓHANNA and ÓLAFSDÓTTIR, SARA M.
Subjects: PRESCHOOL education, CHILDREN'S rights, CHILDHOOD friendships, IMMIGRANT families, MULTICULTURAL education, PRESCHOOL children
Abstract: Copyright of Icelandic Journal of Education / Timarit um Uppeldi og Menntun is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2020
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34. „Kannski alltaf svona á bak við eyrað": Kynjajafnréttismenntun í leikskólum.

Author: Pálsdóttir, Sólveig Björg and Jóhannesson, Ingólfur Ásgeir
Subjects: CHILDREN'S television programs, GENDER stereotypes, CLASSROOMS, STEREOTYPES, PRESCHOOL teachers, TEACHERS, AGE groups, JIGSAW puzzles
Abstract: Copyright of Netla: Online Journal on Pedagogy & Education is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2020
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35. Kosningaþátttaka ungs fólks á Íslandi, kynslóðabil, áhugi á stjórnmálum og flokkshollusta.

Author: Halldórsson, Eiríkur Búi and Önnudóttir, Eva H.
Subjects: OLDER people, EARLY voting, VOTING, POLITICAL change, COHORT analysis, POLITICAL parties, POLLING places
Abstract: Copyright of Icelandic Review on Politics & Administration is the property of Institute of Public Administration & Politics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2019
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36. Stéttagreining og íslenskar stéttarannsóknir.

Author: Oddsson, Guðmundur
Subjects: CLASS politics, MODERN society, EMPIRICAL research, TWENTIETH century, DATA analysis
Abstract: Copyright of Icelandic Society / Íslenska þjóðfélagið is the property of Icelandic Sociological Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2019

37. HVAÐ ER SJÁLFSTJÓRNUN OG HVAÐA ÞÝÐINGU HEFUR HÚN FYRIR ÞROSKA BARNA OG UNGMENNA?

Author: GESTSDÓTTIR, STEINUNN and ANDRÉSDÓTTIR, JÓHANNA CORTES
Subjects: REACTION time, YOUTH development, AT-risk behavior, BRAINWASHING, NEURAL development, DEVELOPMENTAL psychology
Abstract: Copyright of Icelandic Journal of Education / Timarit um Uppeldi og Menntun is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2019
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38. BORGARAVITUND UNGMENNA SKOÐUÐ Í LJÓSI UPPELDISSÝNAR FORELDRA ÞEIRRA.

Author: GUÐJOHNSEN, RAGNÝ ÞÓRA and INGUDÓTTIR, HRUND ÞÓRARINS
Subjects: PARENT-child relationships, SOCIAL participation, POLITICAL participation, ADOLESCENCE, OLDER people, COMMUNICATIVE competence, PARENT attitudes, FATHERS
Abstract: Copyright of Icelandic Journal of Education / Timarit um Uppeldi og Menntun is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2019
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39. Opinber stefna, skólakerfið og hlutverk kennara: Viðbragðsbúnaður skólans.

Author: Harðardóttir, Sigrún and Júlíusdóttir, Sigrún
Subjects: GOVERNMENT policy, SCHOOL districts, SCHOOL rules & regulations, TEACHERS, PUBLIC schools
Abstract: Copyright of Icelandic Review on Politics & Administration is the property of Institute of Public Administration & Politics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2019
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40. Hljóðþróun íslenskra barna á aldrinum tveggja til átta ára.

Author: Másdóttir, Þóra
Subjects: ACOUSTICS, ARTICULATION disorders, PHONOLOGICAL awareness, GERMANIC languages, VERBAL behavior testing, CHILDREN with developmental disabilities, CHILDREN with autism spectrum disorders
Abstract: Copyright of Netla: Online Journal on Pedagogy & Education is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2019
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41. Taktu til við að tvista: Námsleikir í skólastarfi.

