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Rationale: Acute alcohol consumption adversely affects many cognitive abilities, including episodic memory and executive functioning. However, no study to date has tested whether these acute effects of alcohol also extend to episodic future thinking (EFT). This is a surprising omission given that EFT refers to the ability to imagine oneself experiencing the future, a highly adaptive ability that has been implicated in many important functional behaviours. EFT is also thought to impose demands on episodic memory and executive control., Objectives: The current study was designed to provide the first test of whether a moderate dose of alcohol influences EFT and whether any observed EFT difficulties are secondary to broader problems in episodic memory and executive functioning. Sex differences in EFT following acute alcohol consumption were also examined., Methods: One hundred and twenty-four healthy adult social drinkers were recruited and randomly assigned to either the alcohol (n = 61) or placebo (n = 63) condition. Participants were administered a dose of 0.6 g/kg alcohol or a matched placebo drink., Results: Relative to the placebo condition, EFT was impaired by acute alcohol consumption. This impairment was underpinned by broader difficulties with episodic memory, but not executive functioning. There were no sex differences in EFT performance following acute alcohol use., Conclusion: These data provide novel insights into the effects of acute alcohol consumption on EFT and the broader cognitive mechanisms that contribute to these difficulties. The results are discussed in relation to their implications for understanding many of the maladaptive behaviours commonly associated with acute alcohol use., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: Prospective memory is a critical neurocognitive capacity that refers to the ability to execute delayed intentions. To date, few studies have investigated the effects of acute alcohol consumption on prospective memory, and important questions remain about the mechanisms that might underpin acute alcohol-induced prospective memory impairment., Aims: The current study sought to clarify the nature and magnitude of prospective memory difficulties following acute alcohol consumption and to test the degree to which any problems with prospective remembering might be a secondary consequence of broader cognitive impairment. This study also investigated whether there were potential sex differences., Methods: In all, 124 healthy adult social drinkers were assigned to either the alcohol ( n = 61) or placebo ( n = 63) condition. Participants were administered a dose of 0.6 g/kg alcohol or a matched placebo drink and then asked to complete a measure of prospective memory. A broader neurocognitive test battery was also administered., Results: Relative to the placebo condition, acute alcohol intoxication led to significant impairment on all prospective memory tasks, with effects mostly large in magnitude. These difficulties could not be explained by broader problems in retrospective memory, executive function or episodic future thinking. In addition, females recorded a higher blood alcohol concentration than males; however, no sex differences in prospective memory performance were identified following acute alcohol use., Conclusion: The results show that acutely, even a moderate dose of alcohol substantially impairs prospective memory function. These findings have potentially important implications for understanding many of the maladaptive behaviours associated with acute alcohol consumption.

Aim: The prevalence of food allergy in Australia has increased, paralleled by an increase in waiting time to access tertiary paediatric allergy care. We aimed to test whether a new model of care, based on serum specific IgE testing, was feasible and acceptable to Australian families., Methods: A prospective pilot intervention study was conducted in community paediatric practices within 20-40 km of The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne. Children ≤7 years with likely food allergy referred to the Department of Allergy and Immunology at RCH were included; children with anaphylaxis, drug allergy or complex food allergy (>three food groups) were excluded. Community general paediatricians, recruited through the Australian Paediatric Research Network, were trained via webinars on the management of four common food allergy-related scenarios. Paediatrician and child and family parameters were assessed at baseline and 3 months, including safety., Results: 34/45 (76%) eligible families and 10/12 (83%) paediatricians participated. Paediatricians managed 27/34 (80%) of children independently, with 7/34 (20%) requiring referral to an allergist for more complex food allergy. Paediatricians reported improved knowledge and competency in managing food allergy: (mean (standard deviation) scores pre = 35 (5.3) and post = 43.3 (3.9) training). The majority of children received appropriate management; there were no anaphylaxis episodes. There was no significant change in child quality of life or parent mental health., Conclusions: Management of simple food allergy by community paediatricians appears feasible and acceptable to paediatricians and families alike. Future research will evaluate this approach in an adequately powered and controlled trial., (© 2015 The Authors. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health © 2015 Paediatrics and Child Health Division (Royal Australasian College of Physicians).)

Recent clinical success with metal-based radiopharmaceuticals has sparked an interest in the potential of these drugs for personalized medicine. Although often overlooked, the success and global impact of nuclear medicine is contingent upon the purity and availability of medical isotopes, commonly referred to as radiometals. For nuclear medicine to reach its true potential and change patient lives, novel production and purification techniques that increase inventory of radiometals are desperately needed. This tutorial review serves as a resource for those both new and experienced in nuclear medicine by providing a detailed explanation of the foundations for the production and purification of radiometals, stemming from nuclear physics, analytical chemistry, and so many other fields, all in one document. The fundamental science behind targetry, particle accelerators, nuclear reactors, nuclear reactions, and radiochemical separation are presented in the context of the field. Finally, a summary of the latest breakthroughs and a critical discussion of the threats and future potential of the most utilized radiometals is also included. With greater understanding of the fundamentals, fellow scientists will be able to better interpret the literature, identify knowledge gaps or problems and ultimately invent new production and purification pathways to increase the global availability of medical isotopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether business growth intention (BGI) and entrepreneurial motivations enhance the explanatory power of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to predict environmental intention (EI) among nascent entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach: In the context of nascent entrepreneurship, the authors collected data from 193 nascent entrepreneurs in France. To test the hypotheses, stepwise multiple regression was performed. Findings: The results show that BGI has a positive influence on EI. This indicates that it is possible for French nascent entrepreneurs to plan the simultaneous pursuit of business growth and environmental goals. However, entrepreneurial motivations have a mixed effect on EI. If necessity motivations negatively influence EI, opportunity motivations have no significant effect on the latter. