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Thin-cut smoking tobacco is gaining more and more popularity among consumers of tobacco products. However, this type of product remains poorly understood, including the chemical composition of its smoke. The analysis of the data on the chemical composition of the smoke of smoking tobacco products of various designs is an urgent task from the point of view of assessing the toxic load. It will help further to develop recommendations and suggestions for consumers in the manufacture of these products. The main purpose of this work is to study the effect of the product design (diameter, weight and air permeability of paper) on the chemical composition of smoke and tasting assessment. This article discusses the technological properties of smoking tobacco brands: «Pepe», «Stanley», «Corsar», «Redmont». The chemical composition of tobacco (nicotine, proteins, carbohydrates and pH) was analyzed. The analysis of the composition and breathability of paper for self-rolled cigarettes of the brands «OCB Premium» and «OCB Organic Hemp» used for the manufacture of tobacco products from thin-cut tobacco, of different diameters. The influence of the design features of the products (diameter and weight) was studied on the chemical composition of smoke (nicotine, resin, carbon monoxide). Experimentally, the dependence of the chemical composition of smoke on the air permeability of paper and the design features of thin-cut tobacco products has been established: when using paper with low air permeability and with an increase in the diameter and weight of products, the nicotine content increases by 37,55% and resin by 39,54%. The dependence between the nicotine content in tobacco and nicotine in the smoke of tobacco products from thin-cut tobacco was revealed.

The concepts of a scientific library and a network scientific library are clarified. The role of scientific network libraries in solving issues of information support for scientific research and specific scientists is shown. It is noted that the Library of Natural Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences (BEN RAS) is a classic online scientific library, with more than 50 divisions. In this paper, the network technology of an automated library and information system (ALIS) is understood as a single automated library complex, which includes a geographically ungrouped system of terminals combined into a single system by means of connections, communication equipment, software, data transmission protocols, and control and computing tasks. The main requirements for network technologies include their ease of use; the ability to access other networks and systems and the internet; high data transfer speed; and high information security. The generations of the development of the ALIS are considered, and it is noted that the attention is attracted by open source ALIS. The basic principles of building an ALIS network library are formulated, which are presented in the form of three blocks: methodological, technological, and linguistic. A general model of network ALIS has been developed using the example of BEN RAS, which includes the main technological blocks: management of all processes; acquisition of information funds; processing of all information resources entering the AIS and resources of its own generation; storage of information resources: traditional and electronic, to be stored and used in information service processes; and user services. The key connecting element is the information need both for the formation of information resources included in the ALIS and for the organization of an information support system for scientific research. The peculiarities of the network structure are that the information support unit uses different classification systems and different levels of categorization to match user requests more accurately, whereas the formation of information arrays takes place, as a rule, at the upper level of one or another classification system chosen as the main one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of a frequency analysis of the occurrence of authors' key terms (KTs) in scientific publications are considered using a system developed by us; this system makes it possible to process data presented in the RIS format containing KTs in one of the fields. It is possible to import data in RIS format from WoS and Scopus, as well as from some journal websites and from the MathNet system using special program settings. The frequency analysis of an author's KTs makes it possible to select the most frequently used KTs and consider them as "candidates for places" in the subject ontologies of the Common Digital Space of Scientific Knowledge (CDSSK) and encyclopedic reference books in various scientific fields. A brief description of the capabilities of the developed software environment and the results of the analysis of KTs presented in the articles that are reflected in the WoS (Core Collection) and related to information systems in different fields of natural sciences are given. The correspondence of the distribution frequencies of KTs and separate words composing these KTs to Pareto's law is assessed; the results of the assessment show significant discrepancies with this law for KTs and, at the same time, certain convergences for separate words and their permutation within KTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integral conductance of planar lipid bilayer membranes in the presence of two Poloxamers (Pluronics) L61 and F68 with the same lengths of hydrophobic poly(propylene oxide) blocks and the different lengths of hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) blocks increases with an increase in the concentration of both Pluronics; however, the shape of the conductance-concentration curves is super linear for L61 and sublinear for F68. In the presence of both Pluronics, rare discrete current jumps are observed against the background of continuous current. At high concentrations, the I–V curves of membranes with both L61 and F68 became nonlinear at sufficiently low voltages but differed significantly. At voltages greater than 50 mV, the conductance of membranes with L61 increased sharply and quantized jumps were observed toward higher conductance, which could be interpreted as the appearance of additional pores. On the contrary, the conductance of membranes with F68 decreased and quantized jumps to lower conductance were observed, which could be interpreted as blocking of already existing pores. We attributed the differences in the conductance-concentration and I–V curves of these two Pluronics to their different effects on the dynamics of membrane hydration and, accordingly, on the probability of formation of conducting pores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Smoluchowski equation, which describes pore diffusion in the radius space, with a source term, is used in modeling the process of the formation of a hydrophilic pore in a lipid bilayer during phase transition. The introduction of a hydrophobic-pore source term into the equation reflects the emergence of additional defects in a bilayer caused by the decrease in the molecule area under the transition from the liquid crystalline to the gel phase. The distribution of the time probability density calculated within the model that is required for the formation of a hydrophilic pore is in good agreement with the previously published experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistics of times of open and closed states of lipid pores in planar lipid bilayer membranes that consisted of dipalmitoylphosphatidyl choline were experimentally studied at a temperature of a phase transition in the 1 M solution of LiCl after the addition of water-soluble molecules of polyethylene glycol of different molecular masses. Transmembrane current impulses were measured in a voltage-clamp regime (50 mV). Histograms of the impulse duration and impulse intervals had a non-exponential shape and a pronounced characteristic maximum. Therefore, the sequence of impulses of the transmembrane current under the conditions of phase transition was dependent. New impulses appeared depending on the time of antecedent impulses, and the moment of the impulse completion depended on the moment of its start. The proposed Erlang model quite accurately approximated the experimental histograms. According to this model, a lipid pore had several open and closed states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The location of Moscow on a plain within higher latitudes when compared to other megacities creates conditions for the chemical transformation of pollutants in the urban atmosphere and their transport and accumulation. Observational data on surface concentrations of NO, NO2, CO, CH4, O3, nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), and aerosols (PM10), which were obtained at the Moscow Ecological Monitoring (MEM) network from 2005 to 2020, have been processed and analyzed. Both temporal and spatial parameters characterizing the dynamics of atmospheric pollution of Moscow's air basin have been calculated. It is noted that the content of most pollutants in the urban air has decreased due to the renewal of the vehicle fleet; the introduction of restrictions on the entry of freight transport in the city; and the modernization of industrial enterprises, treatment facilities, and the gas transmission system. Significant negative trends have been obtained for NMHCs, CO, NOx, and PM10 (4.3, 4.0, 2.6, and 1.7% y–1, respectively). An insignificant negative trend has been obtained for O3 and no negative trend has been found for CH4. Total emissions from urban sources of substances determining the air quality have been calculated. Their values also manifest negative trends. The content of ozone almost did not change within such a long period, which suggests a weak sensitivity of the oxidizing properties of the Moscow atmosphere and the rate of ozone generation to variations in the atmospheric content of nitrogen radicals and their high sensitivity to volatile organic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—The ability to use a spectrophotometric method to estimate the size and concentration of gold nanoparticles obtained by the method of laser ablation was considered. Gold nanoparticles synthesized by different methods have different physical and chemical properties of their surface. This can affect their optical properties in a colloidal solution. The results obtained in this work confirm the ability to use the spectrophotometric method to estimate the size and concentration of nanoparticles obtained by the method of laser ablation. It was demonstrated that