Author: Guðmundsdóttir, Hildur Dröfn and Þorkelsdóttir, Rannveig Björk
Subjects: EDUCATIONAL games, PRESCHOOL children, SELF-consciousness (Awareness), RULES of games, SPECIAL education, FOREIGN students
Abstract: Copyright of Netla: Online Journal on Pedagogy & Education is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2019
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42. Táknræn eða raunveruleg þátttaka grunnskólabarna: Sýn barna á réttindi og lýðræðislega þátttöku í skóla

Author: Elín Helga Björnsdóttir, Eyrún María Rúnarsdóttir, and Guðrún Kristinsdóttir
Subjects: Ocean Engineering, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality
Abstract: Barnasáttmáli Sameinuðu þjóðanna er alþjóðlegur mannréttindasamningur sem snertir börn. Sáttmálinn felur í sér viðurkenningu á að börn þarfnist sérstakrar verndar umfram fullorðna og á að tryggja börnum vernd gegn ofbeldi, tækifæri og áhrifamátt. Fræðimenn telja að sá réttur barna sem eigi hvað mest undir högg að sækja varði lýðræðisákvæði hans. Meðal annars er algengt að ákvarðanir sem tengjast málefnum barna séu teknar án samráðs við þau. Síaukin áhersla er lögð á réttindi og þátttöku barna en til að tryggja réttindi þeirra í samræmi við sáttmálann er mikilvægt að allir; börn og fullorðnir, þekki til hans. Fyrir árið 2030 eiga öll sveitarfélög hér á landi að hafa hafið markvissa innleiðingu Barnasáttmálans og er ein leið til þess að nýta hugmyndafræði svonefnds réttindaskóla. Samkvæmt rannsóknum getur innleiðing sáttmálans haft jákvæð áhrif á skólastarf í heild sinni og aukið þekkingu barna á réttindum sínum. Markmið rannsóknarinnar er að varpa ljósi á reynslu og þekkingu barna á lýðræðislegri þátttöku og ávinning af fræðslu í skólum um Barnasáttmálann. Tekin voru rýnihópaviðtöl við 43 börn úr 4. og 8. bekk fjögurra skóla á Akureyri og í Eyjafjarðarsveit. Helstu niðurstöður sýna að þátttakendur virðast kunna skil á innihaldi þeirra réttinda sem Barnasáttmálinn veitir og er skilningur þeirra almennt góður. Börn í réttindaskóla höfðu fengið meiri fræðslu sem skilaði sér í auknum skilningi. Þrátt fyrir góða viðleitni í skólastarfi til að auka þátttöku nemenda í ákvörðunum virtist hún í sumum tilfellum einungis fela í sér táknræna þátttöku þeirra. Álykta má að fræðsla sé forsenda þess að innleiðing Barnasáttmálans njóti velgengni og er von okkar að þessi rannsókn stuðli að jákvæðara viðhorfi til skoðana og þátttöku barna.
Published: 2023
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43. Building yourself a variable case system: The acquisition of Icelandic datives