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this research is among the first to extend the TBP model with additional factors, namely, BGI and necessity/opportunity motivations, to study EI. Moreover, the extended TBP model is validated in the under-research context of nascent entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research investigates the barriers hindering women from pursuing entrepreneurship as a career choice, particularly in the Indian context. Design/methodology/approach: The study employs rigorous data analysis techniques, including Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Multiple Regression Analysis, on a sample of 590 MBA students, comprising both male and female participants. Findings: The findings reveal that social and psychological factors significantly influence women's decisions regarding entrepreneurship. Social factors such as social stigma and cultural norms, along with psychological factors like societal expectations, emerge as major barriers. Research limitations/implications: The findings have implications for policymakers, practitioners, and academics in designing interventions to address social and psychological barriers effectively. Recommendations include promoting cultural sensitivity and fostering confidence among women entrepreneurs. Originality/value: This study contributes to the existing literature by quantifying the specific barriers faced by women entrepreneurs in India. It offers insights into advancing gender equity and inclusive economic development through targeted policies and programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper integrates the action phase theory (APT) and the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to analyse the dynamic mechanisms involved in the configuration of goals and implementation intentions throughout the entrepreneurship process. Design/methodology/approach: The empirical analysis compares individuals in different phases of this process (not yet decided, potential and nascent entrepreneurs). A large sample of adults from Spain is analysed. Structural equation models and multi-group analysis (MGA) serve to test the hypotheses. Findings: The results confirm that perceived behavioural control (PBC) is the most influential antecedent of entrepreneurial goal intention (EGI) in pre-actional phases (undecided and potential entrepreneurs), whilst attitude towards entrepreneurship (ATE) takes this role during nascency. Subjective norms (SNs) are more important in Phase 1 (establishing the goal) and in Phase 3 (performing nascent behaviour). Originality/value: This study contributes to both the TPB and the APT. It provides the most relevant insight into the mental process that leads to starting up and helps explain certain previous conflicting results found in the literature. Additionally, it has important implications not only for theory building but also for support bodies and for entrepreneurship educators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With much of the literature declaring little role for financial systems in boosting a nation's share of innovative entrepreneurs, this study argues that financial systems play an important role when other parts of the national business systems —skills and government— are weak. This argument is supported by an analysis of a panel data set comprising 283 country-year data over five years. Overall, this research contributes to a stream of research about the context for entrepreneurial aspirations or entrepreneurship quality. The study empirically confirms an idea seldom tested: the interplay required between systems components, such as institutions, to increase national innovative capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper explores the scope and impact of gender in the process of starting new businesses, with a particular focus on understanding how participation, motivations and outcomes differ between men and women entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach: This paper utilizes data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and the Panel Studies of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED). The GEM data provide a global overview, drawing from representative national samples across over 100 countries to assess the extent of business creation activity and gender participation globally. The longitudinal PSED data set provides information on the business creation process and outcomes. Findings: Over the last 20 years, the presence of women in the early stages of starting a business in the United States of America has seen a notable increase, doubling their representation among entrepreneurs and nearing parity with men, who also saw growth but at a slower rate. This shift marks a significant move towards greater gender balance in the entrepreneurial landscape. Originality/value: The originality of this paper lies in its comprehensive analysis of the evolving landscape of gender dynamics within entrepreneurship over two decades, particularly highlighting the significant increase in women's participation in business creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To date, few studies have incorporated female entrepreneurship into the context of a country that relies heavily on natural resources and still has a wide gender gap due to historically established cultural norms. This study aims to investigate the impact of entrepreneurial ecosystem factors on women's ability and desire to become entrepreneurs in Saudi Arabia. Design/methodology/approach: The study applied a quantitative method using secondary data from the Adult Population Survey conducted by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and built upon the recently proposed "Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Approach," which has three levels: institutional, organisational and individual. Findings: The findings demonstrate the significant roles that different entrepreneurial ecosystem dimensions can play in determining female entrepreneurial activity. Relationships were found among the variables of the three dimensions, indicating that broader institutional conditions can impact women becoming entrepreneurs. Research limitations/implications: A multi-year analysis could not be performed because the country data from one year limited the research to conditions in that time frame. Originality/value: The findings advance entrepreneurial research by empirically examining the influencers' factors on women becoming entrepreneurs in a fast-growing emerging economy, collectivist society and non-European and non-North American institutional environment. The research tested a framework that gives more insight into the diverse factors affecting women in entrepreneurship at different levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines re-entry entrepreneurs' response to exogenous shakeouts (economic crises). Concretely, we analyse how prior business failure experience contributes to the creation of an entrepreneurial resilience identity, through entrepreneurial persistence, during/after the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). Using data from 24 European countries from 2007 to 2014, our analysis shows that, while experiencing business failure can be challenging both personally and professionally, it also provides a tailored form of learning applicable in these challenging times. If entrepreneurs are confident and persistent, they may take advantage of failure experience, thus leading to entrepreneurial resilience, especially if they are re-entering via high-tech sectors. Our results contribute to the entrepreneurship literature by exposing the factors that increase