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La investigación se ejecutó en la Finca Experimental “La María” propiedad de la Univer-sidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo (UTEQ) localizada en el km 71/2de la vía Quevedo-Mocache; Provincia de Los Ríos cuya ubicación geográfica de 1º 6’ 23” de latitud sury 79º 29’ 12” de longitud oeste y a una altura de 73 m.s.n.m. El objetivo principal fueevaluar el comportamiento productivo de cuyes con la inclusión del 20% de harinasderivadas de follajes arbustivos y arbóreos tropicales. Se utilizaron 40 cuyes macho de 30días de edad. Se empleó un diseño completamente al azar con cinco tratamientos, cuatroréplicas y la unidad experimental estuvo conformado por dos cuyes. Para determinarlas diferencias entre medias de tratamientos se aplicó la prueba de Tukey (P≤0.05). Seevaluaron cinco dietas-tratamientos: (T0) dieta 100% balanceado, (T1) 80% dieta y 20%harina deMorus alba, (T2) 80% dieta y 20% harina deErythrina poeppigiana, (T3) 80%dieta y 20% harina deTithonia diversifolia, (T4) 80% dieta y 20% harina deHibiscusrosa-sinensis. Las variables bajo estudio fueron: consumo de alimento de balanceado enmateria seca (CABMS, g), ganancia de peso (GP, g), índice de conversión alimenticia(ICA) y rendimiento en canal (RC, %). La rentabilidad de los tratamientos se determinóa través de la relación beneficio-costo (R b/c). Los mayores (P

Website fingerprinting, also known asWF, is a traffic analysis attack that enables local eavesdroppers to infer a user's browsing destination, even when using the Tor anonymity network. While advanced attacks based on deep neural network (DNN) can performfeature engineering and attain accuracy rates of over 98%, research has demonstrated thatDNNis vulnerable to adversarial samples.As a result,many researchers have explored using adversarial samples as a defense mechanism against DNN-based WF attacks and have achieved considerable success. However, these methods suffer from high bandwidth overhead or require access to the target model, which is unrealistic. This paper proposes CMAES-WFD, a black-box WF defense based on adversarial samples. The process of generating adversarial examples is transformed into a constrained optimization problem solved by utilizing the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMAES) optimization algorithm. Perturbations are injected into the local parts of the original traffic to control bandwidth overhead. According to the experiment results, CMAES-WFD was able to significantly decrease the accuracy of Deep Fingerprinting (DF) and VarCnn to below 8.3% and the bandwidth overhead to a maximum of only 14.6% and 20.5%, respectively. Specially, for Automated Website Fingerprinting (AWF) with simple structure, CMAES-WFD reduced the classification accuracy to only 6.7% and the bandwidth overhead to less than 7.4%. Moreover, it was demonstrated that CMAES-WFD was robust against adversarial training to a certain extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture is still in early development in Madagascar and Tanzania, while in Indonesia, aquaculture has a long history. In Madagascar, villagers are farming seaweed and sea cucumbers, as part of small-scale community-based aquaculture (CBA). They followed a contractual model between a private farming company and farmers. Local non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and public institutions in Madagascar jointly strive to reverse the trend of ongoing anthropogenic coastal degradation. In Tanzania, the cultivation of red seaweeds has been established for over 30 years, with declining production attributed to climate change. While shrimp farming still involves, to some extent, clearing of mangroves in Tanzania, seaweed culture has only mild impact on coastal ecosystems. Farming areas provide shelter and habitat for juvenile fish, crabs and other organisms. Therefore, NGOs ask for support to improve culture methods. Various problems and shortcomings in Indonesia have been clearly identified, including issues related to new aquaculture areas, pollutants, emerging diseases, insufficient broodstock and fry supply, as well as a lack of technology and manpower. To address these challenges and ensure the growth of aquaculture production, the government has implemented national policies and established training and broodstock centers throughout the country. In Madagascar, the CBA programme stands out as a success story and can serve as a template for other coastal regions and countries. In Tanzania, the adoption of CBA model for co-culture could be the future. In Indonesia, due to a very long coastlines and complicated legislation, IMTA seems to be particularly suitable, as successfully tested in model regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SNX32 is a member of the evolutionarily conserved Phox (PX) homology domain- and Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain- containing