Author: Nowenstein, Iris Edda, Sigríður Sigurjónsdóttir, Íslensku- og menningardeild (HÍ), Faculty of Icelandic and Comparative Cultural Studies (UI), Hugvísindasvið (HÍ), School of Humanities (UI), Háskóli Íslands, and University of Iceland
Subjects: Fallmörkun, Tilbrigði, Þágufall, Doktorsritgerðir, Íslenska, Máltaka, Málvísindi
Abstract: The Icelandic case marking system has for decades proved an important testing ground for theories on case and productivity. This is in part because Icelandic has the rare property of marking argument function redundantly, with both rich morphological case marking and a relatively rigid word order (Kiparsky 1997, Fedzechkina et al. 2016). Additionally, the Icelandic (non-default) dative is surprisingly robust and productive, both in object and subject case (e.g. Andrews 1976, Thráinsson 1979, Svavarsdóttir 1982, Maling 2002, Jónsson & Eythórsson 2005 and Barðdal 2008). The productivity of the Icelandic dative does appear in typologically expected semantic contexts, namely with experiencer and recipient arguments, but also with e.g. themes of motion verbs (Maling 2002, Jónsson 2003, Barðdal 2008). Despite these well-known associations between morphological dative case and specific semantics, the relationship between case and meaning in Icelandic is still a matter of debate. Although various patterns have been identified (agents are always nominative, patients are typically accusative and indirect objects (recipients) most frequently dative), linguists have pointed out that the correlations are not exact and exceptions can be found (e.g. Maling 2002, Thráinsson 2007, H.Á. Sigurðsson 2012 and Wood 2015). Conflicting views can therefore be discerned in previous work: Case productivity is assumed to be semantically conditioned while the relationship between case and meaning is rejected on the basis of being too approximative. But do patterns (rules of language) always have to be absolute and without exceptions? In this thesis I argue that from the standpoint of language acquisition, which has been lacking in research on Icelandic case marking, rules do not need to be exceptionless to be discovered by children and thus become part of the grammar. If the distributional evidence for case-semantics associations is present in children’s language environment, they will learn these patterns as long as the number of exceptions is tolerable (Yang 2016). This hypothesis is supported by the results of this thesis, which builds on experimental data from 148 children aged 2–13 as well as incremental child language corpus analyses. Broadly, the results show that children associate the dative more with experiencers, recipients and motion themes in comparison to other thematic roles, despite known exceptions. The association between the dative and applied arguments (experiencers and recipients) is formed earlier than the association with themes of motion verbs. The corpus analysis furthermore shows that these mappings of form and meaning can be derived from the distributional properties of the input, which can also predict the well-studied patterns of dative productivity and case marking variation in Icelandic. I argue that the learnability perspective is crucial to the understanding of language variation and change, as well as providing valuable insights into theoretical approaches to case. However, the main contributions of the thesis lie in the field of language acquisition, where the properties of the Icelandic case marking system also have the potential to become important testing grounds for various fundamental questions. The results of the dissertation have implications within three distinct but related topics in language acquisition research: (1) (Morpho)syntactic bootstrapping, (2) Rule formation and productivity and (3) Variation and change in acquisition. First, I argue that the Icelandic data provides additional support for the claim that children can rely on language-specific, morphological cues to derive verb meaning (Göksun et al. 2008, Matsuo et al. 2012, Trueswell et al. 2012 and Leischner et al. 2016). The results show that children acquiring Icelandic can, early on, use case to determine verb meaning when word order is uninformative. I furthermore show, by testing transitivity and case morphology within the same experiment, that case morphology can be as salient as the number