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East Europeans are integrating into life in the UK. This entails learning to get along with their new neighbours, but it also involves not getting along with certain neighbours. Integration is not confined to benevolent forms of everyday cosmopolitanism, multiculturalism and conviviality; it can also include more pathological forms, like racism. Whilst integration is generally seen as desirable, the learning that it entails necessarily includes less desirable practices and norms. The aim of this article is to show how East Europeans in the UK have been acquiring specifically British competencies of racism. This doesn't mean all East Europeans are racist or they always use racism; it does mean, however, that racism is a part of the integration equation. We focus on the racist and racializing practices of Poles, Hungarians and Romanians in Bristol in the UK. These East Europeans are using racism to insert themselves more favourably into Britain's racialized status hierarchies. This is a kind of integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The British decision to leave the European Union after the 2016 referendum raises questions about who could be next. This article analyzes why citizens in East European Member States would vote to leave the European Union in the event of further referendums. It proposes an analytical framework that seeks to explain this strong form of Euroscepticism through four variables that are rarely linked to the European Union: political apathy and alienation, dissatisfaction with domestic democracy and economy, conservative values, and social isolation. We use individual-level data from the 2018 wave of the European Social Survey to show that citizens' conservative attitudes and social isolation are robust determinants of a potential European Union exit vote in Eastern Europe. We also identify several country-specific causes, which means that the European Union faces particular challenges across political settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the role of institutional founding conditions and institutional legacy for universities' self-representation in terms of diversity. Based on 374 universities located in the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, and Poland, we can differentiate between a more idealistic understanding (logic of inclusion and equality) and a more market-oriented understanding (market logic) of diversity. Our findings show that the founding phase has no significant effect on the likelihood of a university focusing on a market-oriented understanding of diversity—however, we observe an imprinting effect with respect to the adoption of a diversity statement in general and an equity-oriented statement. Moreover, our findings show that there is a socialistic heritage for universities in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries that is at work and still influences universities' understandings of diversity today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses portrayals of a Ukrainian and a Polish character on the US sitcom 2 Broke Girls (2011–2017). The pilot episode reveals that the showrunners used stereotypes of Russian characters to establish different national origins for Oleg and Sophie. The show perpetuates offensive stereotypes of Slavic and postsocialist characters to elide differences from Russians but with notable distinctions—stemming from Oleg and Sophie's economic backgrounds in the struggling postsocialist economies of the 1990s. American television has produced many comedic characters from the European margins (Greek, Czech, Ukrainian, Polish, Latvian, or from invented but East European-coded lands) who were understood as chaotic but loveable. Crucially, however, they were not Russian. From the late Cold War through the 2010s, Russianness onscreen seems to consistently signal dishonesty, danger, or hopelessness for Western audiences. This suggests that while stereotypes persist, in comedy, at least, showrunners use East Europeans to support, not threaten, American characters, further othering Russianness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Little is known about bullying experienced by internationally adopted teens residing in Europe. Objectives: Within the framework of an international research effort involving several European countries, the main goal of this study was to explore the experiences of bullying victimization suffered by adopted adolescents, as well as its impact on their psychological adjustment. Methods: The sample consisted of 199 adolescents born in Eastern European countries and adopted in France (n = 50), Italy (n = 59), Norway (n = 25) and Spain (n = 65). Results: More than half of the adopted adolescents had been exposed to some form of peer victimization in the previous 2 months, with verbal harassment and social exclusion being the most common forms of victimization. Differences between receiving countries were not statistically significant, suggesting a common pattern for Eastern European adopted adolescents living in Western Europe. More frequent experiences of peer victimization were associated with more psychological difficulties among the adopted adolescents. Conclusions: Findings highlight that adopted adolescents might have considerable difficulties in social integration with peers; these experiences of peer victimization might play an important role hindering their psychosocial adjustment. The socioemotional development of adopted people is not only linked to their pre‐adoptive experiences; factors in their daily lives (i.e., peer relationships) may also be associated with their psychological adjustment later in life. Interventions are needed