entrepreneurial resilience and support entrepreneurial persistence. These insights may lead to the development of a resilient economy capable of overcoming the pandemic's recessionary impact. Several implications for policymakers and entrepreneurs emerged from this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naturally existing glycoproteins through post-translational protein glycosylation are highly heterogeneous, which not only impedes the structure-function studies, but also hinders the development of their potential medical usage. Chemical synthesis represents one of the most powerful tools to provide the structurally well-defined glycoforms. Being the key step of glycoprotein synthesis, glycosylation usually takes place at serine, threonine, and asparagine residues, leading to the predominant formation of the O- and N-glycans, respectively. However, other amino acid residues containing oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and nucleophilic carbon atoms have also been found to be glycosylated. These diverse glycoprotein linkages, occurring from microorganisms to plants and animals, play also pivotal biological roles, such as in cell-cell recognition and communication. The availability of these homogenous rare glycopeptides and glycoproteins can help decipher the glyco-code for developing therapeutic agents. This review highlights the chemical approaches for assembly of the functional glycopeptides and glycoproteins bearing these "rare" carbohydrate-amino acid linkages between saccharide and canonical amino acid residues and their derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Based on social cognitive theory, this study aims to analyze the impact of fear of failure on entrepreneurs' growth aspirations, the moderating role of collectivist institutional culture and the differences between emerging and developed countries. Design/methodology/approach: Using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness databases for 27 developed and 15 emerging countries, and Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness, the authors apply multilevel model with individual-level and country-level variables. Findings: The fear of failure has a negative impact on growth aspirations and that impact differs between developed and emerging countries. One of the main conclusions is that collectivist culture mitigates the negative impact of fear of failure on growth aspirations, and that this result is significant only in emerging countries. Originality/value: The authors introduce a boundary condition for this study's predictions, showing that in emerging countries, contrary to developed countries, the moderator effect of cultural context contributes to growth aspirations, despite the entrepreneur's fear of failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes circular entrepreneurship trends across global regions using the 2014–2018 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor dataset. Content analysis of business descriptors from 79,663 unique entrepreneurs was used to position each startup within the 9R's framework. The results show that startups are mainly associated with "repurpose" and "recover", which are less desirable for circularity. We further define circular entrepreneurs as those with the top 10% highest weighted score in circular strategies according to the type of business they run. The BERTopic approach is applied to identify specific business topics for these entrepreneurs. Similarities (North America and Latin America & the Caribbean) and differences (Europe) in popular topics are found across regions. Lastly, regression analysis reveals that entrepreneurial perception and the presence of role models are key factors driving circular entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research note critically extends Audretsch and Moog's work on the relationship between democracy and entrepreneurship. While Audretsch and Moog present a positive relationship between democracy and entrepreneurship, we find that key measures of entrepreneurship are frequently negatively, not positively, associated with democracy and its various determinants. However, we do find some evidence to support Audretsch and Moog's theorizing that democracy is learned in start-ups and small businesses by showing that entrepreneurs in advanced economies are more democratic in their attitudes or behaviors than their employee counterparts. But the evidence on whether the transition from regular employment to entrepreneurship increases political engagement and democratic orientation remains inconclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the eclectic theory of entrepreneurship (ETE), this study seeks to understand the general environmental factors that impact opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship. The ETE identifies four key categories of factors that contribute to national entrepreneurship rates: economic opportunities, resources and capacities, governance quality, and culture. To analyse these factors, we performed a PLS-SEM analysis on data from 30 developing countries taken from the period 2005 to 2018. Through such analysis our findings provide insight into how factors are linked to different categories of behaviors that arise from such factors' categorization. More precisely, our findings reveal that economic opportunities (economic development, ICT use, economic integration, and financial development), resources and abilities (income level, education, and unemployment), and governance quality (business regulations and general governance) are important factors influencing opportunity entrepreneurship and dissuading necessity entrepreneurship. Conversely, cultural factors (uncertainty avoidance and individualism/collectivism) increase necessity entrepreneurship and restrain opportunity entrepreneurship. Particularly, governance quality not only acts as an opportunity catalyst but also an economic opportunity mediator, which is an inhibitor for opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship. Moreover, an indirect impact on opportunity (necessity) entrepreneurship is through the resources and abilities offered due to the economic opportunities. Our study provides implications for management practices and public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PARP inhibitors (PARPi) hold substantial promise in treating glioblastoma (GBM). However, the adverse effects have restricted their broad application. Through unbiased transcriptomic and proteomic sequencing, it is discovered that the BET inhibitor (BETi) Birabresib profoundly alters the processes of DNA replication and cell cycle progression in GBM cells, beyond the previously reported impact of BET inhibition on homologous recombination repair. Through in vitro experiments using established GBM cell lines and patient‐derived primary GBM cells, as well as in vivo orthotopic transplantation tumor experiments in zebrafish and nude mice, it is demonstrated that the concurrent administration of PARPi and BETi can synergistically inhibit GBM. Intriguingly, it is observed that DNA damage lingers after discontinuation of PARPi monotherapy, implying that sequential administration of PARPi followed by BETi can maintain antitumor efficacy while reducing toxicity. In GBM cells with elevated baseline replication stress, the sequential regimen exhibits comparable efficacy to concurrent treatment, protecting normal glial cells with lower baseline replication stress from DNA toxicity and subsequent death. This study provides compelling preclinical evidence supporting the development of innovative drug administration strategies focusing on PARPi for GBM therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze trends in income and consumption inequality for