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Follicular T helper (Tfh) cells are key regulators of the germinal center reaction and long-term humoral immunity. Tfh cell differentiation requires the sustained expression of the transcriptional repressor Bcl6; however, its regulation in CD4+ T cells is incompletely understood. Here, we report that the transcriptional coactivator Bob1, encoded by the Pou2af1 gene, promotes Bcl6 expression and Tfh cell development. We found that Bob1 together with the octamer transcription factors Oct1/Oct2 can directly bind to and transactivate the Bcl6 and Btla promoters. Mixed bone marrow chimeras revealed that Bob1 is required for the expression of normal levels of Bcl6 and BTLA, thereby controlling the pool size and composition of the Tfh compartment in a T cell-intrinsic manner. Our data indicate that T cell-expressed Bob1 is directly involved in Tfh cell differentiation and required for mounting normal T cell-dependent B-cell responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interleukin 17‐producing helper T (Th17) cells have been widely defined by the lineage transcription factor retinoid‐related orphan receptor (ROR)γt. Pathophysiologically, these cells play a crucial role in autoimmune diseases and have been linked to dysregulated germinal center (GC) reactions and autoantibody production. In this study, we used gene expression and flow cytometric analyses for the characterization of Rorγt–/– and Rorγt–/–Il21RFP/+ mice to demonstrate a previously unknown transcriptional flexibility in the development of IL‐17‐producing Th‐cell subsets. We found an accumulation of follicular Th (Tfh) cells by 5.2‐fold, spontaneous 13‐fold higher GC formation, decreased frequency of follicular Foxp3+ T‐regulatory (Treg) cells (50%), and a 3.4‐fold increase in the number of proliferating follicular B cells in RORγt‐deficient vs. wild‐type mice. Dysregulated B‐cell responses were associated with enhanced production of IL‐17 (6.4‐fold), IL‐21 (2.2‐fold), and B‐cell‐activating factor (BAFF) (2‐fold) and were partially rescued by adoptive transfer of Treg cells. In an unexpected finding, we detected RORγt‐independent IL‐17 expression in ICOS+CXCR5+Tfh and in ICOS+CXCR5–Th cells. Based on the observed high Irf4 and Batf gene expression, we suggest that CD4+ T‐cell transcription factors other than RORγt can cooperatively induce differentiation of IL‐17‐producing Th cells, including Th17‐like Tfh‐cell subsets. We conclude that the occurrence of aberrant Tfh and follicular Treg cells support spontaneous GC formation and dysregulated B‐cell responses in RORγt‐deficient mice.—Wichner, K., Stauss, D., Kampfrath, B., Krüger, K., Müller, G., Rehm, A., Lipp, M., Höpken, U. E. Dysregulated development of IL‐17‐ and IL‐21‐expressing follicular helper T cells and increased germinal center formation in the absence of RORγt. FASEB J. 30, 761–774 (2016). www.fasebj.org [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]