to promote the real inclusion of these groups of children in their social and educational contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Accurate data on the number of transgender and non-binary people are essential for the effectiveness of planning and implementation of transgender services, as well as for advocacy, but these data are insufficient. Our goal in this study was to estimate the number of transgender people in Georgia and compare it with estimations in other Eastern European and Central Asian (EECA) countries. Methods: We used a variety of methodologies, including the mobile/web app multiplier, service multiplier, and network-based capture-recapture (Telefunken) methods, which all were included in a survey of 100 transgender people. A final estimation was obtained using the Anchored Multiplier method. We also review the existing research on estimating transgender and non-binary population sizes in EECA countries. Results: The estimation final value of transgender and non-binary people in Georgia was 0.06 [0.05–0.07%] of the total adult (18–54 years) population of the country or 1,044 [870–1,219]. Conclusion: Our transgender and non-binary population size estimates in Georgia are in line with those in other EECA countries. These estimates can offer useful information for planning and assessing trans specific services, including HIV prevention programs at the national level. Furthermore, we believe that our findings will close the information gap regarding regional estimates of transgender and non-binary populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine and compare the employee preferences for explicit leader behaviors within and across seven Slavic countries, belonging to three Slavic tribes. Our analyses of data obtained from 2542 participants revealed several patterns of similarities in volume and distribution as well as magnitude and structure of these preferences between and within the participating nations, their regions and tribes. The differences, however, are inconsistent. We contribute to the "Black Box" of cross-cultural leadership literature and hope to stimulate further research demystifying and facilitating leadership research and practice in these astonishing nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on analyzing public administration and public services in Latvia, along with development trends and reforms in Eastern European countries. Topics include the implementation of government policies, the quality of public services, and the challenges faced by public administration in adapting to modern demands.

Objectives: Most lifetime mental health problems (MHP) start before the age of 25. Yet young people—particularly those of minority backgrounds—often do not seek or access professional help. In the UK, young people of Eastern European (EE) backgrounds represent a large minority group; however, little is known about their experiences of MHP and help‐seeking. In this study, we aim to understand the help‐seeking process from the perspectives of EE young people. Design: We used a qualitative study design with semi‐structured individual interviews. The results were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Method: Twelve young people (18–25 years) of EE backgrounds, living in Oxfordshire, UK, took part. All participants had experienced a severe MHP and were identified in the community. Results: EE young people's experiences of MHP and help‐seeking were driven by a sense of being caught between different cultures and simultaneously needing to navigate the potentially contrasting expectations of both cultures. This process was reinforced or tempered by the perceived continuing influence of young people's families, that is, families with more open views about MHP made it easier for young people to navigate through the process of help‐seeking. Young people's internalised cultural and familial beliefs about MHP affected their decision‐making when experiencing difficulties, their levels of trust in services, and perceived sense of resourcefulness and ability to cope. Conclusions: Recognising and responding to the cultural tension that young people of EE backgrounds may experience can help us to develop more accessible and inclusive mental health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surveys U.S. history texts to determine the coverage given to eastern European immigrants. Reports that Poland is most extensively covered and that the amount of coverage of other eastern European peoples increases with Polish coverage. Suggests a correlation between the frequency an ethnic group is cited and the size of its population in the United States. (DK)

Building on insights from Migration Studies and International Relations, we investigate constructions of Ukrainians who arrived in Germany due to conflict-induced displacement during the first year of the Russian-Ukraine war. To do so, we analysed reporting on Ukrainian women in two German major weekly news outlets (Der Spiegel and Die Zeit). Here we take a unique approach – drawing on key points of, and illustrative quotes from, that analysis, and reading them alongside the fictional film Mary Poppins. Doing so helps us understand German discourse around displaced Ukrainians. Specifically, our unique reading of refugeehood and deservingness helps us demonstrate how familiar, yet fictional, stories can be deployed to critically interrogate and better understand real-world extraordinary political responses towards refugees. Overall, we suggest that by analysing representations of Ukrainians through this fictional lens, we contribute to denaturalising 'common knowledge' about displaced people often taken for granted in public discourse and