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Deep learning-based object detection algorithms enable the simultaneous classification and localization of any number of objects in image data. Many of these algorithms are capable of operating in real-time on high resolution images, attributing to their widespread usage across many fields. We present an end-to-end object detection pipeline designed for real-time rare event searches for the Migdal effect, using high-resolution image data from a state-of-the-art scientific CMOS camera in the MIGDAL experiment. The Migdal effect in nuclear scattering, crucial for sub-GeV dark matter searches, has yet to be experimentally confirmed, making its detection a primary goal of the MIGDAL experiment. Our pipeline employs the YOLOv8 object detection algorithm and is trained on real data to enhance the detection efficiency of nuclear and electronic recoils, particularly those exhibiting overlapping tracks that are indicative of the Migdal effect. When deployed online on the MIGDAL readout PC, we demonstrate our pipeline to process and perform the rare event search on 2D image data faster than the peak 120 frame per second acquisition rate of the CMOS camera. Applying these same steps offline, we demonstrate that we can reduce a sample of 20 million camera frames to around 1000 frames while maintaining nearly all signal that YOLOv8 is able to detect, thereby transforming a rare search into a much more manageable search. Our studies highlight the potential of pipelines similar to ours significantly improving the detection capabilities of experiments requiring rapid and precise object identification in high-throughput data environments.

Inelastic neutron scattering is used to study the magnetic excitations of the $S=1$ square-lattice antiferromagnet La$_2$NiO$_4$. We find that the spin waves cannot be described by a simple classical (harmonic) Heisenberg model with only nearest-neighbor interactions. The spin-wave dispersion measured along the antiferromagnetic Brillouin-zone boundary shows a minimum energy at the $(1/2,0)$ position as is observed in some $S=1/2$ square-lattice antiferromagnets. Thus, our results suggest that the quantum dispersion renormalization effects or longer-range exchange interactions observed in cuprates and other $S=1/2$ square-lattice antiferromagnets are also present in La$_2$NiO$_4$. We also find that the overall intensity of the spin-wave excitations is suppressed relative to linear spin-wave theory indicating that covalency is important. Two-magnon scattering is also observed., Comment: Final author version

We present the Migdal In Galactic Dark mAtter expLoration (MIGDAL) experiment aiming at the unambiguous observation and study of the so-called Migdal effect induced by fast-neutron scattering. It is hoped that this elusive atomic process can be exploited to enhance the reach of direct dark matter search experiments to lower masses, but it is still lacking experimental confirmation. Our goal is to detect the predicted atomic electron emission which is thought to accompany nuclear scattering with low, but calculable, probability, by deploying an Optical Time Projection Chamber filled with a low-pressure gas based on CF$_4$. Initially, pure CF$_4$ will be used, and then in mixtures containing other elements employed by leading dark matter search technologies -- including noble species, plus Si and Ge. High resolution track images generated by a Gas Electron Multiplier stack, together with timing information from scintillation and ionisation readout, will be used for 3D reconstruction of the characteristic event topology expected for this process -- an arrangement of two tracks sharing a common vertex, with one belonging to a Migdal electron and the other to a nuclear recoil. Different energy-loss rate distributions along both tracks will be used as a powerful discrimination tool against background events. In this article we present the design of the experiment, informed by extensive particle and track simulations and detailed estimations of signal and background rates. In pure CF$_4$ we expect to observe 8.9 (29.3) Migdal events per calendar day of exposure to an intense D-D (D-T) neutron generator beam at the NILE facility located at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK). With our nominal assumptions, 5$\sigma$ median discovery significance can be achieved in under one day with either generator., Comment: Minor corrections from journal review process; accepted version

An accurate characterization of the neutron fields at spallation sources is crucial for many applications based on neutron irradiations, such as radiation damage tests that need a precise dose estimate. In this work we present the neutron flux measurements performed with the multi-foil activation technique in the ROTAX and ChipIr beamlines of the ISIS spallation source, characterized by moderated and unmoderated spectra, respectively. We selected many different activation reactions to cover a wide energy range, from thermal to very fast neutrons up to about 100 MeV. By applying a Bayesian unfolding algorithm, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique in measuring the neutron flux intensity and energy spectrum with precision and accuracy., Comment: \copyright 2021 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works

