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The present study reports the first occurrence of Plesiochorus cymbiformis (Digenea: Gorgoderidae), in two Olive Ridley Sea turtles Lepidochelys olivacea (Testudines: Chelonidae), from the states of São Paulo and Sergipe in Brazilian coast. Concerning the Neotropical region, P. cymbiformis has been previously reported in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) from Panama and Brazil, in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) from Brazil, in hawksbill sea turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) from Puerto Rico, and in Olive Ridley Sea turtles only in Costa Rica. Lesions resulting from the presence of parasites in the hosts’ urinary bladders are also presented. This is the second report on endoparasites in Olive Ridley sea turtles from Brazil.

The present note describes the occurrence of Rhytidodoides intestinalis and Rhytidodoides similis (Digenea: Rhytidodidae) in the gallbladder of two juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas - Testu- dines, Cheloniidae) found on the coast of Brazil. Both were detected in gallbladder and intestine of green turtles: Rhytidodoides similis (United States, Panama, Costa Rica and Brazil) and R. intestinais (United States, Panama and Costa Rica). This note is the first report of R. intestinalis in Brazil and South-West Atlantic Ocean. Also the histological lesions caused by the parasites in one gallbladder are described.

The present note describes the occurrence of Monticellius indicum Mehra, 1939 (Digenea: Spirorchiidae) in an adult loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758), found on the coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Pathological changes due to spirorchiid eggs (type 1 and 3) were found in gastrointestinal system, endocrine system, and heart. This parasite has previously been described in the green turtle, Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758), from Pakistan, Brazil and Costa Rica as well as in the hawksbill sea turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766), in Brazil. This note reports the loggerhead turtle as a new host for M. indicum.

This note reports the occurrence of Hapalotrema postorchis Rao 1976 collected from an aortic aneurysm in a green turtle (Chelonia mydas Linnaeus 1758) found on the coast of Brazil. Besides the vascular lesion, granulomatous reactions with foreign - body giant cells were found surrounding the parasite eggs in the heart, intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen, brain and kidneys. This paper presents the first report of H. postorchis and accompanying lesions in a green sea turtle from the western South Atlantic Ocean.

Copyright of Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia is the property of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Veterinaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia is the property of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Veterinaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lysosomes play a central role in biochemical signal transduction and oxidative stress in cells. Inducing lysosome membrane penetration (LMP) to cause lysosomal‐dependent cell death (LCD) in tumor cells is an effective strategy for cancer therapy. Chemical drugs can destroy the stability of lysosomes by neutralizing protons within the lysosomes or enhancing the fragility of the lysosomal membranes. However, there remain several unsolved problems of traditional drugs in LMP induction due to insufficient lysosomal targeting, fast metabolism, and toxicity in normal cells. With the development of nanotechnology, magnetic nanoparticles have been demonstrated to target lysosomes naturally, providing a versatile tool for lysosomal modulation. Combined with excellent tissue penetration and spatiotemporal manipulability of magnetic fields, magnetic modulation of lysosomes progresses rapidly in inducing LMP and LCD for cancer therapy. This review comprehensively discussed the strategies of magnetic modulation of lysosomes for cancer therapy. The intrinsic mechanisms of LMP‐induced LCD were first introduced. Then, the modulation of lysosomes by diverse physical outputs of magnetic fields was emphatically discussed. Looking forward, this review will shed the light on the prospect of magnetic modulation of lysosomes, inspiring future research of magnetic modulation strategy in cancer therapy. This article is categorized under:Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging TechnologiesTherapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic DiseaseNanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monoterpenoids, a sub‐class of terpenoids, are secondary metabolites frequently extracted from the essential oils of aromatic plants. Their antitumor properties including antiproliferative, apoptotic, antiangiogenic, and antimetastatic effects along with other biological activities have been the subject of extensive study due to their diverse characteristics. In recent years, numerous investigations have been conducted to understand its potential anticancer impacts, specifically focusing on antiproliferative and apoptotic mechanisms. Metastasis, a malignancy hallmark, can exert either protective or destructive influences on tumor cells. Despite this, the potential antimetastatic and antiangiogenic attributes of monoterpenoids need further exploration. This review focuses on specific monoterpenoids, examining