paid and self-employed households and examine to what extent changes in aggregate consumption and income inequality can be explained by changes in their permanent and transitory components over time using data from the Italian Survey of Household Wealth (SHIW) covering the period 1989-2016. The results obtained from the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) analysis reveal differences in consumption and income inequality, as well as their permanent and transitory components, between self-employed and payroll households. In particular, self-employed households experience higher levels of both income and consumption inequality, the increase in total income and consumption inequality is mainly driven by an increase in its transitory component. Furthermore, findings from other descriptive measures of inequality, such as the Gini coefficient, the variance of the log, 90th/10th, and 50th/10th percentile ratios, support the notion that income inequality is higher than consumption inequality across all groups, with self-employed households exhibiting a more pronounced difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: How does the interplay between entrepreneurship policies and both formal and informal gender equality affect women's inclination towards self-employment in contrast to men? Design/methodology/approach: This study introduces and validates a comprehensive multi-level model underpinned by symbolic interactionism, institutional theory, and the nuances of gendered institutions. Employing innovative analytical techniques and leveraging data from 66 countries, we scrutinize how formal and informal gendered institutional arrangements either inhibit or facilitate an environment favorable to women's entrepreneurial activities. Findings: Significantly, our research delves into the nuanced effects of specific entrepreneurship policies across diverse nations. While these policies can bridge the gendered resource gap, a profound understanding of broader gender dynamics is crucial for fostering an inclusive entrepreneurial landscape. Originality/value: Our insights advocate for a more integrated approach to bolster women's participation in entrepreneurship, thus furthering their socio-economic progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study explores the relationship between economic freedom and gender ideologies on the allocation of women's opportunity-to-necessity entrepreneurship across countries. Opportunity entrepreneurship is typically understood as one's best option for work, whereas necessity entrepreneurship describes the choice as driven by no better option for work. Specifically, we examine how economic freedom (i.e. each country's policies that facilitate voluntary exchange) and gender ideologies (i.e. each country's propensity for gendered separate spheres) affect the distribution of women's opportunity-to-necessity entrepreneurship across countries. Design/methodology/approach: We construct our sample by matching data from the following country-level sources: the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor's Adult Population Survey (APS), the Fraser Institute's Economic Freedom Index (EFI), the European/World Value Survey's Integrated Values Survey (IVS) gender equality index, and other covariates from the IVS, Varieties of Democracy (V-dem) World Bank (WB) databases. Our final sample consists of 729 observations from 109 countries between 2006 and 2018. Entrepreneurial activity motivations are measured by the ratio of the percentage of women's opportunity-driven total nascent and early-stage entrepreneurship to the percentage of female necessity-driven total nascent and early-stage entrepreneurship at the country level. Due to a first-order autoregressive process and heteroskedastic cross-sectional dependence in our panel, we estimate a fixed-effect regression with robust standard errors clustered by country. Findings: After controlling for multiple macro-level factors, we find two interesting findings. First, economic freedom positively affects the ratio of women's opportunity-to-necessity entrepreneurship. We find that the size of government, sound money, and business and credit regulations play the most important role in shaping the distribution of contextual motivations over time and between countries. However, this effect appears to benefit efficiency and innovation economies more than factor economies in our sub-sample analysis. Second, gender ideologies of political equality positively affect the ratio of women's opportunity-to-necessity entrepreneurship, and this effect is most pronounced for efficiency economies. Originality/value: This study offers one critical contribution to the entrepreneurship literature by demonstrating how economic freedom and gender ideologies shape the distribution of contextual motivation for women's entrepreneurship cross-culturally. We answer calls to better understand the variation within women's entrepreneurship instead of comparing women's and men's entrepreneurial activity. As a result, our study sheds light on how structural aspects of societies shape the allocation of women's entrepreneurial motivations through their institutional arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to examine how the effect of gender on entrepreneurial growth aspirations is moderated differently by individual resources (human and financial capital) compared to those within the social environment (availability of entrepreneurial knowledge and role models). Design/methodology/approach: A multilevel estimator is used to investigate the determinants of growth aspirations of owners-managers of nascent start-ups. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor database is employed, covering the period 2007–2019, with 99,000 useable cases drawn from 95 countries. Findings: The results suggest that individual financial resources and human capital have positive effects on entrepreneurial growth aspirations; yet these effects are weaker for female entrepreneurs relative to males. In contrast, the impact of the availability of entrepreneurial social knowledge and role models on their growth aspirations is more positive than for male entrepreneurs. Originality/value: This study offers a novel insight into entrepreneurial growth ambition, as it utilises a global perspective to scrutinise whether individual and social resources contribute differently to male versus female growth-aspirations, employing a multilevel approach. It also integrates insights from the resource-based view and from the relevant business literature on entrepreneurs' gender to develop theoretical explanations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the relationship between the theory of planned behavior and entrepreneurial intention among Chinese college students. The data were collected from 1663 college students in seven regions of China through the questionnaire. The results showed that the theory of planned behavior, including personal attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control had a significant positive impact on entrepreneurial intention of Chinese college students. This study, therefore, shows that entrepreneurial practice and quality of college students can be strengthened by the main factors of the planned behavior theory. This study enriches the research on the theory of planned behavior and entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shares new insights on the dynamics of entrepreneurship in the artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) sector, focusing on the case of sub-Saharan Africa. Despite being the region's most important rural nonfarm activity, and generating finance that sustains a sizable portion of its subsistence/smallholder agricultural economy, ASM