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1. Anthropogenic pressures coincide with Neotropical biodiversity hotspots in a flagship butterfly group.

Author

Doré, Maël, Willmott, Keith, Leroy, Boris, Chazot, Nicolas, Mallet, James, Freitas, André V. L., Hall, Jason P. W., Lamas, Gerardo, Dasmahapatra, Kanchon K., Fontaine, Colin, Elias, Marianne, and Ge, Deyan

Subjects
BIOTIC communities, BIOINDICATORS, MOUNTAIN forests, INSECT conservation, ENDANGERED species, BIODIVERSITY
Abstract

Aim: The biodiversity crisis has highlighted the need to assess and map biodiversity in order to prioritize conservation efforts. Clearwing butterflies (tribe Ithomiini) have been proposed as biological indicators for habitat quality in Neotropical forests, which contain the world's richest biological communities. Here, we provide maps of different facets of Ithomiini diversity across the Neotropics to identify areas of evolutionary and ecological importance for conservation and evaluate their overlap with current anthropogenic threats. Location: Neotropics. Methods: We ran species distribution models on a data set based on 28,986 georeferenced occurrences representing 388 ithomiine species to generate maps of geographic rarity, taxonomic, phylogenetic and Müllerian mimetic wing pattern diversity. We quantified and mapped the overlap of diversity hotspots with areas threatened by or providing refuge from current anthropogenic pressures. Results: The eastern slopes of the Andes formed the primary hotspot of taxonomic, phylogenetic and mimetic diversity, with secondary hotspots in Central America and the Atlantic Forest. Most diversity indices were strongly spatially correlated. Nevertheless, species‐poor communities on the Pacific slopes of the Andes also sheltered some of the geographically rarest species. Overall, tropical montane forests that host high species and mimetic diversity as well as rare species and mimicry rings appeared particularly under threat. Main conclusions: Remote parts of the Upper Amazon may act as refuges against current anthropogenic pressures for a limited portion of Ithomiini diversity. Furthermore, it is likely that the current threat status may worsen with ongoing climate change and deforestation. In this context, the tropical Andes occupy a crucial position as the primary hotspot for multiple facets of biodiversity for ithomiine butterflies, as they do for angiosperms, tetrapods and other insect taxa. Our results support the role of ithomiine butterflies as a suitable flagship indicator group for Neotropical butterfly diversity and reinforce the position of the tropical Andes as a flagship region for biodiversity conservation in general, and insect and butterfly conservation in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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2. Mutualistic interactions shape global spatial congruence and climatic niche evolution in Neotropical mimetic butterflies.

Author

Doré M, Willmott K, Lavergne S, Chazot N, Freitas AVL, Fontaine C, and Elias M

Subjects
Animals, Biodiversity, Symbiosis, Butterflies, Biological Mimicry
Abstract

Understanding the mechanisms underlying species distributions and coexistence is both a priority and a challenge for biodiversity hotspots such as the Neotropics. Here, we highlight that Müllerian mimicry, where defended prey species display similar warning signals, is key to the maintenance of biodiversity in the c. 400 species of the Neotropical butterfly tribe Ithomiini (Nymphalidae: Danainae). We show that mimicry drives large-scale spatial association among phenotypically similar species, providing new empirical evidence for the validity of Müller's model at a macroecological scale. Additionally, we show that mimetic interactions drive the evolutionary convergence of species climatic niche, thereby strengthening the co-occurrence of co-mimetic species. This study provides new insights into the importance of mutualistic interactions in shaping both niche evolution and species assemblages at large spatial scales. Critically, in the context of climate change, our results highlight the vulnerability to extinction cascades of such adaptively assembled communities tied by positive interactions., (© 2023 The Authors. Ecology Letters published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Published
2023
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3. Anthropogenic pressures coincide with Neotropical biodiversity hotspots in a flagship butterfly group

Author

Maël Doré, Keith Willmott, Boris Leroy, Nicolas Chazot, James Mallet, André V. L. Freitas, Jason P. W. Hall, Gerardo Lamas, Kanchon K. Dasmahapatra, Colin Fontaine, Marianne Elias, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la COnservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Harvard University, Universidade Estadual de Campinas = University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Smithsonian Institution, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), University of York [York, UK], Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), FLMNH Museum Associates, Brazilian CNPq. Grant Numbers: 563332/2010-7, 303834/2015-3, French Ministry of Research (MENSR), Leverhulme Trust, Darwin Initiative, National Geographic Society. Grant Number: 5751-96, National Science Foundation. Grant Numbers: 0103746, 0639977, 0639861, 0847582, U.S. National Academy of Sciences, United States Agency for International Development, Human Frontier Science Program. Grant Number: RGP0014/2016, Fundação Amazônia Paraense de Amparo à Pesquisa. Grant Numbers: 2011/50225-3, 2012/50260-6, ANR-16-CE02-0012,CLEARWING,La transparence : origine physique, fonctions adaptatives et évolution chez les papillons transparents(2016), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Harvard University [Cambridge], Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
human impacts, 0106 biological sciences, 0303 health sciences, Ecology, Müllerian mimicry, geographic rarity, 15. Life on land, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Human Footprint, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, 03 medical and health sciences, Ithomiini butterflies, 13. Climate action, phylogenetic diversity, anthropogenic pressures, species richness, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, biodiversity hotspots, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

