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Summary The purpose of this study is to assess the repellent activity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil (EO), grown in Serbia under greenhouse conditions, against four prevalent stored product pests: Plodia interpunctella (larvae), Sitophilus oryzae, Acanthoscelides obtectus and Tribolium castaneum (adults). The lemongrass EO repellency was tested using filter paper in Petri dishes and a Y-tube olfactometer. According to the repellency index (RI), the lemongrass EO repellency was divided into 5 classes. Prior to biotesting, the chemical characterization of lemongrass EO was performed and the following main compounds were detected: myrcene (31.0%), geranial (30.0%), and neral (23.6%). The C. citratus EO considered was found to exhibit the Class III repellent activity against P. interpunctella larvae only at the highest concentration (namely 0.5%). This is the very first report on the C. citratus EO repellent activity against this pest. The lemongrass EO examined showed strong repellency (Class IV) against S. oryzae (0.2% and 0.5% of EO), A. obtectus (0.1% and 0.2%), and T. castaneum (0.05-0.1%). Moreover, higher lemongrass EO concentrations (0.5%) were found to exhibit extreme repellency (Class V) against A. obtectus and T. castaneum. The results obtained were confirmed in the bioassays performed, indicating the great potential of lemongrass EO as a bio-repellent when applied in higher concentrations to all the insects considered, regardless of the exposure period.

Salvia sclarea L. or clary sage is cultivated worldwide in temperate and sub-tropical climates, as an ornamental and essential oil (EO) bearing plant. EO is obtained from fresh spikes in full flowering stage and is recognized as an important commercial product for food, beverage and cosmetic industries. This study investigated the EO composition of S. sclarea grown in Serbia (Southeast Europe) obtained by two different methods, steam (SD) and hydrodistillation (HD). GC-MS analysis identified oxygenated monoterpenes as the main class of compounds for all EOs (between 81.8% and 88.2% depending on the distillation process). The most abundant oxygenated monoterpenes were linalyl acetate and linalool. In addition, in vitro antimicrobial (modified resazurin microtitre-plate assay) and antioxidant activities (DPPH· assay) and total polyphenol content of obtained EOs were also evaluated. According to the assay used for the evaluation of the antibacterial activity, Gram-negative bacteria were more sensitive to S. sclarea EO in comparison to Gram-positive bacteria. EOs exhibited low antioxidant capacity, below 3% neutralized DPPH· radicals, reaching up to approximately 400 µg AAE mL-1. This study also investigated a possibility for predicting retention indices (RIs) of compounds isolated from EOs. In total, 78 experimentally obtained RIs were applied to construct the prediction model. The quantitative structure-chromatographic retention relationship (QSRR) model was used to anticipate the experimentally obtained RIs. Five molecular descriptors were selected by factor analysis and genetic algorithm to predict RIs. The obtained accuracy of the QSRR model reached r2 = .912, which showed that these models might be applied for predicting retention indices. This is the accepted peer-reviewed version of the published article [https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3684]. Due to publisher`s embargo it will be available after 2 November 2022.

Poslednjih godina se prednost daje gajenju i preradi lekovitog, aromatičnog i začinskog bilja, koje se sve više koristi u farmaceutskoj, prehrambenoj i kozmetičkoj industriji. Svedoci smo da u današnje vreme čovek teži da se vrati prirodi i prirodnim proizvodima za lečenje ili kao dodatnu terapiju u lečenju mnogih bolesti, ali i prevenciji kroz svakodnevnu upotrebu, kao dodataka ishrani. Spisak biljaka koje se koriste u tu svrhu je podložan promenama, pa samim tim i potrebe industrije za sirovinama, usled promen|jivih potreba korisnika. Iz tog razloga, mnoge divlje vrste zbog povećane potražnje počinju da se gaje, all isto tako i gajenje nekih biljaka se napušta zbog nedostatka radne snage i nedovoljne mehanizovanosti procesa proizvodnje i prerade, ali u nekim slučajevima i zbog toga što se otkrivaju biljne vrste sličnog hemijskog sastava i biološke aktivnosti koje se lakše proizvode. Pored toga, u nekim slučajevima je jeftinija proizvodnja sintetičkih pripravaka. U svakom slučaju, može se reći da lekovito, aromatično i začinsko bilje doživljava renesansu. U želji da se unapredi i proširi proizvodnja lekovitih, aromatičnih | začinskih biljjaka u Srbiji, u okviru projekta "Unapređenje preduzetništva i mogućnosti za zapošljavanje u prekograničnom regionu kroz poljoprivrednu praksu zasnovanu na inovacijama AGRINNO 2” (HUSRB/1903/42/0059), nastao je ovaj priručnik za gajenje lekovitog, aromatičnog i začinskog bilja. U daljem tekstu je opisano gajenje i prerada četrnaest lekovitih, aromatičnih i začinskih biljaka. This manual of growing medicinal, aromatic and spice plants is a result of Interreg IPA Cross-Border Cooperation between Hungary and Serbia AGRINNO 2 "Enhancing entrepreneurship and employment potential in cross-border region through innovation agricultural practices" (HUSRB/1903/42/0059). The book gives an overview of morphological traits, chemical contents, usage, growing conditions, harvest and yields of selected plants from the following families: Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Malvaceae.