An instrument and software algorithm is described for the purpose of characterization of large single crystals at the Alignment Facility (ALF) of the ISIS spallation neutron source. We describe a method for both characterizing the quality of the sample and also aligning it in a particular scattering plane. We present a software package written for this instrument and demonstrate its utility by way of an example of the structural characterization of large singles crystals of Pb(Mg$_{1/3}$Nb$_{2/3}$)O$_{3}$. We suggest extensions and modifications of characterization instruments for future improved beamlines. It is hoped that this software will be used by the neutron user community for pre characterizing large single crystals for spectroscopy experiments and that future facilities will include such a facility as part of the spectroscopy suite at spallation neutron sources., Comment: (6 pages, 7 figures, to be published in Journal of Applied Crystallography); The software package can be found at https://github.com/CSTOCK3/ALF-Analysis-Software. Please email comments to the authors

It is well established that in the low-temperature limit, the two-dimensional quantum Heisenberg antiferromagnet on a square lattice (2DQHAFSL) exhibits an anomaly in its spectrum at short-wavelengths on the zone-boundary. In the vicinity of the $(\pi,0)$ point the pole in the one-magnon response exhibits a downward dispersion, is heavily damped and attenuated, giving way to an isotropic continuum of excitations extending to high energies. The origin of the anomaly and the presence of the continuum are of current theoretical interest, with suggestions focused around the idea that the latter evidences the existence of spinons in a two-dimensional system. Here we present the results of neutron inelastic scattering experiments and Quantum Monte Carlo calculations on the metallo-organic compound Cu(DCOO)$_2\cdot 4$D$_2$O (CFTD), an excellent physical realisation of the 2DQHAFSL, designed to investigate how the anomaly at $(\pi,0)$ evolves up to finite temperatures $T/J\sim2/3$. Our data reveal that on warming the anomaly survives the loss of long-range, three-dimensional order, and is thus a robust feature of the two-dimensional system. With further increase of temperature the zone-boundary response gradually softens and broadens, washing out the $(\pi,0)$ anomaly. This is confirmed by a comparison of our data with the results of finite-temperature Quantum Monte Carlo simulations where the two are found to be in good accord. At lower energies, in the vicinity of the antiferromagnetic zone centre, there was no significant softening of the magnetic excitations over the range of temperatures investigated., Comment: Dedicated to the life and work of Professor Roger Cowley. 22 pages, 8 figures

CoO has an odd number of electrons in its unit cell, and therefore is expected to be metallic. Yet, CoO is strongly insulating owing to significant electronic correlations, thus classifying it as a Mott insulator. We investigate the magnetic fluctuations in CoO using neutron spectroscopy. The strong and spatially far-reaching exchange constants reported in [Sarte et al. Phys. Rev. B 98 024415 (2018)], combined with the single-ion spin-orbit coupling of similar magnitude [Cowley et al. Phys. Rev. B 88, 205117 (2013)] results in significant mixing between $j_{eff}$ spin-orbit levels in the low temperature magnetically ordered phase. The high degree of entanglement, combined with the structural domains originating from the Jahn-Teller structural distortion at $\sim$ 300 K, make the magnetic excitation spectrum highly structured in both energy and momentum. We extend previous theoretical work on PrTl$_{3}$ [Buyers et al. Phys. Rev. B 11, 266 (1975)] to construct a mean-field and multi-level spin exciton model employing the aforementioned spin exchange and spin-orbit coupling parameters for coupled Co$^{2+}$ ions on a rocksalt lattice. This parameterization, based on a tetragonally distorted type-II antiferromagnetic unit cell, captures both the sharp low energy excitations at the magnetic zone center, and the energy broadened peaks at the zone boundary. However, the model fails to describe the momentum dependence of the excitations at high energy transfers, where the neutron response decays faster with momentum than the Co$^{2+}$ form factor. We discuss such a failure in terms of a possible breakdown of localized spin-orbit excitons at high energy transfers., Comment: (main text - 21 pages, 12 figures; supplementary information - 15 pages, 3 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev. B)