their effects on metastasis and relevant signaling pathways. The monoterpenoids exhibit a high level of complexity as natural products that regulate metastatic proteins through various signaling pathways, including phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin, mitogen‐activated protein kinase/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase/jun N‐terminal kinase, nuclear factor kappa B, vascular endothelial growth factor, and epithelial mesenchymal transition process. Additionally, this review delves into the biosynthesis and classification of monoterpenoids, their potential antitumor impacts on cell lines, the plant sources of monoterpenoids, and the current status of limited clinical trials investigating their efficacy against cancer. Moreover, monoterpenoids depict promising potential in preventing cancer metastasis, however, inadequate clinical trials limit their drug usage. State‐of‐the‐art techniques and technologies are being employed to overcome the challenges of utilizing monoterpenoids as an anticancer agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Compendium of Veterinary Sciences / Compendio de Ciencias Veterinarias is the property of Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias de la Universidad Nacional de Asuncion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mycotoxins are considered hidden dangers that threaten the poultry industry globally because they suppress the immunity of birds, reduce their production, and increase their chance of being infected with diseases, which exposes the poultry industry to enormous economic losses. Therefore, this investigation aimed to assess the effectiveness of VemoZyme Detox®, a novel enzymatic detoxifier, in mitigating the detrimental consequences of mycotoxin contamination in broiler chickens. The experiment involved 10,000-day-old, Cobb 500 broiler chicks, which were allotted into two groups of 5000 birds each as follows: T1: received a control basal diet; and T2: birds were provided with a basal diet supplemented with VemoZyme Detox®. The birds underwent comprehensive monitoring, including evaluations of growth performance, blood parameters, mycotoxin levels, hepatic histopathological alterations, and litter bacteriological counts. Broilers receiving dietary VemoZyme Detox® exhibited significant improvements in various aspects, including growth performance, reduced mortality rates, and more favorable feed conversion ratios. Moreover, the enzymatic supplement played a protective role in maintaining hepatic and renal health, as evidenced by reductions in blood aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), uric acid, and creatinine. Importantly, although there was no significant difference in mycotoxin levels (zearalenone, fumonisin B1, ochratoxin A, aflatoxin B1) within the feed, VemoZyme Detox® had a significant impact on decreasing mycotoxin levels, particularly those of zearalenone and fumonisin B1. Hepatic histological examinations also revealed healthier conditions in T2, and positive impacts extended to litter samples, as indicated by reduced counts of Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) counts. In conclusion, the use of an enzymatic detoxifier is a promising method for counteracting the negative impacts of mycotoxin contamination in broilers. The results underscore the substantial potential of enzymatic detoxifiers for ensuring the health and productivity of broilers, opening new avenues for safer poultry production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The helminth fauna of juvenile green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas Linnaeus, 1758) is still poorly known. Herein, we study the gastrointestinal helminths of 28 juvenile green sea turtles found stranded on the north coast of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. All turtles were infected showing a rich helminth fauna. In total, 14802 trematodes belonging to 30 species and 5 families including Micros-caphidiidae, Plagiorchiidae, Pronocephalidae, Hapalotrematidae, and Telorchiidae were recovered. An unidentified nematode specimens was also found. The mean intensity was 536 (95% CI = 362 – 853) (range: 1 – 2831), and the species richness was 7.86 (95% CI = 6.46 – 9.21) (range: 1 – 17). The coast of Rio de Janeiro state represents new locality records for Angiodictyum posterovitellatum, Microscaphidium aberrans, M. warui, Octangium hyphalum, O. sagitta, Enodiotrema reductum and Pleurogonius laterouterus. This study confirms that the green sea turtle harbors the richest helminth fauna among sea turtle species and provides useful information on the gastrointestinal helminths of a poorly known stage in the life cycle of this endangered chelonian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine cysticercosis is regarded as a critical public health problem affecting farm animals' wealth. The current study sought to establish the prevalence of Cysticercus bovis, histopathology, and its economic effect on slaughtered cattle from Egypt's ElMenofia Province. The inspection of 4670 cattle carcasses, 2500 male and 2170 female, was done over two years, from March 2019 to February 2021, at three abattoirs (ElShohada, El-Bagour, and Menof). The findings showed that 0.69% of slaughtered cattle had C. bovis. The prevalence was highest in summer and autumn at 0.195% followed by winter at 0.17% and spring at 0.13%. Females were more susceptible than males to infection at 0.58% and 