sorting nexin (SNX-BAR) family of proteins, which play important roles in sorting and membrane trafficking of endosomal cargoes. Although SNX32 shares the highest amino acid sequence homology with SNX6, and has been believed to function redundantly with SNX5 and SNX6 in retrieval of the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN), its role(s) in intracellular protein trafficking remains largely unexplored. Here, we report that it functions in parallel with SNX1 in mediating epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated postendocytic trafficking of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Moreover, SNX32 interacts directly with EGFR, and recruits SNX5 to promote sorting of EGF-EGFR into multivesicular bodies (MVBs) for lysosomal degradation. Thus, SNX32 functions distinctively from other SNX-BAR proteins to mediate signaling-coupled endolysosomal trafficking of EGFR., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

This study was conducted to assess the compatibility of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii in the polyculture system. Twelve 0.6 ha intertidal mudflat ponds of shrimp in the region around Hangzhou Bay, China, were divided into four culture systems based on the stocking densities of prawns. The groups were divided into the following: control (CON, no prawn), low stocking density (LSD, 75,000 ha−1), middle stocking density (MSD, 150,000 ha−1) and high stocking density (HSD, 225,000 ha−1) groups. Results showed that the survival (%), final weight, final length and condition factor of reared shrimp exhibited no significant difference among different culture systems. The profits of the polyculture systems significantly increased with prawn stocking density. The mean values of water quality parameters showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) between treatments. Phytoplankton abundance and biomass were significantly reduced in the polyculture groups. Desulforegula (9.39%), Citreicella (4.23%), Gemmobacter (3.66%) and Phycisphaera (2.93%) were the prevailing genera in the CON group. Aeromonas was the most abundant genus in the HSD group. However, most pathogenic bacteria in the pond water were undetected or observed at extremely low levels. The levels of Aeromonas and Pseudomonas sharply increased in the HSD group. These findings suggest that polyculture systems can increase profit without influencing water quality. However, high polyculture at 225,000 ind ha−1 may potentially cause pathogenic bacterial infection. Thus, the recommended model for this polyculture system is shrimp (900,000 ha−1) + prawn (150,000 ha−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking Nepal as a case, this article argues that the meaning of the right to self-determination, in international norms in particular, has expanded from a right to secession to a right to inclusion, but this expansion has not abated the fear of secession on the ground. Nepal understands the 'right to self-determination' only as a right to form a new state, and refrains from including this right as a provision in the new Constitution. The three variables – socialisation of the right to self-determination as a norm permitting secession, contrast between formal and informal positions of indigenous leaders, and mainstream bias against the indigenous nationalities – are contributing to state's reluctance to accommodate this right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing use of fractional flow reserve (FFR) and intracoronary imaging techniques by optical coherence tomography or intravascular ultrasound has raised concerns about additional exposure during coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs). Using data from the prospective CRAC-France PCI Prospective Multicentre registry, we sought to evaluate the effect of these new techniques on the radiation dose to patients undergoing coronary procedures. Data on Kerma Area Product (P KA), total air kerma (KAr) and fluoroscopy time from 42 182 coronary procedures were retrospectively compared, using multivariable linear regression, according to whether they included FFR and intracoronary imaging. In coronary angiography, FFR was associated with longer fluoroscopy time and higher P KA (21.0 vs. 18.9 Gy.cm2) and KAr (372 vs. 299 mGy) (all p  < 0.001). Intracoronary imaging was associated with longer fluoroscopy time, higher contrast volume (both p  < 0.001), lower P KA (18.3 vs. 19.0 Gy.cm2, p  = 0.02) and similar KAr. In PCI, FFR was associated with a moderate increase in KAr (682 vs. 626 mGy, p  < 0.01) but not P KA (35.9 vs. 33.7 Gy.cm2, p  = 0.34). For intracoronary imaging, there were no differences between groups, except for contrast volume. Increased patient exposure associated with FFR and intracoronary imaging is moderate in diagnostic coronary angiography and minimal or none in PCI, provided optimization