Dark red corn is rich in anthocyanins, which belong to phenolic compounds, one of the largest families of antioxidants. Due to numerous, beneficial biological activities of these compounds, this crop is rising in popularity. Unfortunately, the use of dark red corn in the temperate zone is limited, so the breeding activities in this sense are negligible. To maximize profitability and meet technological and growing demands, both biochemical and agronomic performances of such materials have to be considered. A preliminary study was conducted to test the variability of total phenolic compounds and some agronomic traits in NS01RB, a broad based population of dark red corn. 352 full sibs were tested in an incomplete block design with replicates in sets. Data were collected for grain yield, grain moisture, ASI, stay green, stalk lodging, ear rotting and grain color. Significant genetic variability existed among full sibs for all studied traits. A subset of 132 full sibs that showed the highest level of tolerance to ear rotting was selected for biochemical analysis. Mean values for the total phenolic compound ranged from 0.66 to 4.83 mg/g. Basic genetic parameters, relationships and mean values of the examined traits showed that the studied material represents a valuable source of phenolic compounds and could be used in a breeding program.

Ecological conditions of the growing areas, growing practices as well as harvest and postharvest processing influence the yield and quality of chamomile. The aim of this research was to determine the influence of chamomile separation methods, as postharvest treatments, on the essential oil quality and content, with a view to improve current primary processing of this valuable medicinal plant. In order to explain the structure of laboratory data that would give deeper assessment of similarities among various samples of chamomile essential oil, PCA was employed. Tested results showed that separation of chamomile plant material, as postharvest and pre-drying treatment, had significant influence on the number of identified compounds in the chamomile essential oil. The highest content of individual essential oil compounds had chamomile flowers with short stems, especially α-bisabolol, chamazulene, Z-spiroether and E-β-farnesene. In the essential oil obtained from chamomile flowers with long stems, content of α-bisabolol and chamazulene were significantly lower, while E-β-farnesene and Z-spiroether contents were significantly higher. Furthermore, in the essential oil obtained from chamomile plant material without separation, the lowest content of α-bisabolol and Z-spiroether, and the highest content of E-β-farnesene were recorded. The correlation analysis was performed to investigate the likeness in the amounts of the active compounds of essential oil from differently processed chamomile samples. All these results indicate the importance of precise and controlled postharvest treatments, since it clearly affects the essential oil quality and content in the primary processing of this valuable medicinal plant. Ekološki uslovi proizvodnog područja, tehnologija gajenja kao i žetva, ali i posležetveni tretmani značajno utiču na prinos i kvalitet kamilice. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se odredi uticaj metoda separacije, kao posležetvenog tretmana, na kvalitet etarskog ulja, sa ciljem da se unapredi process primarne prerade ove lekovite biljke. Da bi se objasnila struktura laboratorijskih podataka, procenile i sagledale sličnosti i razlike između uzoraka etarskih ulja kamilice dobijenih primenom različitih metoda separacije, korišćena je PCA metoda. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da separacija sirovine kamilice kao posležetveni tretman koji prethodi sušenju, ima značajnog uticaja na broj identifikovanih komponenti u etarskom ulju, ali i njihov udeo. Najmanji broj pojedinačnih komponenti u etarskom ulju je imao uzorak cvetnih glavica sa kratkom drškom, pri čemu je zabeležen najveći sadržaj α-bisabolol, hamazulen, Z-spiroeter i E-β-farnesen. U etarskom ulju dobijenom od biljne sirovine sa većim udelom stabla kamilice, sadržaj α-bisabolola i hamazulena je bio značajno niži, dok je sadržaj E-β-farnesena i Z-spiroetera bio značajno viši. Dalje, u etarskom ulju dobijenom od bioljnog materijala bez separacije, zabeležen je najniži sadržaj α bisabolola i Z-spiroetera, i najveći sadržaj E-β-farnesena. Analiza korelacije je izvedena da bi se ispitala sličnost u sadržaju aktivnih komponenti u etarskom ulju dobijenom primenom različitih procesa separacije kamilice. Svi rezultati ukazuju na značaj primene posležetvenih tretmana, jer se jasno vidi njihov uticaj na kvalitet etarskog ulja ove veoma važne lekovite biljke.