Neutron spectroscopy was applied to study the magnetic interactions of orbitally degenerate Co$^{2+}$ on a host MgO rocksalt lattice where no long range spin or orbital order exists. The paramagnetic nature of the substituted monoxide Co$_{0.03}$Mg$_{0.97}$O allows for the disentanglement of spin-exchange and spin-orbit interactions. By considering the prevalent excitations from Co$^{2+}$ spin pairs, we extract 7 exchange constants out to the fourth coordination shell. An antiferromagnetic next nearest neighbor 180$^{\circ}$ exchange interaction is dominant, however dual ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions are observed for pairings with other pathways. These interactions can be understood in terms of a combination of orbital degeneracy in the $t_{2g}$ channel and the Goodenough-Kanamori-Anderson (GKA) rules. Our work suggests that such a hierarchy of exchange interactions exists in transition metal-based oxides with a $t_{2g}$ orbital degeneracy., Comment: (main text - 7 pages, 3 figures, 1 table; supplementary information - 6 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables, to be published in Physical Review B)

Neutron scattering is used to investigate the single-ion spin and orbital excitations below the Mott-Hubbard gap in CoO. Three excitations are reported at 0.870 $\pm$ 0.009 eV, 1.84 $\pm$ 0.03, and 2.30 $\pm$ 0.15 eV. These were parameterized within a weak crystal field scheme with an intra-orbital exchange of $J(dd)$=1.3 $\pm$ 0.2 eV and a crystal field splitting 10Dq=0.94 $\pm$ 0.10 eV. A reduced spin-orbit coupling of \lambda=-0.016 $\pm$ 0.003 eV is derived from dilute samples of Mg$_{0.97}$Co$_{0.03}$O, measured to remove complications due to spin exchange and structural distortion parameters which split the cubic phase degeneracy of the orbital excitations complicating the inelastic spectrum. The 1.84 eV, while reported using resonant x-ray and optical techniques, was absent or weak for non resonant x-ray experiments and overlaps with the expected position of a $^{4}A_{2}$ level. This transition is absent in the dipolar approximation but expected to have a finite quadrupolar matrix element that can be observed with neutron scattering techniques at larger momentum transfers. Our results agree with a crystal field analysis (in terms of Racah parameters and Tanabe-Sugano diagrams) and with previous calculations performed using local-density band theory for Mott insulating transition metal oxides. The results also demonstrate the use of neutron scattering for measuring dipole forbidden transitions in transition metal oxide systems., Comment: (14 pages, 9 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev. B)

We report inelastic neutron scattering results that reveal an hour-glass magnetic excitation spectrum in La1.75Sr0.25CoO4. The magnetic spectrum is similar to that observed previously in La1.67Sr0.33CoO4, but the spectral features are broader. We show that the spectrum of La1.75Sr0.25CoO4 can be modeled by the spin dynamics of a system with a disordered cluster spin glass ground state. Bulk magnetization measurements are presented which support the proposed glassy ground state. The observations reiterate the importance of quasi-one-dimensional magnetic correlations and disorder for the hour-glass spectrum, and suggest that disordered spin and charge stripes exist at lower doping in La2-xSrxCoO4 than previously thought., Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures

The space- and time-dependent response of many-body quantum systems is the most informative aspect of their emergent behaviour. The dynamical structure factor, experimentally measurable using neutron scattering, can map this response in wavevector and energy with great detail, allowing theories to be quantitatively tested to high accuracy. Here, we present a comparison between neutron scattering measurements on the one-dimensional spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet KCuF3, and recent state-of-the-art theoretical methods based on integrability and density matrix renormalization group simulations. The unprecedented quantitative agreement shows that precise descriptions of strongly correlated states at all distance, time and temperature scales are now possible, and highlights the need to apply these novel techniques to other problems in low-dimensional magnetism.