techniques are used. It should not be a limitation on the use of these techniques given the important additional information they provide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northern theories like "new materialism" and "posthumanism" are, increasingly, influential in the global productions of knowledge in environmental education (EE). In this latest discursive phase of textualising EE, the conceptual mash of "new/post" idea(lism)s is easily identified, but not critically examined, as is undertaken here via three interrelated critical case studies of key idea(l)s in the new/post. Criticism of the current normative, theoretical, methodological, and empirical mess of environmental education research (EER) must be understood within three historical and structural problems, namely; (i) the formative stages of modern EE in the 1970s, (ii) the escalating importance of theory in the 1990s transition from modern thought to postmodern thinking, (iii) the neo-liberalization of academic identity formations and post-intellectual relations in the audit culture of the corporate university of the 2000s. The first two closely related case studies of the new/post highlight the ahistorical and atheoretical mash of performatively-driven abstract theorizing in EE. Each demonstrates how earlier "founding" policy of EE, its implied pedagogical praxis, and commensurable methodological development in EER have been forgotten. The first critique focusses historically on the allegedly new idea of "agential relations" and its confused discursive claims about "action". Forgotten is the vital matter of "ecology" and its relational "things". The second rescues the ecofeminist notion of "embodied materialism". Ecofeminist praxis has been deactivated by the new/post abstraction of feminist poststructural knowledge claims on "material-discursive practices". Together, these interrelated critiques retrieve a much needed historical-critical-material frame from which new/post textualism can be conceptually reconstructed and empirically qualified in ways that reactivate the ecopolitical rationale for founding EE. If, indeed, theory is needed in ecopedagogical praxis, an alternative case exists for "bringing theory back in" via, for example, ecophenomenology, ecological anthropology, and ecohumanism. Ecopedagogical practices and their research might then (re)"turn" to a realist ontology via, for example, the "materialisms" of the "new" of "speculative realism" coupled with the "old" (sic) of "critical realism" in, strangely, "post post" claims on knowledge production. At issue in de-abstracting, re-materializing, repoliticizing, and decentering the hubristic authority of theory in new/post EER are numerous axiological commitments, epistemological issues, and methodological dilemmas concerning the onto ∼ ethics ∼ politics of (mis)representation in the global North. Underpinning the two case critiques is a third "criticism" of the postmodern means (mediums/modes) of knowledge production (forms) as they "intersectionally" perform a digitally platformed and instrumental colonization of the global North and South discourse of EER. "Other"wise, in the post-intellectual climate change of a universalizing new\post technics of "agentialism,", we misrecognize who we are textually "becoming" and, in being so post-inscribed and newly-mediated, are distracted from what "really" practically matters in the field, and why it "materially" exists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transcriptome is the complete set of transcripts in a cell or tissue and includes ribosomal RNA (rRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and regulatory noncoding RNA. At steady-state, the transcriptome results from a compensatory variation of the transcription and decay rate to maintain the RNA concentration constant. RNA transcription constitutes the first stage in gene expression, and thus is a major and primary mode of gene expression control. Nevertheless, regulation of RNA decay is also a key factor in gene expression control, involving either selective RNA stabilization or enhanced degradation. Transcriptome analysis allows the identification of gene expression alterations, providing new insights regarding the pathways and mechanisms involved in physiological and pathological processes. Upon perturbation of cell homeostasis, rapid changes in gene expression are required to adapt to new conditions. Thus, to better understand the regulatory mechanisms associated with gene expression alterations, it is vital to acknowledge the relative contribution of RNA synthesis and decay to the transcriptome. To the toxicology field, the study of gene expression regulation mechanisms can help identify the early and mechanistic relevant cellular events associated with a particular response. This review aims to provide a critical comparison of the available methods used to analyze the contribution