0.11%, respectively. The presence of C. bovis was associated with the age of the inspected carcass. The increased prevalence was observed in female cattle older than 5 years. The predilection sites were masseter muscle (0.23%), heart (0.44%), and entire carcass (0.04%). Heavy infection with C. bovis was observed in two cases in El-Bagour abattoir. The recovered C. bovis morphology and histopathology were documented. Grossly, C. bovis was found either an oval live fluid-filled cyst or a degenerating dead cyst with dystrophic calcification. Histopathology of C. bovis in cow muscle showed its sucker, central spiral convoluted canal, and oval-shaped basophilic calcareous bodies. The parasite was surrounded by the host inflammatory cells. C. bovis was found live, dead, or calcified and ranged from 5-8mm in diameter, with local or heavy infestation. Cysticercosis caused significant economic losses, with an estimated total annual loss of 57970 Egyptian Pounds from the condemnation of organs in this study's inspected carcasses and a total of 1935150 EP from the total condemnation in the three abattoirs included in this study, including ours. This low prevalence of infection suggests using a good drainage system to protect cattle intermediate hosts of T. saginata to prevent human infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxins can easily grow and develop in many feed ingredients and influence the risk of several animal chronic diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of bentonite inclusion on performances, carcass yield, giblet, and blood constituents of broiler-fed contaminated aflatoxin through a metaanalytical approach. A database was developed based on scientific publications that were searched using several search tools such as Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar with "bentonite", "clay", "montmorillonite", "aflatoxin" and "broiler" as keywords. A total of 31 studies were retrieved and included in the analysis. Data analysis was based on the mixed model in which dietary bentonite inclusion was treated as the fixed effect and different studies were considered as random effects. Bentonite used were sodium bentonite, calcium bentonite, and montmorillonite form with levels ranging from 0 to 5%. Meanwhile, aflatoxin B1 levels in the diet ranged from 0 to 5 mg/kg. In this study, body weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency showed a linear increase (p<0.001) in all phases. The mortality rate linearly decreased (p<0.05) in the cumulative. Bentonite inclusion linearly increased (p<0.001) the carcass, breast, leg, bursa of Fabricius, and gizzard weight proportion. The percentage of kidney, liver, heart, pancreas, uric acid, and gamma-glutamyltransferase linearly decreased (p<0.001) by increasing bentonite levels. Dietary bentonite linearly increased (p<0.001) total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, calcium, glycogen, globulin, and hemoglobin (p<0.05). It was concluded that bentonites have the ability to eliminate the detrimental effects of aflatoxin, which may increase the broiler performance, carcass yield and prevent the change in abnormal giblet weight. For effectiveness and animal safety, the EFSA recommends using a maximum of 2% bentonite in the feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of varying levels of mycotoxin binder supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics and serum metabolites of broiler chickens fed aflatoxin maize-based diets was assessed. A total of four hundred and thirty-two (432), one-day-old Hubbard Cobb hybrid broilers were used for the experiment. The chicks were equally weighed and allotted to 12 dietary treatments in a 3 x 4 factorial arrangement of an activated clay toxin binder at three different inclusion levels (0 g.kg-1, 0.1 g.kg-1 and 0.2 g.kg-1) of feed challenged with 4 levels of aflatoxin B, (0, 40, 60 and 80 ppb). Thirty-six chicks were allocated to each treatment group and replicated three times with 12 chicks per replicate in deep litter for eight weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, the birds were starved overnight prior to blood collection, three birds per treatment were selected on the basis of average pen weight. Blood samples were collected for serum and haematological analysis. Data collected were subjected to One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS software. Results revealed significant (p < 0.05) differences in the total protein (TP) content across the dietary treatments. Interaction between aflatoxin and binder levels showed a significant (p < 0.05) effect only on the Alanine amino transferase (ALT) of the birds. Addition of mycotoxin binder (clay type) to aflatoxin contaminated diets was able to ameliorate the effect of aflatoxin on birds regardless of the level at which it was supplemented. Inclusion of 1 % binder in the diets is therefore recommended and feed ingredients for feed formulations be always subjected to test for aflatoxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites present in agricultural commodities and produced by certain fungi with adverse acute and chronic effects such as genotoxicity and carcinogenicity on humans and animals. This review has focused on strategies to inhibit toxigenic fungal growth and reduce mycotoxin production to maximize consumer safety. Strategies for mycotoxin prevention and control are not expected to be achieved by a single treatment but from a combination of appropriate environmental