We use inelastic neutron scattering to study temperature dependence of the paramagnetic spin excitations in iron pnictide BaFe$_2$As$_2$ throughout the Brillouin zone. In contrast to a conventional local moment Heisenberg system, where paramagnetic spin excitations are expected to have a Lorentzian function centered at zero energy transfer, the high-energy ($\hbar\omega>100$ meV) paramagnetic spin excitations in BaFe$_2$As$_2$ exhibit spin-wave-like features up to at least 290 K ($T= 2.1T_N$). Furthermore, we find that the sizes of the fluctuating magnetic moments $\approx 3.6\ \mu^2_B$ per Fe are essentially temperature independent from the AF ordered state at $0.05T_N$ to $2.1T_N$, which differs considerably from the temperature dependent fluctuating moment observed in the iron chalcogenide Fe$_{1.1}$Te [I. A. Zaliznyak {\it et al.}, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 107}, 216403 (2011).]. These results suggest unconventional magnetism and strong electron correlation effects in BaFe$_2$As$_2$., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures

Magnetic interactions are generally believed to play a key role in mediating electron pairing for superconductivity in iron arsenides; yet their character is only partially understood. Experimentally, the antiferromagnetic (AF) transition is always preceded by or coincident with a tetragonal to orthorhombic structural distortion. Although it has been suggested that this lattice distortion is driven by an electronic nematic phase, where a spontaneously generated electronic liquid crystal state breaks the C4 rotational symmetry of the paramagnetic state, experimental evidence for electronic anisotropy has been either in the low-temperature orthorhombic phase or the tetragonal phase under uniaxial pressure that breaks this symmetry. Here we use inelastic neutron scattering to demonstrate the presence of a large in-plane spin anisotropy above TN in the unstressed tetragonal phase of BaFe2As2. In the low-temperature orthorhombic phase, we find highly anisotropic spin waves with a large damping along the AF a-axis direction. On warming the system to the paramagnetic tetragonal phase, the low-energy spin waves evolve into quasi-elastic excitations, while the anisotropic spin excitations near the zone boundary persist. These results strongly suggest that the spin nematicity we find in the tetragonal phase of BaFe2As2 is the source of the electronic and orbital anisotropy observed above TN by other probes, and has profound consequences for the physics of these materials., Comment: paper 20 pages, 4 figures, and supplementary info 11 pages, 7 figures

We have measured the spin fluctuations in the YBa2Cu3O6.5 (YBCO6.5, Tc=59 K) superconductor at high-energy transfers above ~ 100 meV. Within experimental error, the momentum dependence is isotropic at high-energies, similar to that measured in the insulator for two dimensional spin waves, and the dispersion extrapolates back to the incommensurate wave vector at the elastic position. This result contrasts with previous expectations based on measurements around 50 meV which were suggestive of a softening of the spin-wave velocity with increased hole doping. Unlike the insulator, we observe a significant reduction in the intensity of the spin excitations for energy transfers above ~ 100 meV similar to that observed above ~ 200 meV in the YBCO6.35 (Tc=18 K) superconductor as the spin waves approach the zone boundary. We attribute this high energy scale with a second gap and find agreement with measurements of the pseudogap in the cuprates associated with electronic anomalies along the antinodal positions. In addition, we observe a sharp peak at around 400 meV whose energy softens with increased hole doping. We discuss possible origins of this excitation including a hydrogen related molecular excitation and a transition of electronic states between d levels., Comment: (16 pages, 12 figures, to be published in Physical Review B)