of RNA transcription and decay to gene expression dynamics. Notwithstanding, an integration of the data obtained is necessary to understand the entire repercussions of gene transcription changes at a system-level. Thus, a brief overview of the methods available for the integration and analysis of the data obtained from transcriptome analysis will also be provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protest movements in Indonesia resist the government's liberal development policies and the destruction of culture and environment through capitalist intrusion and land (or sea) grabbing. This article analyses the role of intermediaries, or brokers, and how they draw on a global rhetoric of human rights, as well as environmentalism, indigeneity, local identity markers, and performative means to mobilise resistance. Drawing on Lindquist, the broker here serves as a theoretical concept and a methodological entry-point for an ethnographic study of intermediation and translation between different places and spaces involved in these protest movements. The article first conceptualises brokerage and carves out its creative and performative aspects, challenges, and spatial dimensions with regard to emerging resistance – a combination that has not been covered in the anthropological literature on brokerage so far. These conceptual reflections provide a framework for the analysis of two Indonesian case studies – one in Bali, one in Maluku – and the various translation processes involved, including environmentalism and indigeneity, media convergence and local creativity, in which the crossing of space and networking are important features in protest brokerage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Postprandial hypotension (PPH) is a common phenomenon among older adults. The degree to which individuals experience PPH is related to cerebrovascular risk factors and the presence of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Carrier status of the E4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is a risk factor for AD and influences a variety of responses to metabolic and dietary interventions. However, it is unknown whether APOE genotype influences the risk of PPH and whether type of meal can mediate that response. Design: Acute meal study with a crossover design. Participants: 32 cognitively healthy older adults with (n=18) and without (n=14) E4+ carrier status. Intervention: As a part of an ongoing meal study we examined the postprandial blood pressure response after ingestion of a high carbohydrate (HCM) and high fat meal (HFM). Measurements: Blood pressure measurements were taken at 7 time points and change scores, area under the curve (AUC) scores were calculated. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA as well as Pearson correlation. Results: Both meals produced a sustained drop in systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, with 37.5% of participants meeting criteria for PPH. Participants carrying the E4+ risk gene experienced a larger decrease in SBP than E4- participants, and this was significantly different after the HFM (E4+ AUC = -30.8 ± 7.6, E4- AUC = -0.2 ± 8.7, p=0.015). Increasing age was associated with a larger drop in postprandial blood pressure but only for the E4+ group after the HFM (p=0.002). Conclusions: These data suggest that E4+ individuals experience a greater postprandial blood pressure response particularly following high fat feeding, and this effect becomes more pronounced with age. The prevalence of PPH may play a role in the development of AD and may be mediated by diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poor or lack of injured adult central nervous system (CNS) axon regeneration results in devastating consequences and poor functional recovery. The interplay between the intrinsic and extrinsic factors contributes to robust inhibition of axon regeneration of injured CNS neurons. The insufficient or lack of trophic support for injured neurons is considered as one of the major obstacles contributing to their failure to survive and regrow their axons after injury. In the CNS, many of the signalling pathways associated with neuronal survival and axon regeneration are regulated by several classes of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) that respond to a variety of ligands. This paper highlights and summarises the most relevant recent findings pertinent to different classes of the RTK family of molecules, with a particular focus on elucidating their role in CNS axon regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on endocytosis, a variety of mechanisms used by mammals to take up extracellular material. Listing of the various functions that endocytic mechanisms have; Examination of the receptor-mediated endocytosis via clathrin-coated pits; Examination of the understanding of the mechanisms of entry of plasma membrane components into cells.