public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An estimated 2.2 million people from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) live in the United Kingdom. It has been documented that CEE migrants underutilise health services in the United Kingdom and, as an alternative, seek healthcare in their home country. However, reasons for seeking healthcare abroad are not always clear. This review aims to identify the reasons for the uptake of transnational healthcare among CEE migrants resident in the United Kingdom. Methods: Informed by discussions with community members, medical stakeholders and academics, a systematic scoping review was undertaken following the nine‐stage Joanna Briggs Institute framework for scoping reviews. A search strategy with MeSH terms, where relevant, was used and adapted in five academic databases, two grey literature databases and Google Scholar. Included records encompassed four concepts: migration, CEE nationalities, UK nations and healthcare utilisation, which were written in English and published between May 2004 and 2022. Data from the literature were coded, grouped and organised into themes. Results: A total of 16 publications fulfilled the inclusion criteria. There is evidence that some CEE migrants exclusively use healthcare services in the United Kingdom. However, many CEE migrants utilise healthcare both in the United Kingdom and their country of origin. Four themes were identified from the literature as to why migrants travelled to their country of origin for healthcare: cultural expectations of medical services, distrust in the UK NHS, barriers and transnational ties. Conclusion: Push factors led CEE migrants to seek healthcare in their country of origin, facilitated by ongoing transnational ties. CEE migrants frequently combine visits to their country of origin with medical appointments. Utilising healthcare in their country of origin as opposed to the United Kingdom can result in fragmented and incomplete records of medications, medical tests and surgeries and risk of unnecessary treatments and complications. This review highlights the need for more targeted health outreach with CEE groups within the United Kingdom, as well as the need for further research on the impact of national events, for example, COVID‐19 and Brexit, on transnational healthcare‐seeking behaviours. Patient or Public Contribution: The concept for this scoping review was informed by discussions with community members, medical professionals and academics, who identified it as a current issue. The results of this scoping review were discussed with healthcare stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth and diversity in contemporary return migration have given rise to questions related to migrants' (re)integration into their society of origin. In particular, a growing set of studies examine the returnees' labour market situation to understand how time spent living and working abroad affects individuals' social mobility upon return. The key aim of this paper is to explore the socio-occupational paths of returning migrants. Based on the online survey with Polish and Lithuanian returnees (n = 544) who had spent at least a year in the UK, we aim to identify patterns in the socio-occupational sequences of people experiencing returning migration. Based on sequence analysis carried out in TraMineR (Life Trajectory Miner for R) covering the situation of returning migrants before migration, during migration and upon return, we have distinguished four clusters of sequences: (1) sequences with education, (2) sequences with employment, (3) sequences with unemployment and (4) sequences with self-employment. We compare those clusters in terms of demographic characteristics, as well as migration plans. We also take into consideration skills acquired and transferred throughout migration trajectories. With this typology based on the unique dataset of returning migrants, we supplement existing, primarily qualitative, research on returning migrants' careers with the sequence analysis based on quantitative data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central and East Europeans have a great deal in common, both historically and culturally, with West Europeans and North Americans, but tend to be more interdependent. Interdependence has been shown to be linked to holistic cognition. East Asians are more interdependent than Americans and are more holistic. If interdependence causes holism, we would expect Central and East Europeans to be more holistic than West Europeans and North Americans. In two studies we found evidence that Central and East Europeans are indeed more holistic than Westerners on three tasks, one of which examined categorization and two of which measured patterns of visual attention. These studies support the argument that cross-cultural differences in cognition are due to society level differences in independence/interdependence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents some of the socio-employment characteristics of East European workers in Spain, particularly Romanians and Bulgarians. Firstly (and following a brief commentary on statistical sources), the author analyses the evolution and geographical distribution of these workers, highlighting their high representation in provinces in inland areas of the peninsular, and in rural municipalities. Subsequently, an examination is carried out oftheir participation on the job market, according to payments made to the Social Security system and the workers’ main sectors of activity, which shows the differences according to sex, nationality and place of residence. Finally, the statistical information is supplementedby the results from different empirical research studies.