of arguments in specific contexts. Second, the data call for a model of rule formation which accounts for nested non-default productivity and does not hinge on frequency to determine gradient overgeneralization, since patterns which are not statistically dominant (the dative) can become productive and multiple rules can apply to a context simultaneously. I argue this is most compatible with rule-based accounts which assume that rules are derived from distributional information in the input (Yang 2002, Albright & Hayes 2003, O’Donnell 2015 and Yang 2016). Third, I show how such an account, a combination of Yang’s Tolerance Principle (2016) and his Variational Model of language acquisition (2002), can also account for the acquisition of the Icelandic case marking system in well-known scenarios of language variation and change, and that a case should be made for stochastic exceptions in addition to stochastic rules. I argue that the underlying mechanisms in language acquisition, namely a constant search for productive rules while tracking exceptions, and both convergence with and divergence from the language environment, shape the directionality and dynamics of language variation and change., Íslenska fallmörkunarkerfið hefur um áratugaskeið reynst mikilvægur prófsteinn á formlegar kenningar um fall, virkni málfræðireglna og breytileika í máli, m.a. vegna þess að íslenska hefur þann sjaldgæfa eiginleika að merkja hlutverk rökliða bæði með nokkuð fastri orðaröð og ríkulegri fallbeygingu (Kiparsky 1997 og Fedzechkina o.fl. 2016). Þar að auki telst íslenska þágufallið bæði óvenju algengt og virkt miðað við það sem þekkist í skyldum málum og birtist þessi virkni bæði í falli frumlaga og andlaga (sjá t.d. Andrews 1976, Höskuld Þráinsson 1979, Ástu Svavarsdóttur 1982, Maling 2002, Jóhannes Gísla Jónsson og Þórhall Eyþórsson 2003 og Jóhönnu Barðdal 2008). Virkni íslenska þágufallsins kemur bæði fram í samhengi sem er vel þekkt í tungumálum heimsins, þ.e. með rökliðum sem teljast til skynjenda og þiggjenda, og einnig í óvenjulegra samhengi eins og á þemum hreyfisagna. Þannig er viðurkennt að virkni þágufalls í íslensku fer að einhverju leyti eftir merkingarlegum þáttum, þar sem þágufall birtist oftar með skynjendum, þiggjendum og þemum hreyfisagna (sjá t.d. Jóhannes Gísla Jónsson 2003 og Jóhönnu Barðdal 2008), en á sama tíma er umdeilt að hversu miklu leyti fall felur í sér merkingu. Bent er á að þrátt fyrir ýmis mynstur í dreifingu falls og merkingarhlutverka (t.a.m. eru gerendur alltaf í nefnifalli, þolendur iðulega í þolfalli og óbein andlög (viðtakendur) í þágufalli) sé samband falls og merkingar ekki áreiðanlegt og ýmsar undantekningar á mynstrunum séu til staðar (sjá t.d. Maling 2002, Höskuld Þráinsson 2007, Halldór Ármann Sigurðsson 2012 og Wood 2015). Þannig togast í raun á andstæð sjónarmið í fræðunum: Gert er ráð fyrir því að virkni falls fari eftir merkingarlegum þáttum en um leið er tengslum falls og merkingar hafnað á grundvelli óáreiðanleika og undantekninga. En þurfa mynstur (málfræðireglur) að vera algild til að teljast raunveruleg? Í ritgerðinni eru færð rök fyrir því að út frá sjónarhóli máltökunnar, sem hefur skort í umræðu um íslenskt fall hingað til, þurfi reglur ekki að vera algildar til þess að verða til í málkerfi barna og þ.a.l. fullorðinna. Ef börn uppgötva mynstur í dreifingu falls og merkingar í málumhverfi sínu tileinka þau sér þau mynstur svo lengi sem undantekningar fara ekki yfir ákveðin þolmörk eða virkniþröskuld (Yang 2016). Rannsóknargögnin sem niðurstöður þessarar ritgerðar byggja á eru annars vegar tilraunagögn frá 148 börnum á aldrinum tveggja til þrettán ára, sem safnað var að mestu innan öndvegisverkefnisins „Greining á málfræðilegum afleiðingum stafræns málsambýlis“ (verkefnisstjórar: Sigríður Sigurjónsdóttir og Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson), og hins vegar greiningar á algengustu sögnunum í barnamálsgögnum sem að mestu var safnað af Jóhönnu T. Einarsdóttur og Sigríði Sigurjónsdóttur. Niðurstöður sýna á heildina litið að börn tengja þágufall frekar við skynjendur, þiggjendur og hreyfiþemu en við önnur merkingarhlutverk þrátt fyrir undantekningar. Tenging þágufalls við skynjendur og þiggjendur kemur auk þess fram fyrr en tengingin við hreyfiþemu. Niðurstöður greininga á barnamálsgögnunum sýna síðan að börn geta áttað sig á þessum tengslum forms og merkingar