Engineered biosensors accurately report the kinetics of EGFR activation. Building better biosensors: The accuracy of a biosensor used to measure signaling events in live cells depends on both the specificity of the biosensor for its intended target and the absence of interference with the signaling pathway. Phosphotyrosine-binding SH2 domains have been used as biosensors for receptor tyrosine kinase activation. Tiruthani et al. showed that a paired SH2 domain biosensor for monitoring phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) at Tyr992 was not specific for EGFR and was not recruited to the membrane in a manner that accurately reflected the kinetics of EGFR signaling. Hence, the authors used two different mutagenesis and screening approaches to engineer new biosensors, mSH2 and SPY992, that exhibited greater specificity for EGFR Tyr992 and more accurately reported EGFR signaling kinetics. These approaches were extended to develop SPY1148, a biosensor for phosphorylation of EGFR at Tyr1148, and could be extended to generate phospho-specific biosensors for various targets. Live-cell fluorescence microscopy is broadly applied to study the dynamics of receptor-mediated cell signaling, but the availability of intracellular biosensors is limited. A biosensor based on the tandem SH2 domains from phospholipase C–γ1 (PLCγ1), tSH2-WT, has been used to measure phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Here, we found that tSH2-WT lacked specificity for phosphorylated EGFR, consistent with the known promiscuity of SH2 domains. Further, EGF-stimulated membrane recruitment of tSH2-WT differed qualitatively from the expected kinetics of EGFR phosphorylation. Analysis of a mathematical model suggested, and experiments confirmed, that the high avidity of tSH2-WT resulted in saturation of its target and interference with EGFR endocytosis. To overcome the apparent target specificity and saturation issues, we implemented two protein engineering strategies. In the first approach, we screened a combinatorial library generated by random mutagenesis of the C-terminal SH2 domain (cSH2) of PLCγ1 and isolated a mutant form (mSH2) with enhanced specificity for phosphorylated Tyr992 (pTyr992) of EGFR. A biosensor based on mSH2 closely reported the kinetics of EGFR phosphorylation but retained cross-reactivity similar to tSH2-WT. In the second approach, we isolated a pTyr992-binding protein (SPY992) from a combinatorial library generated by mutagenesis of the Sso7d protein scaffold. Compared to tSH2-WT and mSH2, SPY992 exhibited superior performance as a specific, moderate-affinity biosensor. We extended this approach to isolate a biosensor for EGFR pTyr1148 (SPY1148). This approach of integrating theoretical considerations with protein engineering strategies can be generalized to design and evaluate suitable biosensors for various phospho-specific targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has long been believed that membrane proteins present in degradative compartments such as endolysosomes or vacuoles would be destined for destruction. Now however, it appears that mechanisms and machinery exist in simple eukaryotes such as yeast and more complex organisms such as mammals that can rescue potentially "doomed" membrane proteins by retrieving them from these "late" compartments and recycling them back to the Golgi complex. In yeast, a sorting nexin dimer containing Snx4p can recognize and retrieve the Atg27p membrane protein while in mammals, the AP5 complex (with SPG11 and SPG15) directs the recycling of Golgi‐localized proteins along with the cation‐independent mannose 6‐phosphate receptor (CIMPR). Although the respective machinery is different, there is much commonality between yeast and mammals regarding the mechanisms of retrieval and the physiological importance of these late recycling pathways. Escaping the trash‐can of the cell – new machinery for efficient protein recycling from vacuoles or endolysosomes. New data has revealed that in both yeast and mammalian cells, membrane proteins can be recycled from compartments that are previously regarded as "terminal." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterotrimeric GTP- binding proteins (G proteins) control cellular functions by transducing signals from the outside to the inside of cells. Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins are key modulators of the amplitude and duration of G protein-mediated signaling through their ability to serve as guanosine triphosphatase-activating proteins (GAPs). We have identified RGS-PX1, a [Gα.sub.s]-specific GAP. The RGS domain of RGS-PX1 specifically interacted with [Gα.sub.s], accelerated its GTP hydrolysis, and attenuated [Gα.sub.s]-mediated signaling. RGS-PX1 also contains a Phox (PX) domain that resembles those in sorting nexin (SNX) proteins. Expression of RGS-PX1 delayed lysosomal degradation of the EGF receptor. Because of its bifunctional role as both a GAP and a SNX, RGS-PX1 may link heterotrimeric G protein signaling and vesicular trafficking., Heterotrimeric G proteins relay extracellular signals initiated by hormones, neurotransmitters, chemokines, and sensory stimuli through G protein-coupled receptors to intracellular effectors and trigger a variety of physiological responses (1, 2). [...]