One of the aspirations of the founders of the European Union was the unity of the European continent. Following the end of Soviet-type regimes in the late 1980s, the institutional machinery was put into action. However, this process has taken longer than expected,for different reasons: on one hand, because of the debate that commenced over the institutional consolidation and political construction of the existing Union, and on the other, because of the intensification of migration flows from the countries of the south and east. As a result of all of these factors, the incorporation of East European countries into the EU became dragged out over several years. As time passed, scepticism also grew in these countriesas they saw that the inequalities between them and their western neighbours were becoming increasingly marked. Thus, a steady growth took place of economic migration flows from these countries into the EU, while the EU continued its negotiations with the countries oforigin of these migrants. The process of EU enlargement to include Eastern Europe took place in two stages: the first, in May 2004, included Cyprus and Malta, as well as Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland, while thesecond included only Romania and Bulgaria. This study deals with two issues that are of fundamental importance in any analysis of the different groups from Eastern and Central Europe that are present in Spain: the two moratoria on the free circulation of people imposedin 2004 and in 2007 (and their disastrous consequences) and the characteristics of these flows (when they arrived and why).

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Focuses on the role of East Europeans in the industrialization of the United States. Description of the urban industrial environment; Reasons for the migration of East Europeans; Economic strategies used by European immigrants.

Background: Around 2 million people have migrated from Central and Eastern Europe to the UK since 2004. The UK Central and Eastern European Community (UK‐CEE) are disproportionately exposed to the social determinants of poor physical and mental health. Their health and healthcare beliefs remain under‐researched, particularly regarding primary care. Objective: This review explores UK‐CEE community members' use and perceptions of UK general practice. Methods: A systematic search of nine bibliographic databases identified 2094 publications that fulfilled the search criteria. Grey literature searches identified 16 additional relevant publications. Screening by title and abstract identified 201 publications of relevance, decreasing to 65 after full‐text screening. Publications were critically appraised, with data extracted and coded. Thematic analysis using constant comparison allowed generation of higher‐order thematic constructs. Results: Full UK‐CEE national representation was achieved. Comparatively low levels of GP registration were described, with ability, desire and need to engage with GP services shaped by the interconnected nature of individual community members' cultural and sociodemographic factors. Difficulties overcoming access and in‐consultation barriers are common, with health expectations frequently unmet. Distrust and dissatisfaction with general practice often persist, promoting alternative health‐seeking approaches including transnational healthcare. Marginalized UK‐CEE community subgroups including Roma, trafficked and homeless individuals have particularly poor GP engagement and outcomes. Limited data on the impact of Brexit and COVID‐19 could be identified. Conclusions: Review findings demonstrate the need for codesigned approaches to remove barriers to engagement, culturally adapt and develop trust in GP care for UK‐CEE individuals. Community Involvement: Community members and stakeholders shaped the conceptualisation of the review question and validation of emergent themes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Risk minimization measures are one of the most important tools in ensuring safe use of medicines. The evaluation of their effectiveness in clinical practice is a big challenge. Diclofenac is a medicine indicated for relief of all grades of pain and inflammation, in a wide range of conditions. Certain cardiovascular diseases are contraindications, whilst certain diseases require precautions for diclofenac prescribing. Objective: The aim of this study is to measure impact of the new digital risk minimization tool, introduced at the level of diclofenac prescribing, on patterns of its prescription in outpatient settings in Montenegro. Methods: Regulatory impact before/after drug utilization study, using electronic health records of patients with cardiovascular contraindications/precautions for diclofenac prescribing, was conducted. The period of observation was 1 year before and 1 year after introduction of the digital risk minimization tool. Results: Introduction of the digital risk minimization tool was associated with significant decrease in number of patients on diclofenac and the number of diclofenac prescriptions/packages, in a cohort of patients who were prescribed diclofenac before the digital intervention. Decrease in diclofenac