control, good agricultural and manufacturing practices, suitable storage conditions, proper quality assurance programs, and bio-safe post-harvest detoxifying methods. The most effective methods are those carried out before the fungal infestation and mycotoxin production on the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two hundred and thirteen liver samples were randomly collected from different ages and both sexes of cattle carcasses in El-Basatin abattoir, Cairo governorate, Egypt. One hundred ninety-seven samples out of the examined specimens were free from any bacterial infections; but showed enlargement and pallor. Thirty-nine specimens representing about 20% of the bacteria-free specimens were examined to detect the Aflatoxins and its metabolites using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and LC MS/MS. All Pathological appraisals were recorded and the genotoxicity of the studied mycotoxin was detected using single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet). Our study revealed that there were prominent deleterious effects of Aflatoxin M1 on the hepatic tissue. The detection of aflatoxins' metabolites in the hepatic tissues is of great importance on the health of human consuming organ meat; and on the other hand, it may affect the farm animals' performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research was designed to examine the protective effect of probiotic-fortified ration against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) toxicity and its residual level in broilers' edible tissues. Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD) was used for measuring the toxin. Ninety, one-day-old Cobb chicks were allocated into three equal groups (n=30) with three replicates per group. The first control group (G1) was fed a balanced basal diet only and the second group (G2) received AFB1 (2 mg/kg basal diet), while the third group (G3) received a combination of AFB1 (2 mg/kg basal diet) with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC; 1.5 g/Kg basal diet). Experimental birds were monitored for 6 weeks, their growth performance was then compared. AFB1 residue was assessed in the meat and liver sample. AFB1 resulted in a significant (P<0.05) reduction of growth performance parameters such as body weight and carcass yield in comparison to the control and SC supplemented groups. Moreover, AFB1 residue significantly (P<0.05) diminished in SC fortified group when compared with the AFB1 group. In conclusion, probiotics such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae could be considered as a potential feed additive and a growth promoter. Besides, its role in controlling AFB1 residue in the edible tissues of boiler chicken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lysosomes play a central role in biochemical signal transduction and oxidative stress in cells. Inducing lysosome membrane penetration (LMP) to cause lysosomal-dependent cell death (LCD) in tumor cells is an effective strategy for cancer therapy. Chemical drugs can destroy the stability of lysosomes by neutralizing protons within the lysosomes or enhancing the fragility of the lysosomal membranes. However, there remain several unsolved problems of traditional drugs in LMP induction due to insufficient lysosomal targeting, fast metabolism, and toxicity in normal cells. With the development of nanotechnology, magnetic nanoparticles have been demonstrated to target lysosomes naturally, providing a versatile tool for lysosomal modulation. Combined with excellent tissue penetration and spatiotemporal manipulability of magnetic fields, magnetic modulation of lysosomes progresses rapidly in inducing LMP and LCD for cancer therapy. This review comprehensively discussed the strategies of magnetic modulation of lysosomes for cancer therapy. The intrinsic mechanisms of LMP-induced LCD were first introduced. Then, the modulation of lysosomes by diverse physical outputs of magnetic fields was emphatically discussed. Looking forward, this review will shed the light on the prospect of magnetic modulation of lysosomes, inspiring future research of magnetic modulation strategy in cancer therapy. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Monoterpenes are a group of natural products that have been widely studied due to their therapeutic potential against various pathologies. These compounds are abundant in the chemical composition of essential oils. Cancer is a term that covers more than 100 different types of malignant diseases and is among the leading causes of death in the world. Therefore, the search for new pharmacotherapeutic options applicable to cancer is urgent. In this review, studies on the antitumor activity of monoterpenes found in essential oils were selected, and botanical, chemical, and pharmacological aspects were discussed. The most investigated monoterpenes were carvacrol and linalool with highly significant in vitro and in vivo tumor inhibition in several types of cancers. The action mechanisms of these natural products are also presented and are wildly varied being apoptosis the most prevalent followed by cell cycle impairment, ROS production, autophagy, necroptosis, and others. The studies reported here confirm the antitumor properties of monoterpenes and their anticancer potential against various types of tumors, as demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo studies using various types of cancer cells and tumors in animal models. The data described