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A subject index for the 2010 issue of "Mycoscience" is presented.

Fraser fir, Abies fraseri [Pursh] Poir. is one of the most desired Christmas tree species owing to its fragrance, physical appearance, and durability. This species represents a major component of the Christmas tree industry in the southeastern United States, with production occurring in North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. Fraser fir production is a multi-million dollar annual industry despite growing in a limited elevational and latitudinal range. Pest management for Christmas trees is notoriously difficult owing to the near zero-tolerance of most pests, even those causing aesthetic damage. Christmas trees are produced in monocultural environments which make them highly susceptible to several arthropod and fungal pests. We review the major pests affecting Fraser fir Christmas tree production, including their biology, symptoms, and scouting procedures, and current management strategies. In general, pest management in Christmas tree production systems has not changed significantly in the last several decades, and still relies heavily on pesticide usage. We propose several areas in need of research that could help Fraser fir Christmas tree producers mitigate the impacts of climate change and potential new pest species, as well as suggest changes to current or potentially novel integrated pest management strategies which have a chance to provide economic and ecological benefits for this industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, we utilized application of nanotechnological advancements to synthesize positively charged curcumin nanoparticles (CurNPs). In CurNPs, curcumin (Cur) was encapsulated by a stabilizer, polymer poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) and its surface charge was modified by cationic surfactant cethyltrimetylammonium bromide (CTAB). Characterization methods involving UV‐visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were employed to confirm their synthesis. Then, we used CurNPs to investigate their potential as fungicidal agents in vitro and the underlying mechanisms, as compared to free Cur in the two fungal strains SR1 and BP1120 of a destructive plant pathogen Pythium ultimum var. ultimum. The fungicidal activity of CurNPs were studied by several methods which resulted in comparatively more pronounced antifungal activity in BP1120 than SR1. Broth dilution and well diffusion assay revealed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC80) for CurNPs to be 52.57 μg/mL and 44.67 μg/mL and an increase in zone of inhibition (ZOI) by 5.4 and 6.3 fold of Cur at 15 μg/mL of CurNPs in SR1 and BP1120, respectively. Study of growth curve showed prolonged lag phase, delayed and short log phase, early and prolonged stationary phase and early decline phase after CurNPs exposure. Toxicity of CurNPs in SR1 and BP1120 strains of P. ultimum was attributed to the enhancement in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and fall in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) as revealed by spectrofluorometric assay. Taken together, these CurNPs were confirmed as a novel and very potent fungicidal agents against P. ultimum var. ultimum with a great promise of controlling and treating other microbial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the authors discuss the key role played by Hispanic-serving institutions (HSI) in helping minority students in the U.S. study in a more relaxed environment. Also cited are the role of HSIs in expanding educational opportunities for Hispanic Americans and other student minorities, as well as the growing number of Latinx students in the country.

A recent outbreak of Phytophthora diseases in fruit orchards was identified in the Czech Republic. The diseased trees showed characteristic symptoms including yellowing, wilting and sparse foliage, decreased yields, root and collar rot, and withering and dying of trees. In some orchards up to 10-15, and rarely up to 55%, of trees died. In total, 387 symptomatic trees of nine species from 44 fruit orchards, 16 samples of irrigation water from four orchards and 35 samples of nursery stock, were surveyed in 2012-2018. Oomycetes were recovered from 50.6 % of sampled trees in orchards, from 71.4 % of shipments of ex vitro-produced nursery plants, and from 93.8 % irrigation water samples. Seventeen Phytophthora species and 13 Pythium sensu lato species were recovered. The most frequent species in orchards were Phytophthora cactorum, Phytophthora plurivora and Phytopythium vexans . The most frequent species in nursery stock were P. cactorum, Phy. vexans and Globisporangium intermedium, and Pythium helicoides, Phytophthora lacustris and Pythium litorale were the most frequently found in irrigation water. The most frequent oomycete species recovered from nursery stock were also frequently isolated from orchards and planting material. The pathogenicity of 11 Phytophthora species was assessed in vitro in two frequently used rootstocks - 'St. Julien' (plum) and 'M26' (apple). This revealed that the less known and relatively rarely isolated species ( P. gregata, P. chlamydospora x amnicola, P. inundata, P. lacus- tris and P. sansomeana ) were more virulent than the more frequently occurring species P. cactorum and P. plurivora, and could pose potential threats to fruit orchards in the future. The increase of Phytophthora in fruit orchards is probably related to the trading and planting of infected nursery stock, to climate change and water stress, and to dismissal of the problem of Phytophthora diseases by stakeholders and inappropriate management. Future investigation should focus on the development of effective disease management, including assessment and selection of rootstocks for resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of the current research was to investigate the personal fouls that were called against female basketball players who play for historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs). Extant scholarship has revealed that eclectic communication behaviors contextually persist on the campuses of HBCUs, whereas Black feminist thought was used as a theoretical frame for exploring biases against African American females. A series of statistical analyses were calculated on the personal fouls that transpired in the sport of women's college basketball from the 2008 through the 2017 season. The uncovered findings revealed that referees verbally called a disproportionate number of personal fouls on female basketball teams from HBCUs. Several female basketball teams from HBCUs incurred a personal fouls per game (PFPG) average that was significant at the.01 level but no female basketball teams from predominantly White institutions (PWIs) incurred a PFPG average that was significant at the.01 level. The discussion portion of this investigation went on to spotlight theoretical implications, White male hegemony, and overstated communication in sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Cultivated Plants / Journal für Kulturpflanzen is the property