has barely featured in the business and management literature. It has rather been scholars from other disciplines who have shared opinions on the individuals who pursue work in this sector and why. They are in broad agreement that in sub-Saharan Africa, ASM sites attract, at the one extreme, people who are desperate for income (the "poverty-driven" category) and, at the other extreme, individuals motivated by the possibility of becoming wealthy (the "get-rich-quick" category). These two narratives map, virtually wholesale, on to the necessity-based-opportunity-based typology of entrepreneurship that business and management scholars have interrogated for decades. This paper fuses these narratives with the typology, with the goal of showcasing ASM within an evolving body of literature on entrepreneurship in sub-Saharan Africa. It then draws on a case study of Kéniéba District (Mali), the location of one of the region's more dynamic gold-panning industries, to articulate more clearly the sector's different entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life satisfaction, a key indicator of well-being, is an important outcome of engagement in entrepreneurship. Drawing on uncertainty management theory, we develop a model in which property rights and government activity serve to modify the relationship between self-employment and life satisfaction across countries. Our multi-level study of 23,354 respondents in 26 countries and one region demonstrates that secure property rights positively moderate this relationship and government activity negatively moderates this relationship. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. Plain English Summary: Start your business and be happy. Our study shows that life satisfaction of entrepreneurs differs by country. Environments that protect assets and engage in less government spending tend to have self-employed individuals with higher life satisfaction. While research has often focused on the economic performance of entrepreneurs and their businesses, other non-financial factors, such as indicators of well-being, have more recently been emphasized. Based on 23,354 survey responses, we investigate differences in the relationship between life satisfaction and self-employment across 26 countries and one region. We found that in countries that have stronger asset protection and less government spending, the relationship between self-employment and life satisfaction is strengthened, which suggests that country-level influences (institutions) have profound effects on micro-level (well-being) outcomes. Thus, governments can influence the life satisfaction of individuals. Because a decline in entrepreneurial life satisfaction may dim a country's future growth, governments should be very cognizant of actions that affect their entrepreneurial community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to analyze individual and national level factors that influence opportunity-driven senior entrepreneurship (people older than 65 years) in a group of 12 OECD countries. At this age most people in developed economies could choose between retiring, continuing working, or starting a new venture. It is important to understand the motivations behind their decision. We use data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), to identify the effect of attitudes, perceptions, and aspirations as well as their sociodemographic characteristics. The sample consists of 24,139 observations from individuals older than 65 years. Additionally, we used the Human Development Index (HDI) – from the United Nations database–, to measure the country's level of development. Because of the nested nature of the data, we estimate our models using a multilevel logistic regression. Our results show that income, education, and occupation, in conjunction with the level of human development of a country have a significant influence on the probability of entrepreneurship by opportunity for senior individuals (+ 65). This research has policy and practical implications related to the decision of senior people to explore the creation of a new venture instead of opting for other alternatives such as retiring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the prosocial motivation of entrepreneurs and its influence on the creation of a new firm, which is a novel approach with respect to other intrinsic and extrinsic motivations present in the entrepreneurial process that have been extensively studied by the academia. Using data from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED-Spain), we categoryze the different types of activities that entrepreneurs carry out before registering the firm. We find out that prosocial motivation not only has a direct positive influence on the probability of creating a new firm, but also positively moderates the relationship between undertaken investment activities and the probability of registering the firm. On the contrary, prosocial motivation does not seem to interact with market and resource mobilisation activities, which are inversely related to firm registration. Within the framework of Self-Determination Theory, this paper extends the limited previous research on the role of prosocial motivation in the entrepreneurial process and opens up new lines of future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether and how heterogeneity within necessity- and opportunity-based entrepreneur groups affects business performance using a survey of 21,532 new firms in Japan. The major findings are as follows. First, business performance is not homogeneous among either necessity- or opportunity-based entrepreneurs. Second, the existing theory that necessity-based entrepreneurs tend to show poorer performance than opportunity-based entrepreneurs does not necessarily hold when considering heterogeneity within the groups. Specifically, among some types of necessity- and opportunity-based entrepreneurs, necessity-based entrepreneurs can even exhibit better performance than opportunity-based entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to estimate the impact of refugee inflows on host countries' entrepreneurial rates. The refugee crisis led to an increased scientific and public policy interest in the impact of refugee inflows on host countries. One important perspective of such an impact, which is still underexplored, is the impact of refugee inflows on host countries entrepreneurial rates. Given the high number of refugees that flow to some countries, it would be valuable to assess the extent to which such countries are likely to reap the benefits from increasing refugee inflows in terms of (native and non-native) entrepreneurial talent enhancement. Design/methodology/approach: Resorting to dynamic (two-step system generalized method of moments) panel data estimations, based on 186 countries over the period between 2000 and 2019, this study estimates the impact of refugee inflows on host countries' entrepreneurial rates, measured by the total early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) rate and the self-employment rate. Findings: In general, higher refugee inflows are associated with lower host countries' TEA rates. However, refugee inflows significantly foster self-employment rates of "medium-high" and "high" income host countries and host countries located in Africa. These results suggest that refugee inflows tend to enhance "necessity" related new ventures and/ or new ventures (from native and non-native population) operating in low value-added, low profit sectors. Originality/value: This study constitutes a novel empirical contribution by providing a macroeconomic, quantitative assessment of the impact of refugee from distinct nationalities on a diverse set of host countries' entrepreneurship