serve as a reference for the advancement in the mechanistic studies of these compounds and in the preparation of synthetic derivatives or analogues with a better antitumor profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphofunctional characteristics of the large intestine are rarely explored to understand the physiology, behavior and ecology of neotropical primates. In this study, we analyzed the histometric parameters of the large intestine of hybrid marmosets (Callithrix sp.) captured in forest fragments of Viçosa‐Brazil, under seasonal interference. These animals were predominantly insectivorous in the rainy season and gummivores in the dry season. Large intestine fragments were collected and processed according to histological methods and stained with toluidine blue for general analysis, periodic acid of Schiff (PAS) and Alcian blue (AB) for goblet cells, Grimelius and Masson Fontana for argyrophil and argentaffin endocrine cells. Several histometric parameters were more expressive in the large intestine of the rainy season marmosets: greater thickness of the parietal layers, greater number of argyrophil and argentaffin endocrine cells, and AB‐positive goblet cells, characteristics favor secretomotor functions and reduce the passage time of the fecal bolus, which is consistent with an insectivorous diet. In contrast, parameters such as crypt width, height of the absorptive cells and striated border, and the number of PAS‐positive cells were more expressive in the dry season marmosets, reflecting the need for longer passage time for digestion and absorption of food items from tree gum, which are more complex and demand the action of microorganisms present in the large intestine, as well as greater protection against the abrasive action of dietary fibers and against microorganisms. Thus, it can be said that the marmoset's large intestine has morphological adaptations to maximize energy intake from the diet, which alternates under the influence of seasonality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to investigate experimentally the effect of lipoic acid as superantioxidant on the balance between immune and antioxidant status of birds fed aflatoxicated diet as well as histological alterations of immune organs including spleen, thymus, bursa of fabricious and liver. One hundred and twenty-one-day old chicks, fed basal diet till 8th day of age then divided into 4 groups (30 birds/group), each group subdivided into 3 replicates (10 birds/replicate). Group 1: aflatoxicated chickens (125 µg/kg diet). Group 2: aflatoxicated lipoic treated (300 mg/kg diet), Group 3: lipoic treated. Group 4: non-treated (control). The blood samples were collected at 14th day post aflatoxicosis and at the end of experiment, then the serum was separated for HI and different biochemical tests. At the end of experiment, four birds from each group were sacrificed and immune organs (thymus, spleen, bursa of fabricious and liver) were collected for histopathology. Livers were also collected for measurement of apoptotic gene expression Caspase (Cystinyle Aspartate Protease), MDA (Malano-Di-Aldehyde) and TAC (Total Antioxidant Capacity). The results showed the addition of lipoic acid into the aflatoxicated broiler ration improved the antibody titer against Newcastle Disease Virus NDV, hepatic apoptotic gene expression, TAC, and the level of different biochemical parameters (protein profile, lipid profile, bilirubin, total calcium and alkaline phosphatase). It was alleviated the toxic effect of aflatoxin on the histological structure of liver, and immune organs. Therefore, lipoic acid could be implicated as a dependent approach in the control of aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The broad‐snouted caiman, Caiman latirostris (Daudin, 1802), is one of the six crocodilian species from Brazil. The topography, morphology and morphometry of the broad‐snouted caiman heart were studied. Data were obtained from the necropsy of four adult animals, three females and one male. The hearts were removed from the coelomic cavity and fixed in 10% formalin for 48 hr for morphological and morphometric description. The heart is in the cranial mediastinum. It is caudally involved by the liver cranial margins, and ventrally by the ribs, intercostal muscles, and sternum and dorsally by the lungs. The four‐chambered morphology is typical with two (right and left) atria and ventricles. Right and left aortic, pulmonary and subclavian arteries branch from the truncus arteriosus. Gubernaculum cordis is present as ligamentous folds uniting the heart apex to the pericardium. Main morphometric means are the apex‐to‐base length (49.86 mm), circumference (105.25 mm) and heart weight (45.03 g). The right atrium is craniocaudally longer with thicker walls, whereas the left ventricle is narrower. The topography, morphology and morphometry of the heart of C. latirostris are consistent with the anatomy of other crocodilian species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Egyptian Poultry Science Journal is the property of Egyptian Poultry Science Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Science / Revista Brasileira de Ciência Veterinária is the property of Revista Brasileira de Ciencia Veterinaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Science / Revista Brasileira de Ciência Veterinária is the property of Revista Brasileira de Ciencia Veterinaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The global output of