of Verlag Eugen Ulmer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Adolescence is a period of emotional storm, moodiness and stress. Life seems to be a secret vessel for an adolescent, with many unanswered questions, thoughts about sexuality and gender, as conversations around these topics are only incidentbased. The stream of thoughts, questions and confusion that remain unanswered can start to have a detrimental effect on emotional and psychological health, and sometimes even on physical health. The UN defines youth as an age group between 15 to 24 years. This population includes 1.8 billion of the 7.3 billion world population. Eighty-seven percent of youth live in developing countries, with 67 percent living in Asia. Half of the youth population are female. The case study intends to share reflections from community radio Alfaz-e-Mewat to explore conversations around gender, and gender roles that are imbibed through various means, starting in early childhood, and how they become even stronger in adolescence. The case study tries to analyse the scope of such conversations in the highly conservative region of district Nuh in Haryana state, the inherent challenges and the way forward. It highlights some critical learning from participatory development communications, the power of using narratives and storytelling, and integration with the positive deviance approach, which involves identifying individuals, groups, and communities, who have succeeded in overcoming social challenges against all odds to bring about social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nematropica is the property of Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Azoxystrobin can be used to manage pod rot of peanuts, and applications are typically made at mid-season or later, when it can be difficult to move the fungicide through the foliage and down into the soil. Spanish peanuts were sprayed with azoxystrobin in 2013 at carrier volumes ranging from 252 to 1038 L ha−1 and pressure ranging from 138 to 552 kPa; and in 2014 virginia peanuts were sprayed with carrier volumes ranging from 131 to 524 L ha−1 and pressure ranging from 138 to 414 kPa. Square root transformed azoxystrobin concentration (√A in ppm) on foliage at carrier volumes < 300 L ha−1 was higher in 2 of 3 experiments (√A averaged 2.4 times higher) with spanish peanuts and 1 of 2 experiments (√A averaged 1.3 times higher) on virginia peanuts, than at volumes ≥ 524 L ha−1. A linear model could be used to describe the negative relationship between carrier volume and (√A) on foliage for all three applications on spanish peanuts. Azoxystrobin concentrations in soil were 3 times higher for carrier volumes < 300 L ha−1 in 2 of 3 experiments on spanish peanuts and were not affected by carrier volume on virginia peanuts, than carrier volumes ≥ 524 L ha−1. However, application pressure of 138 kPa resulted in higher concentrations of azoxystrobin (1.7 times higher) in the soil in 1 of 2 trials than using an application pressure of 515 kPa on virginia peanuts. Foliar concentrations of azoxystrobin on virginia peanuts declined over time and irrigation events. However, soil concentrations of azoxystrobin generally increased between 0 and the first irrigation event for the higher carrier volume (524 L ha−1), but did not change between the first and second irrigation event. Attempts to force azoxystrobin through the peanut canopy with high pressure (414 to 552 kPa), high carrier volume (≥524 L ha−1) or combinations of high pressure and high carrier volumes were unsuccessful at increasing azoxystrobin concentrations in soil compared to more traditional carrier volume and pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the Pythium flora in cereal fields of Fars Province of Iran, During 2012-2013 soil from cereal (rice, maize, barley and millet) fields in various parts of Fars Province (Arsanjan, Bajgah, Eqlid, Jahrom, Kamfiruz, Kavar, Kazerun, Khorambid, Larestan, Mamsani Meymand, Naghsh-e-Rostam, Sepidan, Surmaq, Seydan, Sivand and Zarghan) were sampled. Thirteen Pythium species were identified based on morphological, physiological and phylogenetic studies, including: Pythium adhaerens, P. amasculinum, P. aphanidermatum, P. carolinianum, P. coloratum, P. dissotocum, P. diclinum, P. kashmirense, P. marsipium, P. nunn, P. oligandrum, P. periplocum and Pythium sp. “hordeum”. P. adhaerens, P. carolinianum, P. dissotocum, P. kashmirense, P. marsipium, P. nunn and Pythium sp. “hordeum” were new to Iran flora. Pythium sp. “hordeum” was considered as a new species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agrociencia is the property of Colegio de Postgraduados and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cold storing bareroot southern pine (Pinus spp.) seedlings for greater than one week after lifting in the fall can lead to poor outplanting survival when compared to seedlings that are lifted and stored in winter. In contrast, container-grown seedlings typically do not experience adverse effects from storing for periods greater than one week. The practice of lifting bareroot seedlings can cause wounds to root systems, which could allow soil-borne pathogens such as Pythium species to be used as infection sites. Once seedlings are placed in storage, the cool, moist environment may be conducive for zoospore activity, leading to root disease and outplanting failure. Bareroot and container-grown longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), and slash pine (Pinus elliottii) and container-grown shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) were inoculated with either Pythium dimorphum or Pythium irregulare, coldstored for 3, 4, 6, or 12 weeks, and outplanted. Both Pythium species reduced survival of bareroot longleaf pine but not bareroot slash pine. Length of storage decreased survival for both seedling stock types. Pythium species did not affect the survival of container- grown seedlings. These results suggest that P. dimorphum and P. irregulare are more virulent to bareroot longleaf pine than the other pine species tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management zones (MZs) for southern root-knot nematode (RKN) from the integration of terrain (TR) and edaphic (ED) field features might facilitate variable rate nematicide applications. This study was conducted on 11 coastal plain fields in the USA. The relationships between RKN populations and five soil ED and TR attributes (apparent soil electrical conductivity [shallow (ECa-s) and deep (ECa-d)], elevation (EL), slope (SL), and changes in bare soil reflectance) were analyzed using canonical correlation. Using two ED and TR data sets, canonical predictors were used for zone delineation. Although the results showed that the zones with RKN population above the RKN field average were associated with the lowest values of ECa-s, ECa-d, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and SL with respect to field average values, zone segregation was enough using ECa-s and ECa-d data. The results suggest the potential for using soil properties to identify RKN risk zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]