it is optimal to estimate the concentration of nanoparticles using the spectrophotometric method at a wavelength of 400 nm. The determination of the size of nanoparticles by the absorption spectra in the ultraviolet and visible regions is possible for particles with a size of at least 11 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children are more likely to develop epileptic seizures (ictal discharges lasting tens of seconds) than adults. A higher predisposition of the juvenile brain to the generation of epileptiform activity is thought to be due to a prevalence of inhibition over excitation at the early stage of brain development. However, the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying these age-related differences are yet to be clarified. We compared the ictal activity induced by a convulsant 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in the horizontal slices of the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus of 3- and 8-week-old Wistar rats. In 3-week-old rats, the ictal discharge was always preceded by a detectable preictal activity, as manifested in one or several 3–4-s GABA-glutamate events, whereas in 8-week-old rats, such events were typically absent or very rare (no more than one occasional short event). The ictal activity resistance to external exposures was also age-dependent. In 8-week-old rats, by contrast to 3-week-old animals, ictal discharge generation in the entorhinal cortex was blocked completely and replaced by 0.2–0.3 Hz interictal activity (simultaneous 1–3-s burst discharges) by a partial blockade of KCC2 cotransporter or Na+–K+-pump, as well as by low-frequency electric stimulation. Thus, our data indicate that ictal discharges in the immature (3-week-old) brain are more resistant to external exposures than in the brain of adult rats. Interictal and ictal epileptiform activities are antagonistic in 8-week-old animals. In contrast, the appearance of interictal activity interrupts the generation of ictal discharges completely. It can therefore be considered as one of the putative antiepileptic mechanisms in the mature rat brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The study was done to identify the importance of psychological factors that influence people in adopting certain positions in interaction: coercion, manipulation, non-violence, or non-involvement. Goal: The aim was to study the structure of interaction positions among medical students and future educators and psychologists. Materials and methods: Theoretical methods (analysis, comparison, specification, generalization); empirical methods and materials (a set of questionnaires that help reveal interaction strategies, and also factors that determine their acceptance; methods of mathematical statistics - f* criterion: Fisher angular transformation); and correlation analysis using a Pearson linear product-moment correlation coefficient were used. Results: In the course of the study, 16 types of interaction among students were identified and described. The optimal type was where the dominant position was occupied by the position of nonviolence. Positive and negative connections of positions of interaction with various factors were revealed. Discussion of results and conclusion: As a result, various models of students' behaviour in situations of interaction with other people were described; the main directions of work on the purposeful formation of students' position of nonviolence were highlighted. The obtained results can be used in the process of professional training of students - future physicians and future teachers - psychologists, as well as in the development of special programs for the formation of students ' ability to interact nonviolently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State-of-the-art methods of visual navigation for mobile robots are considered. A hierarchical representation structure of the environment corresponding to the hierarchical organization of the mobile robot control system is proposed. State-of-the-art approaches to constructing map models are presented. Their development will bring the navigation system closer to that formed by the human intellect and combines vision and a semantic view of the world within cognitive maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been shown experimentally that the stimulus orientation that elicits the optimal response in an orientation column in the primary visual cortex (area V1) undergoes rapid systemic changes that last 10-100 ms. These changes allow different orientation columns to encode information from multiple items in the visual space (the so-called temporal encoding). However, the mechanism of these changes is still unknown. In addition, most of the modern biophysical models are unable to reproduce these changes; the peak orientation of their responses is constant over time. In this paper, we suggest a method to improve the firing-rate ring model of the orientation hypercolumn by replacing the spatial symmetric distribution of local connections with a spatial anti-symmetric distribution. As a result, we obtained a more perfect model that is capable of reproducing such changes. Moreover, their amplitude is proportional to the extent of asymmetry in the spatial distribution of local connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Smoluchowski equation