cottonseed contains ∼10.8 trillion grams of protein that can meet the basic protein requirements of ∼590 million people at a rate of 50 g/day. However, gossypol, a toxic terpenoid present in seed glands, renders cottonseed unfit as food for human consumption or as feed for nonruminants. RNAi, under the control of a seed-specific promoter, was used to selectively silence δ-cadinene synthase gene to reduce gossypol levels in the seed by 97% without affecting the levels of gossypol and related terpenoids in rest of the plant where they are needed for defense against insects and diseases. The resulting Ultra-low Gossypol Cottonseed (ULGCS) is considered safe as food or as feed for more efficient (both, in terms of feed conversion ratio and protein conversion ratio) monogastric animals. Field trials conducted over multiple years in multiple states confirm the stability and heritability of the trait with no diminution of fiber/seed yield, quality or agronomic performance. A ULGCS event, TAM66274, was deregulated by USDA-APHIS in October 2018 and FDA concluded its food safety consultation in September 2019 and concurred with our determination of its safety. Global adoption of TAM66274, with more efficient and expanded usage of its protein, has the potential to significantly improve nutrition security and boost farmers' income without requiring additional inputs or acreage under cultivation, thus making cotton farming more sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study proposes a new methodology for the quantification of parasite eggs in animal tissue. Quantification of parasites are important to understand epidemiology of spirorchiid infections in sea turtles, however different methodologies for quantifying Spirorchiidae eggs in turtle tissues have been used. The most representative way to quantify Spirorchiidae burdens in tissues is counting eggs / g of tissue, however, this method is very laborious. As an alternative, we propose quantifying number of Spirorchiidae eggs/area of tissue on a microscope slide. We compared this method to number of eggs / slide, a common metric of egg burden in turtle tissues. Both methods correlated well with eggs / g with eggs/mm2 of tissue having better correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major cause of death worldwide is atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease (ACD). Myrtenal was studied to determine control rats were given standard diets and a high-fat diet was given to AS model groups. Atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease (ACD) is globally attributed to being a predominant cause of mortality. While the beneficial effects of Myrtenal, the monoterpene from natural compounds, are increasingly being acknowledged, its anti-atherosclerotic activity has not been demonstrated clearly. The present study is proposed to determine the anti-atherosclerotic activity of Myrtenal in high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis (AS) rat models. Control groups were maintained with standard diets, the AS model rats were provided a high-fat diet, two of the experimental groups fed with a high-fat diet were treated with Myrtenal (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg), and one experimental group on high-fat diet was treated with simvastatin (10 mg/kg) for 30 days. The levels of inflammatory cytokines were analyzed using kits. The lipoproteins and the lipid profile were estimated using an auto-analyzer. The atherogenic index and marker enzyme activities were also determined. Serum concentrations of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α), thromboxaneB2 (TXB2), endothelin (ET), and nitric oxide (NO) were measured. The AS model groups indicated altered lipid profile, lipoprotein content, atherogenic index, calcium levels, HMG-CoA reductase activity, collagen level, and mild mineralization indicating atherosclerosis, while the AS-induced Myrtenal-treated groups demonstrated anti-atherogenic activity. The Myrtenal-treated groups exhibited a decreased TC, TG, and LDLc levels; increased HDLc levels; and a decline in the inflammatory cytokines such as CRP, IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-18 when compared to the untreated AS rats. Furthermore, Myrtenal decreased ET, TXB2, and 6-keto-PGF1α levels indicating its anti-atherosclerotic activity. The study results thus indicate that Myrtenal modulates the lipid metabolic pathway to exert its anti-atherosclerotic activity., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Hydroethanolic saffron petals’ extract (HSPE) on the performance, carcass characteristics and blood biochemical parameters of Japanese quails challenged with Aflatoxin B1. A total of 168 day-old quails were arranged into 28 experimental units with 7 treatments in a completely randomized design. The treatments included control, 3, 6 ppm aflatoxin B1, 3ppm aflatoxin +350 ppm HSPE, 3ppm aflatoxin +700 ppm HSPE, 6ppm aflatoxin +350 ppm HSPE and 6ppm aflatoxin +700 ppm HSPE. Each treatment included 4 replicates with 6 birds. Two quails from each pen were selected, slaughtered and carcass parts were weighed and their relative weights were calculated. The data were analyzed by the SAS software. The results revealed that chicks contaminated with aflatoxin had weight loss and reduced feed intake. However, addition of HSPE to their diet improved the feed intake and body weight of the sick birds. The lower FCR were observed in quails contaminated with aflatoxin. However, supplementation