International audience; The biodiversity crisis has highlighted the need to assess and map biodiversity in order to prioritize conservation efforts. Clearwing butterflies (tribe Ithomiini) have been proposed as biological indicators for habitat quality in Neotropical forests, which contain the world's richest biological communities. Here, we provide maps of different facets of Ithomiini diversity across the Neotropics to identify areas of evolutionary and ecological importance for conservation and evaluate their overlap with current anthropogenic threats.Location: Neotropics.Methods: We ran species distribution models on a data set based on 28,986 georeferenced occurrences representing 388 ithomiine species to generate maps of geographic rarity, taxonomic, phylogenetic and Müllerian mimetic wing pattern diversity. We quantified and mapped the overlap of diversity hotspots with areas threatened by or providing refuge from current anthropogenic pressures.Results: The eastern slopes of the Andes formed the primary hotspot of taxonomic, phylogenetic and mimetic diversity, with secondary hotspots in Central America and the Atlantic Forest. Most diversity indices were strongly spatially correlated. Nevertheless, species-poor communities on the Pacific slopes of the Andes also sheltered some of the geographically rarest species. Overall, tropical montane forests that host high species and mimetic diversity as well as rare species and mimicry rings appeared particularly under threat.Main conclusions: Remote parts of the Upper Amazon may act as refuges against current anthropogenic pressures for a limited portion of Ithomiini diversity. Furthermore, it is likely that the current threat status may worsen with ongoing climate change and deforestation. In this context, the tropical Andes occupy a crucial position as the primary hotspot for multiple facets of biodiversity for ithomiine butterflies, as they do for angiosperms, tetrapods and other insect taxa. Our results support the role of ithomiine butterflies as a suitable flagship indicator group for Neotropical butterfly diversity and reinforce the position of the tropical Andes as a flagship region for biodiversity conservation in general, and insect and butterfly conservation in particular.

Published
2021
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4. Interactions between the green and brown food web determine ecosystem functioning.

Author

Zou, Kejun, Thébault, Elisa, Lacroix, Gérard, Barot, Sébastien, and Leroux, Shawn

Subjects
FOOD chains, ECOSYSTEMS, DETRITUS, NUTRIENT cycles, PRIMARY productivity (Biology), TROPHIC cascades
Abstract

The concepts of top-down and bottom-up controls are central to our understanding of cascading trophic effects on ecosystem functioning. Classical food web theory has focused either on food webs based on primary production (green food webs) or on food webs based on detritus (brown food webs) and generally ignored nutrient cycling., We argue that nutrient cycling connects the two food webs, which questions the traditional concept of top-down and bottom-up controls., By integrating these two food webs and nutrient cycling into simple models, we investigate the cascading effects from one food web to the other one. Both analytical calculations and simulations show that these two cascading effects depend on simple but distinct mechanisms that are derived from different ecological processes., Predators of decomposers can affect primary production in the green food chain. The signs of these effects are determined by relative proportions of nutrient cycling within the brown food chain., Cascading effects within the green food chain can affect decomposer production in a bottom-up way. The carbon/nutrient limitation of decomposers determines the way the green food chain affects decomposer production., These theoretical findings are applicable to explore real interactions and cascading effects between the green and the brown food webs, such as pelagic-benthic interactions or above-ground-below-ground interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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5. Interactions between the green and brown food web determine ecosystem functioning

Author

Elisa Thébault, Kejun Zou, Sebastien Barot, Gérard Lacroix, Cooke, J. (ed.), DeGabriel, J.L. (ed.), Hartley, S.E. (ed.), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), ANR project PULSE within the program CEPS [ANR-2010-CEPL-010-04], French Ministry of Research (MENSR), China Scholarship Council (CSC), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Nutrient cycle, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Decomposer, pelagic-benthic interactions, Food chain, Ecosystem, Trophic cascade, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Trophic level, food web, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, nutrient cycling, 15. Life on land, Food web, trophic cascade, ecosystem functioning, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, detritus, microbial loop, competition, Microbial loop, above-ground-below-ground interactions
Abstract

Summary The concepts of top-down and bottom-up controls are central to our understanding of cascading trophic effects on ecosystem functioning. Classical food web theory has focused either on food webs based on primary production (green food webs) or on food webs based on detritus (brown food webs) and generally ignored nutrient cycling. We argue that nutrient cycling connects the two food webs, which questions the traditional concept of top-down and bottom-up controls. By integrating these two food webs and nutrient cycling into simple models, we investigate the cascading effects from one food web to the other one. Both analytical calculations and simulations show that these two cascading effects depend on simple but distinct mechanisms that are derived from different ecological processes. Predators of decomposers can affect primary production in the green food chain. The signs of these effects are determined by relative proportions of nutrient cycling within the brown food chain. Cascading effects within the green food chain can affect decomposer production in a bottom-up way. The carbon/nutrient limitation of decomposers determines the way the green food chain affects decomposer production. These theoretical findings are applicable to explore real interactions and cascading effects between the green and the brown food webs, such as pelagic–benthic interactions or above-ground–below-ground interactions.

Published
2016
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