rates in the past two decades resorting to dynamic panel data models, which enable to address the heterogeneity of the countries and deal with the endogeneity of the variables of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employees' transition from wage employment to entrepreneurship, influenced by cognitive factors, has garnered significant scholarly attention. Despite this focus, the conventional Push and Pull Model, explaining these cognitive factors, has generated inconsistent findings. Our study critically reviews the cognitive factors shaping employees' entrepreneurial transitions. Utilizing the Kaleidoscope Career Model parameters, we categorize these cognitive factors based on an analysis of 78 articles. Our comprehensive analysis identifies 23 distinct cognitive factors related to these transitions, which shed light on the multifaceted nature of employees' decision-making processes. Our review reveals the limitations of the existing Push and Pull Model and advocates for the Kaleidoscope Career Model as an alternative model, which we argue offers a nuanced understanding of entrepreneurial transitions. Our research contributes to existing knowledge and provides a foundation for future studies, guiding scholars toward a more comprehensive exploration of employees' transitions into entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Management Research: The Journal of the IberoAmerican Academy of Management is the property of Emerald Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Entrepreneurial activity is a phenomenon that increases the economic growth of countries and improves their social welfare. The economic development levels of countries have significant effects on these entrepreneurial activities. This research examines which institutional and macroeconomic variables explain early-stage entrepreneurship activities in developed and developing economies. Design/methodology/approach: The authors conducted panel data analysis on the data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) surveys covering the years 2009–2018. Findings: First, the authors' results reveal that cognitive, normative and regulatory institutions and macroeconomic factors affect early-stage entrepreneurial activity in developed and developing countries differently. Second, the authors' findings indicate that cognitive, normative and regulatory institutions affect early-stage entrepreneurship more positively in developed than developing countries. Finally, the authors' results report that macroeconomic factors are more effective in early-stage entrepreneurial activity in developing countries than in developed countries. Originality/value: This study provides a better understanding of the components that help explain the differences in entrepreneurship between developed and developing countries regarding institutions and macroeconomic factors. In this way, it contributes to developing entrepreneurship literature with the theoretical achievements of combining institutional theory and macroeconomic indicators with entrepreneurship literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Starting from intention–behaviour models and building upon the growing evidence that aggregated internet search query data represent a good proxy of human interests and intentions. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that the internet search traffic information related to the selected key terms associated with establishing new businesses, reflects well the dynamics of entrepreneurial activity in a country and can be used for predicting entrepreneurial activity at the national level. Design/methodology/approach: Theoretical framework is based on intention–behaviour models and supported by the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Monthly data on new business registration from 2018 to 2021 is derived from the open database of the Russian Federal Tax Service. Terms of internet search interest are identified through interviews with the recent founders of new businesses, whereas the internet search query statistics on the identified terms are obtained from Google Trends and Yandex Wordstat. Findings: The results suggest that aggregated data about web searches related to opening a new business in a country is positively correlated with the dynamics of entrepreneurial activity in the country and, as such, may be useful for predicting the level of that activity. Practical implications: The results may serve as a starting point for a new approach to measure, monitor and predict entrepreneurial activities in a country and can help in better addressing policymaking issues related to entrepreneurship. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is original in its approach and results. Building on intention–behaviour models, this study outlines, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the first usage of big data for analysing the intention–behaviour relationship in entrepreneurship. This study also contributes to the ongoing debate about the value of big data for entrepreneurship research by proposing and demonstrating the credibility of internet search query data as a novel source of quality data in analysing and predicting a country's entrepreneurial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge, general and specific, plays a role in entrepreneurship. Little is known about the role of general knowledge in entrepreneurial intentions. This study fills the gap by proposing financial knowledge as general knowledge and entrepreneurial education as specific knowledge, and investigates their effects on entrepreneurial intentions and the three motivational factors including attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. Using survey data of 480 undergraduates and the structural equation modeling approach, we find a significant impact of financial knowledge on entrepreneurial intentions and all three motivational factors. Entrepreneurial education does not have a significant direct impact but has an indirect effect on entrepreneurial intentions through attitude and perceived behavioral control. These results are important to educators and policymakers to design appropriate policies to improve financial knowledge due to its significant role in entrepreneurial decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the evolution, roots and influence of the rural entrepreneurship literature. Design/methodology/approach: Using a bibliometric exercise, the analysis starts with investigation of studies on entrepreneurship and gathering all (772) articles on rural entrepreneurship (from 1981 to 2020) found in both Scopus and Web of Science up to 15 August 2020. Citation analysis of the references/citations of 755 articles are listed in the abstract database, generating a citation database involving 46,432 references/citations. This paper considers 635 (out of the 772) articles on rural entrepreneurship (i.e. articles cited in one or more studies), generating a database of 10,767 studies influenced by the rural entrepreneurship literature. Findings: This study discovers that the relative importance of rural entrepreneurship within the entrepreneurship literature has increased in the last few years, but rural entrepreneurship remains a European concern; the most frequently addressed topics include growth and development, institutional frameworks and governance and rurality, with theory building being rather understudied. Most of the studies on rural entrepreneurship are empirical, involving mainly qualitative analyses and targeting high income countries; rural entrepreneurship is rooted in the fields of economics and entrepreneurship and is relatively self-referential. Originality/value: This study provides a comprehensive and updated investigation of