of Hydroethanolic saffron petals’ extract to their diet improved the FCR. The relative weight of burs of fabricus and liver had decreased and increased in the contaminated birds, respectively. Aflatoxin B1 affected the relative weight and length of intestine parts. Aflatoxin B1 decreased the concentration of cholesterol and triglyceride and increased liver enzyme activity. Therefore, supplementation of Hydroethanolic saffron petals’ extract to diets may improve the body weight, feed intake and FCR of quail contaminated with aflatoxin B1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The companion animal market has changed over the years. The number of people living in small apartments has increased; as a result, the demand for small pets such as exotics, fish, and small rodents has also increased due to their smaller space requirements and ease of handling and care. Pets help relieve anxiety and stress in people suffering from social issues. Small rodents are usually bred in specific cages with cellulose or wood shaving bedding, and fed with commercially available diets. Small rodent clinics struggle due to the lack of scientific reports on some diseases and therapies. To date, the oncology literature is too limited to develop better diagnosis and treatment methods. Here, we report three cases of squamous cell carcinoma in the mandibular region of Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus). Case: Three adult male hamsters averaging 1.5 years old, from different pet stores, bred under home conditions by different owners in Sergipe, Brazil, were brought to the Dr. Vicente Borelli Hospital at Pio X University for exotic veterinary care. Each animal had been bred alone in a specific breeding cage. Each had a history of apathy, loss of appetite, and rapid deformity of the facial region. Radiographs showed areas of bone involvement and extensive injury, with partial resorption of the left ramus and angle of the mandibular region. Due to the location of the tumor mass, the clinical status, and limitations in systemic treatment, euthanasia was recommended for each animal. After anamnesis, the animals were subjected to clinical assessment. A firm and well-circumscribed mass was identified on palpation. In case A, it compromised the left mandible from the angle to the body and extended to the maxillary soft tissues and left superior lips. In case B, it extended from the ramus to the symphysis on the left side and to the maxillary region, similar to case A. In case C, it extended on both sides of the mandible symphysis, with no alterations in the maxillary soft tissues. Following clinical examination, each animal underwent laterolateral and dorsoventral radiographic examination; no images were suggestive of pulmonary metastasis. However, an expansive mandibular lesion with partial resorption, suggestive of bone neoplasia, was detected. The animals were dehydrated and in clinical distress, and euthanasia was recommended. Histopathological examination of samples from the tumor sites revealed moderate cellular and nuclear pleomorphism and proliferation of neoplastic keratinocytes, suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma, a malignant tumor of epidermal keratinocytes with a highly invasive and aggressive nature. Discussion: The number of reports in the literature of cancer in small rodent companion animals has lead us to believe that neoplasms in these animals are misdiagnosed and/or that their prevalence is underreported. The literature describes that the tumor incidence in hamsters is 3-40%, and that the incidence is higher in male rodents. This incidence range increases the analysis of cancer in these animals from rare to middle-frequent what do not contribute to the animals' clinics and to small rodent therapeutics. Differential diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma and other tumor types should be addressed, especially osteosarcomas. Histopathological examination is essential to clarify the etiopathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to find out the ameliorating effect of dietary Mycosorb (esterified glucomannan, EGM) in experimental aflatoxicosis of broilers. For this purpose 270 number of day-old Anak 2000 chicks were procured and divided into 6 equal treatment groups. A control ration (T0) was prepared with conventional feedstuffs and an experimental diet (Tx) was prepared from this ration after incorporating aflatoxin (AF) @ 300 ppb produced on rice using Aspergillus flavus: NRRL 2999 strain through fermentation technology. From Tx three rations were prepared by mixing Mycosorb @0.025 per cent of feed (TxM1), 0.50 per cent of feed (TxM2) or 0.10 per cent of feed (TxM3). A positive control diet (T0 M2) was prepared by mixing Mycosorb @ 0.5 per cent in the control ration. All 6 diets were fed to the respective groups for a period 42 days. Significantly (P<0.05) reduced level of serum cholesterol and serum protein levels were observed in aflatoxin-alone fed group; whereas increase surge of glucose, triglyceride and activities of serum enzymes viz., serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase were recorded in the aflatoxin-alone fed group. However, the increased parameters were corrected to normalcy when Mycosorb was added in the contaminated diet, particularly at 0.1 per cent level. The study showed an ameliorating effect of dietary Mycosorb during experimental aflatoxicosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]