with an energy profile of a special type and an assumed hydrophobic (“half”) pore source term is used to describe the process of hydrophilic pore formation in a lipid bilayer at the gel-liquid phase transition. The source term reflects the occurrence of molecule packing defects in a lipid bilayer at phase transition. The time sequences of the pore formation and closure events are treated as non-stationary, second-order Erlang flows whose characteristics depend on the equation solution. The computed distributions of the time intervals between hydrophilic pores, and pore lifetimes agree with the previously published experimental interpulse interval and pulse duration histograms for the current fluctuations through planar bilayer membranes of DPPC immersed in a LiCl aqueous solution containing polyethylene glycol. Thus, the statistical analysis of pore formation and closure times leads us to conclude that firstly, the increased permeability of a lipid bilayer during the gel-liquid phase transition is accounted for by the emergence of additional hydrophobic defects in the heterogeneous structure of the bilayer and secondly, that the non-exponential distributions of the lipid channel closed and open times observed in experiments are evidence that the process of hydrophilic pore formation is not a one-step process but involves at least two dependent events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of hydrophilic pores in a lipid bilayer during phase transition is described using the Smoluchowski equation with an additional term of the hydrophobic pore source. This term is added to account for defects in lipid packing during phase transition. We assume that the temporal sequence of the pores is a stochastic process, a non-stationary second-order Erlang flow. Flow characteristics depend on the equation solution and determine the formation times of the hydrophilic pores. The calculated distribution of the durations of intervals between hydrophilic pores is in a good agreement with experimental data published before. In the context of this model we describe the influence of poly(ethylene glycol) on the pore formation frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changes in the parameters of a DSP-100 electric arc furnace that are induced by a decrease in the current frequency are considered. It is shown that the related decrease in the current lead resistances causes an increase in the arc power and voltage, a decrease in the reactive power, and an increase in the electrical efficiency and the power coefficient. The heat indices are expected to be significantly improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activation of neurotransmitter receptors increases the current flow and membrane conductance and thus controls the firing rate of a neuron. In the present work, we justified the two-dimensional representation of a neuronal input by voltage-independent current and conductance and obtained experimentally and numerically a complete input-output ( I/O) function. The dependence of the steady-state firing rate on the input current and conductance was studied as a two-parameter I/O function. We employed the dynamic patch clamp technique in slices to get this dependence for the whole domain of two input signals that evoke stationary spike trains in a single neuron (Ω-domain). As found, the Ω-domain is finite and an additional conductance decreases the range of spike-evoking currents. The I/O function has been reproduced in a Hodgkin-Huxley-like model. Among the simulated effects of different factors on the I/O function, including passive and active membrane properties, external conditions and input signal properties, the most interesting were: the shift of the right boundary of the Ω-domain (corresponding to the exCitation block) leftwards due to the decrease of the maximal potassium conductance; and the reduction of the Ω-domain by the decrease of the maximal sodium concentration. As found in experiments and simulations, the Ω-domain is reduced by the decrease of extracellular sodium concentration, by cooling, and by adding slow potassium currents providing interspike interval adaptation; the Ω-domain height is increased by adding color noise. Our modeling data provided a generalization of I/O dependencies that is consistent with previous studies and our experiments. Our results suggest that both current flow and membrane conductance should be taken into account when determining neuronal firing activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characteristics of action potential generation are important to understanding brain functioning and, thus, must be understood and modeled. It is still an open question what model can describe concurrently the phenomena of sharp spike shape, the spike threshold variability, and the divisive effect of shunting on the gain of frequency-current dependence. We reproduced these three effects experimentally by patch-clamp recordings in cortical slices, but we failed to simulate them by any of 11 known neuron models, including one- and multi-compartment, with Hodgkin-Huxley and Markov equation-based sodium channel approximations, and those taking into account sodium channel subtype heterogeneity. Basing on our voltage-clamp data characterizing the dependence of sodium channel activation threshold on history of depolarization, we