Phosphoinositide (PI)--binding domains play critical roles in the intracellular localization of a variety of cell-signaling proteins. The 120--amino acid Phox homology (PX) domain targets proteins to organelle membranes through interactions between two conserved basic motifs within the PX domain and specific PIs. The combination of protein-lipid and protein-protein interactions ensures the proper localization and regulation of PX domain--containing proteins. Upon proper localization, PX domain--containing proteins can then bind to additional proteins and execute their functions in a diverse set of biological pathways, including intracellular protein transport, cell growth and survival cytoskeletal organization, and neutrophil defense., With 30,000 to 40,000 genes potentially expressed in the human genome, cells face the difficult task of assembling these gene products into functional complexes and localizing them to appropriate sites. [...]

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling was analyzed in mammalian cells conditionally defective for receptor-mediated endocytosis. EGF-dependent cell proliferation was enhanced in endocytosis-defective cells. However, early EGF-dependent signaling events were not uniformly up-regulated. A subset of signal transducers required the normal endocytic trafficking of EGFR for full activation. Thus, endocytic trafficking of activated EGFR plays a critical role not only in attenuating EGFR signaling but also in establishing and controlling specific signaling pathways., Signaling by ligand-activated receptor tyrosine kineses (RTKs) such as EGFR can elicit a wide range of cell type-specific responses leading to proliferation or differentiation. EGF binling triggers dimerization and trans- [...]

Yeast RNA polymerase II initiation factor b copurifies with three polypeptides of 85, 73, and 50 kilodaltons and with a protein kinase that phosphorylates the carboxyl-terminal repeat domain (CTD) of the largest polymerase subunit. The gene that encodes the 73-kilodalton polypeptide, designated TFB1, was cloned and found to be essential for cell growth. The deduced protein sequence exhibits no similarity to those of protein kinases. However, the sequence is similar to that of the 62-kilodalton subunit of the HeLa transcription factor BTF2, suggesting that this factor is the human counterpart of yeast factor b. Immunoprecipitation experiments using antibodies to the TFB1 gene product demonstrate that the transcriptional and CTD kinase activities of factor b are closely associated with an oligomer of the three polypeptides. Photoaffinity labeling with 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyl)-ATP (adenosine triphosphate) identified an ATP-binding site in the 85-kilodalton polypeptide, suggesting that the 85-kilodalton subunit contains the catalytic domain of the kinase., Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires several accessory protein factors whose roles remain, for the most part, to be elucidated. Recognition of the TATA element of a promoter [...]

Most neurotransmitters, hormones, and growth factors activate cellular signaling pathways by binding to specific membrane receptors. These signaling pathways subsequently modulate biochemical networks comprising various cytoplasmic kinases, phosphatases, and guanosine [...]

The vectorial movement of proteins requires specific recognition by components of the vesicular trafficking machinery. A protein, sorting nexin-1 (SNX1), was identified in a human cell line that bound to a region of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) containing the lysosomal targeting code. SNX1 contains a region of homology to a yeast vacuolar sorting protein, and overexpression of SNX1 decreased the amount of EGFR on the cell surface as a result of enhanced rates of constitutive and ligand-induced degradation. Thus, SNX1 is likely to play a role in sorting EGFR to lysosomes., Ligand-activated growth factor and nutrient receptors are internalized by coated pits and transported together to endosomes. The task of segregating receptors destined for lysosomal degradation (such as EGFR) from those [...]