út frá vísbendingum í málumhverfinu. Í ritgerðinni eru þessar niðurstöður ræddar og tengdar áðurnefndri fræðilegri umræðu um merkingu falls og færð rök fyrir því að í formlegum kenningum um fall þurfi frekar að taka mið af því hvernig fallmörkunarkerfið byggist upp í máltöku en að einblína á stöku undantekningar frá þekktum mynstrum. Helsta framlag þessarar doktorsritgerðar er þó innan máltökufræða. Sýnt er fram á að þágufall í íslensku, og íslenska fallmörkunarkerfið almennt, getur einnig svarað ýmsum grundvallarspurningum um máltöku barna. Niðurstöður ritgerðarinnar fela þannig í sér nýja þekkingu innan þriggja ólíkra en skyldra sviða máltökufræða: (1) notkunar forms til að leiða út merkingu í máltöku (e. (syntactic) bootstrapping), (2) reglumyndunar barna og virkni málfræðireglna þeirra og (3) tileinkunar barna á tilbrigðum í máli og tengslunum á milli máltöku barna og málbreytinga. Uppbygging ritgerðarinnar fylgir þessum þremur sviðum og hver kafli, fyrir utan þann fyrsta sem er almenn kynning á falli í íslensku, inniheldur sérstakar tilraunir og niðurstöður þar sem afmörkuðum spurningum er svarað. Í öðrum kafla er meginspurningin sú hvort börn nýti fallmörkun til þess að leiða út merkingu sagna, en þekkt hefur verið um árabil (Landau og Gleitman 1985) að börn geta nýtt setningagerð til þess að draga ályktanir um merkingu orða. Hins vegar er álitamál í hversu miklum mæli breytur eins og fallmörkun gagnast að þessu leyti. Niðurstöður kaflans benda þó til þess, í samræmi við rannsóknir á tyrknesku, japönsku, tagalog og þýsku (Göksun o.fl. 2008, Matsuo o.fl. 2012, Trueswell o.fl. 2012 og Leischner o.fl. 2016), að börn geti notað fall sem vísbendingu um merkingu sagna. Þannig geta íslenskumælandi börn t.a.m. snemma notað fall til þess að leiða út merkingu sagna þegar setningagerðin felur ekki í sér neinar viðbótarupplýsingar um merkingu. Í þriðja og fjórða kafla er áhersla lögð á reglumyndun og virkni í máltöku barna og athugað hvort og þá hvernig fall tengist merkingu í svokölluðum framköllunarprófum (e. elicited production) á falli. Niðurstöður þessara kafla, þar sem skýr merkingarlega skilyrt virkni þágufallsins kemur fram, kalla á líkön um reglumyndun í máli barna sem geta gert grein fyrir virkni markaðra mynstra og reiða sig ekki eingöngu á tíðni til þess. Færð eru rök fyrir því að reglumiðuð (e. rule-based) líkön sem byggja á tölfræðilegri dreifingu ílagsins séu best til þess fallin (t.d. Yang 2002, Albright og Hayes 2003, O’Donnell 2015 og Yang 2016), bæði þegar gert er ráð fyrir máltöku með og án tilbrigða í málumhverfinu. Í fimmta kafla er sjónum nefnilega beint að tileinkun fallmörkunar þegar umfangsmikill innri breytileiki er staðar eins og í tilviki þágufallshneigðar. Sýnt er fram á að breytileiki í því hvort þágufallshneigð kemur fram í máli einstaklings eða ekki er skilyrtur af m.a. persónu og tölu frumlagsins og því hvort samfall beygingarmynda kemur fram í beygingarmynstri þess eða ekki. Samfall nefnifalls og þolfalls, þar sem ekki kemur eins skýrt fram að um aukafallsfrumlag er að ræða og í samfalli aukafalla, hefur í för með sér aukna notkun þágufalls. Athugað er hvort umfang þágufallshneigðar foreldra spái fyrir um tíðni þágufallshneigðar hjá börnum þeirra en svo reynist ekki vera. Börn sýna almennt meiri þágufallshneigð en fullorðnir en tileinka sér þó sömu málfræðilegu skilyrðingu á breytileikanum og birtist í máli foreldra þeirra, sem er í samræmi við nýlegar rannsóknir á því hvernig börn tileinka sér breytileika í máli (t.d. Hall og Maddeaux 2020 og RepettiLudlow og MacKenzie 2022). Færð eru rök fyrir því að þau ferli sem eru undirliggjandi í máltöku barna, annars vegar stöðug leit þeirra að virkum reglum og skráning á undantekningum frá þeim og hins vegar bæði sam- og sundurleitni með málumhverfinu, séu ráðandi öfl í þróun tilbrigða og málbreytinga. Í sjötta kafla eru niðurstöður ritgerðarinnar loks fléttaðar saman í eina heild þar sem sýnt er fram á að íslenskumælandi börn byggja sér breytilegt fallmörkunarkerfi með umfangsmikilli þágufallsvirkni þar sem merkingarlegir þættir skipta höfuðmáli. Þetta ferli mótar tilbrigði í máli og hefur áhrif á þróun málbreytinga, og ætti auk þess að mynda grunninn að formlegum kenningum um fallmörkun – í takt við þá staðreynd að málkerfi fullorðinna byggir á máltöku barna., Doktorssjóður Háskóla Íslands, Rannsóknarsjóður Íslands
Published: 2023