propose a 3-state Markov model with a closed-to-open state transition threshold dependent on slow inactivation. This model reproduces the all three phenomena. As a reduction of this model, a leaky integrate-and-fire model with a dynamic threshold also shows the effect of gain reduction by shunt. These results argue for the mechanism of gain reduction through threshold dynamics determined by the slow inactivation of sodium channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of synthetic anti-oxidant potassium phenosan (PP, potassium salt of β-(4-hydroxy-3,5-ditretbutil-phenyl)-propionic acid) on the structural state of the surface (8 Å) and deep (20-22 Å) lipid regions of plasma membranes of mice liver cells was studied by spin probes method in vitro in a wide range of concentrations (10-10 M). Two stable free radicals, 5- and 16-doxyl-stearic acids (C and C), were used as spin probes. The nonlinear polymodal dose-effect dependences were obtained for parameters that characterize the microviscosity of the lipid bilayer (τ) in the site of localization of the probe C, and the order parameter (S), which characterizes the stiffness of the surface layers of lipids in the site of localization of the probe C. Statistically a reliable increase was observed for parameter τ after addition of PP at concentrations 10-10 M and 10-10 M, and for parameter S after addition of PP at concentrations 10-10 M and 10-10 M. Peaks on both dose-effect curves were separated by the intervals of concentrations where PP had no effect on the studied physico-chemical characteristics of biomembranes. For PP concentrations which caused maximal changes in τ and S, we investigated thermal dependence of these parameters and determined the thermally induced structural transitions. Comparing with control, ultra-low doses of PP (10-10 M) and (10-10 M) caused an appearance of additional thermally induced structural transition in the surface and deep regions of plasma membrane lipids. The possible role of the interaction of PP molecules with specific binding sites on plasma membranes and formation of nanoparticles of PP in very dilute aqueous solutions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the possible mechanisms of initiation of local phase transitions and formation of nonuniform structure of biological and model lipid membranes is suggested. It is based on anisotropic electrohydrodynamic instability of Kupershtokh and Medvedev in strong electric field relative to density perturbations. This mechanism may clarify initial stages of formation of membrane domains and pores, some aspects of cell signalization and influence of microwave irradiation of nonthermal intensity on living organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hypercolumn of the visual cortex is a functional unit formed of neighboring columns whose neurons respond to a stimulus of particular orientation. The function of the hypercolumn is to amplify the orientation tuning of visually evoked responses. According to the conventional simple model of a hypercolumn, neuronal populations with different orientation preferences are distributed on a ring. Every population is described by a firing rate (FR) model. To determine the limitations of the FR-ring model, it was compared with a more detailed ring model, which takes into account the distribution of neurons of each population according to their voltage values. In the case of leaky integrate-and-fire neurons, every neuronal population is described by the Fokker-Planck equation (FPE). The mapping of parameters was obtained. The simulations revealed differences in the behavior of the two models. The FPE-based model reacts faster to a change in stimulus orientation. The FPE ring model gives a steady-state solution in the form of waves of activity traveling on the ring, whereas the FR ring model presents amplitude instability for the same parameter set. The FPE ring model reproduces the characteristic effects of the FR ring model: virtual rotation and symmetry breaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the natural antioxidant α-tocopherol in a broad concentration range (10-10 M) on the viscosity characteristics and thermally induced structural transitions of a lipid bilayer of plasma membranes of murine hepatocytes in vitro has been studied. Changes in the rigidity of surface (∼8 Å) and microviscosity of the deep-lying regions (∼20 Å) of the lipid bilayer were measured on a Bruker EMX EPR spectrometer (Germany) by the method of spin probes. Stable nitroxyl radicals of 5- and 16-doxylstearic acid, localized at different depth in the membrane served as spin probes. It was shown that the concentration dependence of the effect of α-tocopherol is linear and polymodal with three statistically significant increases in three ranges of its concentration: (1) in the range of traditional physiological concentrations 10-10 M, (2) in the range of superlow doses 10-10 M, and (3) in the range of «imaginary» concentrations 10-10 M. The mechanisms of action of α-tocopherol in each of the three ranges are discussed. When studying the temperature dependences of viscous characteristics, we discovered a new thermally induced structural transition in the range of «physiological» temperatures 309-313 K for those α-tocopherol concentrations (including superlow ones) to which the maxima on the dose