evolution of the rural entrepreneurship literature. The assessment of the literature's scientific roots of rural entrepreneurship had not yet been tackled before. To the best of the author's knowledge this study can be considered as the first effort for identifying the scientific influence of the rural entrepreneurship literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychological Science is the property of Psychological Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: How does the family influence individual entrepreneurial entry? The literature does not provide a satisfactory answer. In this paper, we develop an individual entrepreneurial capital perspective to systematically evaluate the impact of current households on entrepreneurship at both theoretical and empirical levels. Design/methodology/approach: Based on the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) database from 2010 to 2018, we used logit regression models to examine the relationship between household size and opportunity- and necessity-motivated entrepreneurship. Findings: The empirical results show that with the expansion of household size, the possibility of opportunity-motivated entrepreneurship shows a trend that first declines and then rises, and the possibility of necessity-motivated entrepreneurship shows an upward trend, suggesting that there are two types of opposing mechanisms that affect the relationship between household and entrepreneurial entry. Practical implications: Family households are the starting point of individual growth and provide initial cognitive and social resources for decision-making. For entrepreneurs, it is necessary to make full use of household-based capital and networks to promote entrepreneurial activities. For the government, it is necessary to explore the development and implementation of household-based entrepreneurial policies. Originality/value: Through analyses of the U-shaped relationship between household size and opportunity-motivated entrepreneurship and the positive relationship with necessity-motivated entrepreneurship, we reveal the relationship between household and entrepreneurship, reconcile the contradictions in the literature and contribute to the two fields of family studies and entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) have demonstrated remarkable clinical efficacy in treating ovarian cancer (OV) with BRCA1/2 mutations. However, drug resistance inevitably limits their clinical applications and there is an urgent need for improved therapeutic strategies to enhance the clinical utility of PARPi, such as Olaparib. Here, compelling evidence indicates that sensitivity of PARPi is associated with cell cycle dysfunction. Through high-throughput drug screening with a cell cycle kinase inhibitor library, XL413, a potent cell division cycle 7 (CDC7) inhibitor, is identified which can synergistically enhance the anti-tumor efficacy of Olaparib. Mechanistically, the combined administration of XL413 and Olaparib demonstrates considerable DNA damage and DNA replication stress, leading to increased sensitivity to Olaparib. Additionally, a robust type-I interferon response is triggered through the induction of the cGAS/STING signaling pathway. Using murine syngeneic tumor models, the combination treatment further demonstrates enhanced antitumor immunity, resulting in tumor regression. Collectively, this study presents an effective treatment strategy for patients with advanced OV by combining CDC7 inhibitors (CDC7i) and PARPi, offering a promising therapeutic approach for patients with limited response to PARPi., (© 2024 The Author(s). Advanced Science published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

This research examines the extent to which labor regulatory context matters for entrepreneurial activity under a gender perspective, using institutional economics and feminist theories as the analytical framework. We conduct a panel data analysis for 86 countries during the period 2004–2018 by differentiating between high-income and developing economies. Our findings highlight that while the links between labor regulation and entrepreneurial activity seem negligible in high-income economies, in developing economies labor flexibility is closely associated with female entrepreneurship. However, unlike the market-oriented view on the positive association between labor market flexibility and entrepreneurship, our results point out that in these economies more flexible labor regulation is related to lower early-stage female entrepreneurial activity, even though this relationship tends to vanish as the level of economic development of the country increases. This study contributes theoretically, helping to advance the analysis of gender differences in entrepreneurial activity from an institutional approach, and practically, providing evidence to policy makers on possible gender differences in the application of country-level labor market regulation in terms of entrepreneurial activity. Plain English Summary: Our analysis reveals that the application of labor regulation, apparently formulated in a gender-neutral manner, might lead to gender differences in entrepreneurial activity, especially in developing countries. We find that the link between labor market regulation and entrepreneurship tend to weaken for men and women as the country's level of economic development increases, becoming negligible in high-income countries. However, in developing countries more flexible labor regulation is closely related to lower female early-stage entrepreneurial activity. This is because women's greater opportunity costs and risk aversion, along with gender biases that usually characterize labor markets in numerous developing economies, might prevent them from taking advantage of their capabilities and opportunities for new ventures. Consequently, improving labor regulation in these countries in aspects such as minimum wages, laws inhibiting layoffs, severity requirements, and restraints on hiring and hours worked might be particularly advisable in terms of female entrepreneurship, rather than the traditional prescription of increasing labor flexibility suggested by the liberal paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study's objective is to analyze the entrepreneurial intentions of social workers and their impact on the SDGs. Furthermore, it seeks to explore social workers' perceptions and attitudes towards entrepreneurship. Thus, this research aims to answer the following research questions: How do entrepreneurial intentions among social workers influence their contribution to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and what are the implications of these intentions for social work practices and policies within the framework of sustainable development? Based on a quantitative approach, this study leverages microdata from the 2018 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) survey. The dataset includes responses from 4545 social workers across 30 high-income countries. The study employs logistic regression analysis as the primary statistical method to delve into the determinants of entrepreneurial intentions among social workers within this diverse international sample. Key findings indicate that the aspiration to establish a future business is a significant factor, underscoring the importance of entrepreneurial intention in this context. Additionally, social workers in the private sector exhibit a greater predisposition to entrepreneurship compared to their public sector counterparts. The study's implications for the SDGs are substantial, as promoting entrepreneurship among social workers can contribute to economic growth, poverty reduction, and reduced inequalities (SDGs 1, 8, and 10). It also emphasizes