We report measurements of the magnetic excitation spectrum of the layered antiferromagnet La2CoO4 by time-of-flight neutron inelastic scattering. In the energy range probed in our experiments (0-250 meV) the magnetic spectrum consists of spin-wave modes with strong in-plane dispersion extending up to 60 meV, and a nearly dispersionless peak at 190 meV. The spin-wave modes exhibit a small (~1 meV) dispersion along the magnetic zone boundary. We show that the magnetic spectrum can be described very well by a model of a Heisenberg antiferromagnet that includes the full spin and orbital degrees of freedom of Co2+ in an axially-distorted crystal field. The collective magnetic dynamics are found to be controlled by dominant nearest-neighbour exchange interactions, strong XY-like single-ion anisotropy and a substantial unquenched orbital angular momentum., Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures

We present a comprehensive inelastic neutron scattering study of the magnetic excitations in twin-free YBa(2)Cu(3)O(6.6) (Tc=61 K) for 5 K < T < 290 K. Taking full account of the instrumental resolution, we derive analytical model functions for the magnetic susceptibility chi''(Q,omega) at T = 5 K and 70 K in absolute units. Our models are supported by previous results on similar samples and are valid at least up to excitation energies of omega = 100 meV. The detailed knowledge of chi''(Q,omega) permits quantitative comparison to the results of complementary techniques including angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), as demonstrated in Dahm et al., Nature Phys. 5, 217, (2009). Based on accurate modeling of the effect of the resolution function on the detected intensity, we determine important intrinsic features of the spin excitation spectrum, with a focus on the differences above and below Tc. In particular, at T = 70 K the spectrum exhibits a pronounced twofold in-plane anisotropy at low energies, which evolves towards fourfold rotational symmetry at high energies, and the relation dispersion is "Y"-shaped. At T = 5 K, on the other hand, the spectrum develops a continuous, downward-dispersing "resonant" mode with weaker in-plane anisotropy. We understand this topology change as arising from the competition between superconductivity and the same electronic liquid-crystal state as observed in YBa(2)Cu(3)O(6.45). We discuss our data in the context of different theoretical scenarios suggested to explain this state., Comment: 19 pages, 19 figures

We report an inelastic neutron scattering study of the spin fluctuations in the nearly-ferromagnetic element palladium. Dispersive over-damped collective magnetic excitations or ``paramagnons'' are observed up to 128 meV. We analyze our results in terms of a Moriya-Lonzarich-type spin fluctuation model and estimate the contribution of the spin fluctuations to the low temperature heat capacity. In spite of the paramagnon excitations being relatively strong, their relaxation rates are large. This leads to a small contribution to the low-temperature electronic specific heat.

Polarized- and unpolarized-neutron scattering measurements of the spin excitation spectrum in the stripe-ordered phase of La2NiO4+d (d = 0.11) are presented. At low energies, the magnetic spectral weight is found to shift anomalously towards the two-dimensional antiferromagnetic wave vector, similar to the low-energy dispersions observed in cuprate superconductors. While spin-wave spectra in stripe phases can exhibit an apparent inward dispersion, we find that the peak shifts measured here cannot be accounted for by this effect. Possible extensions of the model are discussed., Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures; to be published in Phys. Rev. B

We describe neutron scattering experiments performed to investigate the magnetic order and dynamics of half-doped La1.5Sr0.5CoO4. This layered perovskite exhibits a near-ideal checkerboard pattern of Co2+/Co3+ charge order at temperatures below ~ 800 K. Magnetic correlations are observed at temperatures below ~ 60 K but static magnetic order only becomes established at 31 K, a temperature at which a kink is observed in the susceptibility. On warming above 31 K we observed a change in the magnetic correlations which we attribute either to a spin canting or to a change in the proportion of inequivalent magnetic domains. The magnetic excitation spectrum is dominated by an intense band extending above a gap of approximately 3 meV up to a maximum energy of 16 meV. A weaker band exists in the energy range 20-30 meV. We show that the excitation spectrum is in excellent quantitative agreement with the predictions of a spin-wave theory generalized to include the full magnetic degrees of freedom of high-spin Co2+ ions in an axially distorted crystal field, coupled by Heisenberg exchange interactions. The magnetic order is found to be stabilized by dominant antiferromagnetic Co2+ -- Co2+ interactions acting in a straight line through Co3+. No evidence is found for magnetic scattering from the Co3+ ions, supporting the view that Co3+ is in the S = 0 state in this material., Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. B