dependence curves at constant temperature of 293 K corresponded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactions of GeBr with N,N-dimethyl-2-trimethylsiloxypropionamide ( 2a), ( S)-2-trime-thylsiloxypropionpyrrolidide (( S)- 2b), and N,N-dimethyl- O-(trimethylsilyl)mandelamide ( 2c) afforded pentacoordinated neutral (O,O)-monochelates, viz., N,N-dimethyl-2-tribromoger-myloxypropionamide ( 3a), ( S)-2-tribromogermyloxypropionpyrrolidide (( S)- 3b), and N,N-dimethyl- O-(tribromogermyl)mandelamide ( 3c), respectively. X-ray diffraction study was performed for tribromides 3a, ( S)- 3b, and 3c, as well as for the N,N-dimethylmandelamide ( 1c) described earlier. According to the X-ray diffraction data, the Ge atom in tribromides 3a, ( S)- 3b, and 3c is pentacoordinated and has trigonal bipyramidal configuration with two halogen atoms and oxygen atom of the ether group in the equatorial positions and the halogen atom and the amide oxygen atom in the axial fragment, the bonds in which are somewhat longer as compared to the analogous bonds in tetracoordinated Ge compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of cholesterol on the formation of a mitochondrial cyclosporin A-insensitive palmitate/Ca2+-activated pore has been studied. Loading of mitochondrial membranes with cholesterol increases the rate of mitochondrial swelling induced by palmitic acid (≥20 µM) and Ca2+ (30 µM). This effect is not related to changes in the functional activity of organelles, since cholesterol does not influence the mitochondrial respiration in different metabolic states. At the same time, palmitate/Ca2+-induced permeabilization of azolectin/cholesterol liposomes is more pronounced than that of azolectin liposomes. In the liposomal membrane, Ca2+ induces phase separation of palmitic acid into distinct membrane domains; the presence of cholesterol in membranes enhances this effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evidence of possible involvement of the mitochondrial cyclosporin A-insensitive palmitate/Ca2+-activated pore in palmitate-induced apoptosis is presented. It has been established that the opening of the palmitate/Ca2+-activated pore results in the high-amplitude swelling of mitochondria and the release of the apoptosis-inducing factor from organelles. These processes are accompanied by a short-term slight decrease of membrane potential, which recovers in 1 min. The possible role of the palmitate/Ca2+-activated pore in the induction of palmitate-induced apoptosis is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in ionic permeability of bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) from dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine at temperature of phase transition in 1 M LiCl solution in the presence of polyethyleneglycols (PEG) of various molecular masses are studied. The transition of ionic membrane channels from conducting to blocked nonconducting state using polymers makes it possible to calibrate lipid pores. It is shown that low-molecular weight glycerol and PEG with molecular weights of 300 and 600 decrease the amplitude of current fluctuations through the membrane, the decrease being proportional to the size of the polymer molecule incorporated. The addition of PEG with molecular masses of 1450, 2000, and 3350 decrease the current fluctuations to the basal noise level. The result is considered as a complete blockade of ion channel conductivity. In the presence of rather large polymers, such as PEG with molecular masses of 6000 and 20000, which are hardly incorporated in the pore, single current fluctuations occur again; however, their amplitudes are somewhat smaller than in the absence of PEG. It is assumed that a complete blockade of the conductivity of lipid ionic channels by PEG with molecular masses of 1450, 2000, and 3350 is due to dehydration of the pore gap and the conversion of the hydrophilic pore to a hydrophobic one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conductive lipid pores occurring in planar bilayer membranes are known to manifest themselves experimentally as current fluctuations. Reliable recording of such fluctuations during phase transitions, as well as in membranes with various additives (for example, SDS), allows one to determine the characteristics of hypothetical hydrophilic pores, namely, their number, sizes, lifetimes, and duration of time intervals between pores. Because, in contrast with electroporation, the emergence of pores in a membrane does not require high voltages, this process is called soft poration. Studying the characteristics of pores under soft poration allows us to estimate the parameters of the Smoluchowski equation and compare them with the corresponding parameters used to describe electroporation. In this work, the experimental characteristics of current fluctuations in the membrane with the addition of SDS to the bulk solution were used to estimate the parameters of the Smoluchowski equation: the pore edge tension, the energy of the hydrophobic pore/hydrophilic pore barrier, the coefficient of pore diffusion in the radius space, the initial distribution density of the number of pores, and the attempt rate density of the lipids in a membrane. The obtained estimates are close to the parameter values used in studies of electroporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]