the importance of access to entrepreneurial education, sustainable job creation (SDG 4 and 8), and the development of partnerships among academic institutions, social assistance organizations, and entrepreneurial entities (SDG 17). Furthermore, the research highlights the significance of gender equality and access to entrepreneurial resources (SDGs 5 and 9) in fostering entrepreneurship among social workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Entrepreneurship is an activity of recognised economic and social interest, leading scholars to examine contextual factors that justify variations between economies and governments to configure more favourable conditions to entrepreneurial activity. In this sequence, this study aims to analyse the effect of reforms produced in the business environment on entrepreneurial rates of a set of 18 high-income economies. Design/methodology/approach: A panel data (2010–2019) methodology was adopted using 10 Doing Business indicators from World Bank and Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). Findings: In the light of institutional theory, the study shows that improving the business environment for entrepreneurs does not ensure an increase in TEA. Specifically, only the indicators Dealing with Construction, Registering Property and Enforcing Contracts positively impacted the TEA. Originality/value: This is the first study that monitors and provides evidence regarding the effectiveness of business environment reforms towards entrepreneurship. The authors provide considerable theoretical-practical implications for scholars, entrepreneurs and policymakers to restructure public policies to support entrepreneurial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Research on women-owned businesses is more extensive in developed countries than in developing countries. This prompted the authors to investigate the factors that affect women entrepreneurs' motives to start a business and the challenges they faced in running their businesses in India. Design/methodology/approach: Data for the analysis were collected from 620 respondents using a structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews with 20 women entrepreneurs. The data were then analyzed using descriptive and factor analysis in the statistical software "SPSS" (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Findings: The findings showed that the primary motivation for women to launch their own business was to achieve self-employment. Other motivations include increasing income and allowing women to follow their passion. Factor analysis indicates that women entrepreneurs are more motivated by push than pull factors. The research also shows that women encounter challenges in their entrepreneurial journey, such as access to financing, issues with gender equality and social and cultural obligations. Originality/value: The study on women entrepreneurs in the Indian context is limited. This study responds to a need of better understanding of women motivations and challenges. By studying these constructs, the study shows that start-up motives and challenges faced by female entrepreneurs are unique to different contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the entrepreneurial traits of Indian students enrolled in the Application of IT in Agriculture ELP (Experiential Learning Programme) at Siksha "O" Anusandhan University. Additionally, it seeks to determine the relationship between the students' entrepreneurial traits and socioeconomic characteristics. Three entrepreneurial traits--decision-making ability, leadership ability, and information-seeking behavior--are incorporated in this study to establish the student entrepreneurial profile. Utilising pre-tested questionnaire with a 3-point Likert scale, convenient sampling was employed to get the results. Information was gathered from the Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University. A total of 34 surveys were sent via Google Form to all university students enrolled in the Application of IT in Agriculture ELP programme, and 16 of those surveys were determined to be appropriate for the investigation. Majority of the students demonstrated a medium level of leadership, information-seeking behaviour, and decision-making skill. Only undergraduate students with an ELP background in the Application of IT in Agriculture are eligible for this study, and the sample consisted of only one university. It is possible to do additional research with students from various courses and streams. Studies at different universities might be carried out to compare the degrees of entrepreneurial traits among the students. This study offers a deeper understanding of the course materials that work best for encouraging students to develop entrepreneurial traits and the materials that should be added to further develop the potential of entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the emerging funding context, one notable inconsistency of crowdfunding in contrast to traditional venture capital settings is that women have an increased likelihood of obtaining funding. We explain the causal mechanism underlying this opposite finding by drawing on gender role expectations and warm glow theory. In this study, we examine whether the social value orientation mechanism derived from gender role expectations is a source of advantage for women entrepreneurs seeking funding on crowdfunding platforms. Our findings suggest that the judgments of funders are influenced by gender role expectations and warm glow effects. Seeking to invest in businesses run by female entrepreneurs would give much greater utility to the funder interested in social values. The results also indicate the important role of language and text on crowdfunding performance in early venture capital. Practically, using socially oriented language in project narratives are shortcuts for women entrepreneurs to improve their crowdfunding performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A scalable total synthesis of a potent poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzyme inhibitor, Olaparib (Lynparza), approved by U.S. FDA and EMA for ovarian cancer, is disclosed. The process is operationally simple, highly atom economical and environmentally benign as compared to the existing literature route of Olaparib. Herein, we report an eco-friendly synthesis of Olaparib using commercially available inexpensive starting materials, in only four steps with 51% overall yield. This synthesis comprises the key steps of generation of conjugated enolate from 2-acetylbenzoic acid to produce α-arylated product under transition metal-free conditions followed by ring construction of the final phthalazinone scaffold affording Olaparib. An alternative synthesis of another PARP inhibitor, AZD2461, using the same protocol is also reported. Highlighting this work is the phosphonate-free synthesis, as opposed to the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination reaction utilized previously which requires the synthesis of a phosphonate precursor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers and gatekeepers lack clarity about the circumstances under which using old data to test hypotheses is appropriate or inappropriate. In response to this complex issue, we first define what makes data "old." We then suggest that using old data is justifiable (a) when examining a past event, (b) when recent data are not available, or (c) when the data were collected painstakingly. Scholars should avoid using old data if none of these conditions exist. Further, authors should be forthcoming about the age of their data and, in the case of a rejected journal submission, update the data whenever possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]