We use inelastic neutron scattering to measure the magnetic excitations in the underdoped superconductor La2-xSrxCuO4 (x=0.085, Tc=22 K) over energy and temperatures ranges 5 < E < 200 meV and 5 < T < 300 K respectively. At high temperature (T = 300 K), we observe strongly damped excitations with a characteristic energy scale of approximately 50 meV. As the temperature is lowered to T = 30 K, and we move into the pseudogap state, the magnetic excitations become highly structured in energy and momentum below about 60 meV. This change appears to be associated with the development of the pseudogap in the electronic excitations.

The pseudogap is one of the most pervasive phenomena of high temperature superconductors. It is attributed either to incoherent Cooper pairing setting in above the superconducting transition temperature Tc, or to a hidden order parameter competing with superconductivity. Here we use inelastic neutron scattering from underdoped YBa(2)Cu(3)O(6.6) to show that the dispersion relations of spin excitations in the superconducting and pseudogap states are qualitatively different. Specifically, the extensively studied "hour glass" shape of the magnetic dispersions in the superconducting state is no longer discernible in the pseudogap state and we observe an unusual "vertical" dispersion with pronounced in-plane anisotropy. The differences between superconducting and pseudogap states are thus more profound than generally believed, suggesting a competition between these two states. Whereas the high-energy excitations are common to both states and obey the symmetry of the copper oxide square lattice, the low-energy excitations in the pseudogap state may be indicative of collective fluctuations towards a state with broken orientational symmetry predicted in theoretical work., Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures, contains supplementary information. Some data from V. Hinkov et al., arXiv:cond-mat/0601048, is included

We report comprehensive inelastic neutron scattering measurements of the magnetic excitations in the 2D spin-5/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet Rb2MnF4 as a function of temperature from deep in the Neel ordered phase up to paramagnetic, 0.13 < kBT/4JS < 1.4. Well defined spin-waves are found for wave-vectors larger than the inverse correlation length $\eta^{-1}$ for temperatures up to near the Curie-Weiss temperature, $\Theta_{CW}$. For wave-vectors smaller than $\eta^{-1}$, relaxational dynamics occurs. The observed renormalization of spin-wave energies, and evolution of excitation line-shapes, with increasing temperature are quantitatively compared with finite-temperature spin-wave theory, and computer simulations for classical spins. Random phase approximation calculations provide a good description of the low-temperature renormalisation of spin-waves. In contrast, lifetime broadening calculated using the first Born approximation shows, at best, modest agreement around the zone boundary at low temperatures. Classical dynamics simulations using an appropriate quantum-classical correspondence were found to provide a good description of the intermediate- and high-temperature regimes over all wave-vector and energy scales, and the crossover from quantum to classical dynamics observed around $\Theta_{CW}/S$, where the spin S=5/2. A characterisation of the data over the whole wave-vector/energy/temperature parameter space is given. In this, $T^2$ behaviour is found to dominate the wave-vector and temperature dependence of the line widths over a large parameter range, and no evidence of hydrodynamic behaviour or dynamical scaling behaviour found within the accuracy of the data sets., Comment: 28 pages 20 figures, Published in J. Stat. Mech. (2008) P05017 without changes

Mesoscopic quantum phase coherence is important because it improves the prospects for handling quantum degrees of freedom in technology. Here we show that the development of such coherence can be monitored using magnetic neutron scattering from a one-dimensional spin chain Y2BaNiO5, a quantum spin fluid where no classical, static magnetic order is present. In the cleanest samples, the quantum coherence length is 20 nm, almost an order of magnitude larger than the classical antiferromagnetic correlation length of 3 nm. We also demonstrate that the coherence length can be modified by static and thermally activated defects in a quantitatively predictable manner.