44. Orðaforði íslenskra barna frá 4 til 8 ára aldurs: Langtímarannsókn á vaxtarhraða og stöðugleika.

Author: Ragnarsdóttir, Hrafnhildur
Abstract: Copyright of Netla: Online Journal on Pedagogy & Education is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2018
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45. Viðhorf íslenskra grunnskólanema til eineltis og inngripa í eineltismál út frá reynslu þeirra af einelti.

Author: Sigurgeirsdóttir, Vanda and Arnarsson, Ársæll Már
Abstract: Copyright of Netla: Online Journal on Pedagogy & Education is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2018
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46. Ævintýralegt jafnrétti. Starfendarannsókn í leikskóla.

Author: Hreiðarsdóttir, Anna Elísa
Abstract: Copyright of Netla: Online Journal on Pedagogy & Education is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2018
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47. Kennsla og stuðningur í íslenskum háskólum Reynsla innflytjenda.

Author: Benediktsson, Artëm Ingmar, Wozniczka, Anna Katarzyna, Suson Jónsdóttir, Kriselle Lou, and Ragnarsdóttir, Hanna
Abstract: Copyright of Netla: Online Journal on Pedagogy & Education is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2018
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48. Áfallaröskun og sálræn viðbrögð meðal íslenskra þolenda jarðskjálfta

Author: Íris Böðvarsdóttir, Elklit, Ask, Íris Böðvarsdóttir, and Elklit, Ask
Abstract: Neðst á síðunni er hægt að nálgast greinina í heild sinni með því að smella á hlekkinn View/Open, Tilgangur: að rannsaka sálfræðilegar afleiðingar tveggja jarðskjálfta á Íslandi í tveimur líkindaúrtökum - íbúa svæðis sem varð fyrir jarðskjálfta og viðmiðunarhópi frá svæði þar sem jarðskjálftans varð ekki vart. Þátttakendur: 52 fullorðnir einstaklingar sem urðu fyrir jarðskjálfta og 29 einstaklingar í viðmiðunarhópi. Aðferðir: Báðir hópar tóku þátt í að svara spurningalista sem samanstóð af Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC), Coping Style Questionnaire (CSQ), World Assumption Scale (WAS) og Crisis Support Scale (CSS). Niðurstöður: 24% þeirra sem orðið höfðu fyrir jarðskjálftanum greindust með áfallaröskun, en enginn í viðmiðunarhópnum. Kvíði tengdur jarðskjálftum, vangeta við að tjá eigin hugsanir og tilfinningar, og tilfinningamiðuð úrvinnsla í kjölfar áfallsins voru spágildi fyrir 81% HTQ dreifninnar fyrir báða hópa. Fyrri lífsreynsla, lítil sjálfsvirðing og trú á heppni, ásamt doða og þeirri tilfinningu að aðrir hafi brugðist skýrðu 56% dreifninnar í sjúkdóms einkennum hjá báðum hópum. Þegar magni áfalls og tilfinningamiðaðri úrvinnslu var bætt í líkanið skýrðust 30% dreifninnar til viðbótar., Purpose: To explore the psychological consequences of two earthquakes in Iceland in two probability samples of subjects - residents in the exposed area and a control group from an unexposed area. Subjects: 52 adults exposed to the earthquakes and 29 adults in a control group. Method: Three months after the earthquakes, both groups were approached with questions from a survey consisting of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), the Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC), the Coping Styles Questionnaire (CSQ), the World Assumption Scale (WAS), and the Crisis Support Scale (CSS). Results: 24% in the exposed group had Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and none in the control group had PTSD. Earthquake-related anxiety, inability to express ones thoughts and feelings, and emotional coping predicted 81% of the HTQ variance for both groups. Previous life events, low self-worth, and luck attributions, together with numbing and the feeling of being let down, predicted 56% of the symptom variance for both groups. When degree of traumatization and emotional coping were added to the model, another 30% of the variance could be explained.

49. Að þjóna sömu herrum en keppa þó: Sameiginlegt eignarhald á íslenskum hlutabréfamarkaði.

Author: Óladóttir, Ásta Dís, Friðriksson, Friðrik Árni, Magnússon, Gylfi, and Þráinsson, Valur
Abstract: Copyright of Icelandic Review on Politics & Administration is the property of Institute of Public Administration & Politics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2017
Full Text: View/download PDF

50. „Samt höfum við vitað þetta allan tímann” Orðræðan um börnin á Kópavogshæli.

Author: Stefánsdóttir, Guðrún V.
Abstract: Copyright of Netla: Online Journal on Pedagogy & Education is the property of University of Iceland, School of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2017

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