prescription was more obvious in patients with contraindications, as expected, compared with patients with precautions. Decrease in diclofenac prescriptions in patients with other heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and ischemic heart diseases (contraindications) was 38.79%, 37.62%, and 29.85% respectively. There was also a decrease in diclofenac prescriptions in patients with hypertension (22.86%), hyperlipidemia (23.61%), and diabetes mellitus (26.32%; precautions). After the digital intervention, initiation of diclofenac in diclofenac-naive patients was significantly decreased compared with patients who were prescribed diclofenac before the digital intervention. Conclusions: Although a significant decrease in diclofenac prescription in both cohorts occurred, diclofenac is still prescribed, even in diagnoses contraindicated for its use. Further improvements of existing tools and the creation of new ones are necessary for minimization of cardiovascular and other risks related to diclofenac. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ethnic minority populations experience significant health and social care disparities; despite experiencing a greater burden of diseases, these groups are underrepresented in health and social care research. Consequently, related research can be less applicable to these population groups. The REPRESENT study aims to explore the health and social care experiences of ethnic minorities and other minoritised populations, their research interests and appropriate research practices. Methods: Focus groups and semistructured interviews were conducted between May and September 2022 with members of a number of ethnic minority communities in England. Data were audio recorded, transcribed and thematically coded using NVivo 12. Rigour was determined through extensive sampling, iterative data collection and analysis. Findings: Fifty‐two ethnic minority members were engaged in group interviews and one‐to‐one interviews. Participants included representatives of the following groups: African Caribbean, Eastern European, Gypsy Travellers, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex and Asexual+, Refugee/Asylum Seekers, Somali and South Asian communities. Interviews were also conducted with ethnic minority healthcare providers and researchers. Three overarching categories were identified: health information, medical service experiences, health and social care concerns and health research. Health and social care services challenges were mostly attributed to discrimination, delayed services, poor cultural relevance and language and cultural barriers. The most influential information sources were local community organisations and word‐of‐mouth. The main health and social care concerns were chronic long‐term health conditions, mental health, maternal health and child development. Recommendations for research involved understanding the motivations for participation, improving communication and empowering communities. Top research priorities were long‐term health conditions, health promotion and education, early care interventions and understanding community needs. Interpretation: Discrimination and bias in health and social care provision have severe implications for worsening ethnic health inequalities. Healthcare commissioning authorities and policymakers can leverage the preference of ethnic minority groups for pharmacy services and community organisations to improve access to care. Improving research interest and engagement requires understanding individual community needs, community sensitivity, research relevance and cultural appropriateness. Patient or Public Contribution: Members of ethnic minority Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement group and Community Advisory Board supported the REPRESENT study design, conceptualisation and report development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the association between adult children's migration and depression among older parents in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and explore the role of intergenerational support in contributing to their depression. Data are from the eighth wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), pooling a study sample of 11 CEE countries, with a cross-sectional design. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and hierarchical linear regression were conducted using a study sample of 9133 respondents. Older adults whose children migrated over 500 km were more likely to experience depression compared to those with no migrant child or all children within 500 km. Among intergenerational support, frequent parent-child contact mitigated the effects of migration on depression in older parents with all their children who migrated over 500 km. This study suggests that older parents with migrant children over 500 km away should be considered a vulnerable population at risk for mental health in CEE countries. It is crucial for local governments and policymakers to address these challenges through improving integrated mental health and social programs for better mental health outcomes among older adults in CEE countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]