This paper describes a model for the use of the Web to engage communities in better understanding and appreciation of cultures through partnership among a knowledge organization, K-12 teachers and learners, museums, and regional and virtual communities. Museums and other content providers offer artifacts for object-based learning. Content specialists contribute specialized content expertise and evaluate resources. Education specialists develop, evaluate, and use materials for instruction. Information specialists identify, evaluate, organize, and promote the use of web-based and other information resources. They also develop tools to capture and display content, to engage the teachers and learners in dialogue, and to reach out and extend the content and resources to both local and virtual communities. Communication tools enable members of the local as well as virtual communities to provide reflections and engage in dialogue, as well as to contribute their own content. Two recent projects developed from the model are described, in addition to four previous projects developed by the project team, that exemplify earlier applications of the model. Lessons learned from the project work are identified, and the paper discusses ways in which this type of project work reflects new roles for the professionals participating in the projects, as well as changes in the mission of their organizations and professions. (Contains 19 references.) (Author)

The magnetic spectrum at high-energies in heavily underdoped YBa$_{2}$Cu$_{3}$O$_{6.35}$ (T$_{c}$=18 K) has been determined throughout the Brillouin zone. At low-energy the scattering forms a cone of spin excitations emanating from the antiferromagnetic (0.5, 0.5) wave vector with an acoustic velocity similar to that of insulating cuprates. At high energy transfers, below the maximum energy of 270 meV at (0.5, 0), we observe zone boundary dispersion much larger and spectral weight loss more extensive than in insulating antiferromagnets. Moreover we report phenomena not found in insulators, an overall lowering of the zone-boundary energies and a large damping of $\sim$ 100 meV of the spin excitations at high-energies. The energy above which the damping occurs coincides approximately with the gap determined from transport measurements. We propose that as the energy is raised the spin excitations encounter an extra channel of decay into particle-hole pairs of a continuum that we associate with the pseudogap., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, to be published in Physical Review B

The mean square atomic displacement in hcp-phase solid He-4 has been measured in crystals with a molar volume of 21.3 cm^3. It is temperature independent from 1 K to 140 mK, with no evidence for an anomaly in the vicinity of the proposed supersolid transition. The mean square displacement is different for in-plane motions (0.122 +/- 0.001 A^(2)) and out-of-plane motions (0.150 +/- 0.001 A ^(2))., Comment: 4 figures, 4 tables. Updated version with publication information

The excitations responsible for producing high-temperature superconductivity in the cuprates have not been identified. Two promising candidates are collective spin excitations and phonons. A recent argument against spin excitations has been their inability to explain structures seen in electronic spectroscopies such as photoemission and tunnelling. Here we use inelastic neutron scattering to demonstrate that collective spin excitations in optimally doped La$_{2-x}$Sr$_{x}$CuO$_{4}$ are more structured than previously thought. The excitations have a two component structure with a low-frequency component strongest around 18 meV and a broader component strongest near 40-70 meV. The second component carries most of the spectral weight and its energy matches structure seen in photoemission and tunnelling spectra in the range 50-90 meV. Our results demonstrate that collective spin excitations can explain features of quasiparticle spectroscopies and are therefore likely to be the strongest coupled excitations., Comment: accepted for publication in Nature Physics, original submission

The magnetic dynamic structure factor of the one-dimensional S = 1/2 chain system BaCu2(Si0.5Ge0.5)2O7 is studied in a wide range of energy transfers and temperatures. Contrary to previous erroneous reports [T. Masuda et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 077206 (2004)], the scaling properties observed in the range 0.5-25 meV are found to be fully consistent with expectations for a Luttinger spin liquid. At higher energies, a breakdown of scaling laws is observed and attributed to lattice effects. The results are complementary to those found in literature for other S = 1/2-chain compounds, such as KCuF3 and Cu-benzoate., Comment: 6 pages 7 figures