Soybean crop production in Serbia involves seed inoculation by N-fixing bacteria just before sowing time. The main objective of the current work was to assess the impact of the genotype and inoculation on range of morphological and yield traits of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill), as well as the total protein content. The experiment was conducted on chernozem soil, where soybean was previously grown. The six local varieties were used, where each variety was sown, in three replicates for both inoculated and non-inoculated treatment. The following morphological traits were analysed: the plant height, number of lateral branches, distance to the first pod, number of pods per plant, pods (containing seeds) weight per plant, seed weight per plant, and the total grain yield. The total protein content in seeds was determined by standard analytical method, while subtle differences in qualitative protein composition were assessed using Raman spectroscopy. The total protein content varied from 39.6 to 42.15 %. Performance of inoculation resulted in an increase of the plant height and the distance to the first pod, although not in all tested varieties. The highest and the lowest plant height values were observed for non-inoculated variety Dana (59.23cm) and Sava (80.03cm), respectively. The effect of genotype was much more expressed causing differences in almost all tested characters, except for the total protein content. However, Raman spectroscopy analyses revealed distinct discrimination among surveyed varieties, and differences between inoculated and non-inoculated plants in qualitative composition of seed proteins. Proizvodnja soje u Srbiji uključuje inokulaciju setvenog materijala azotofiksirajućim bakterijama pre setve. Glavni cilj ovog rada je procena uticaja genotipa i inolulacije na morofoške parametre i prinos soje (Glycine max L. Merrill) kao i na sadržaj ukupnih proteina. Eksperiment je sproveden na zemljištu tipa černozem na kojem je prethodno uzgajana soja. Za setvu je korišćeno šest domaćih sorti soje, gde je svaka sorta sejana u tri ponavljanja sa dva tretmana (inokulisano i neinokulisano seme) i praćeni su sledeći morfološki parametri: visina biljke, broj bočnih grana, broj spratova, broj mahuna po biljci, masa mahuna sa semenom po biljci, masa semena po biljci bez mahune i ukupni prinos. Sadržaj ukunih proteina u semenu određen je standardnom analitičkom metodom dok su fine razlike u kvalitativnim osobinama proteina procenjene Ramanovom spektroskopijom. Sadržaj ukunih proteina bio je uniforman i kretao se do 39.6-42.15 %. Inokulacija je dovela do povećanja visine biljke i visina biljke do prve mahune. Najveća i najmanja prosečna visina biljke je uočena kod neinokulisanih sorti Dana (59,23 cm) i Sava (80,03 cm), respektivno. Efekat sorte je bio izraženiji i izazvao je efekat kod svih parametara osim sadržaja ukupnih proteina. Međutim, primena Ramanove spektroskopije je pokazala jasne razlike između ispitivanih sorti u kao i razlike između inokulisanih i neinokulisanih sorti u pogledu kvalitativnog sastava proteina semena.

The most abundant volatile compounds of sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua L.) essential oil were artemisia ketone (25.4 %) and trans-caryophyllene (10.2 %), followed by 1,8-cineole, camphor, germacrene D and β-selinene. The major volatile compounds in the hydrosol were camphor (25.1 %), 1,8-cineole (20.5 %) and artemisia ketone (10.7 %), followed by trans-pinocarveol and yomogi alcohol. Tested essential oil was rich in oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, while the former were identified as the major class of volatile compounds in the hydrosol, due to higher water solubility. Classification of all sweet wormwood chemotypes, according to essential oil composition, in available literature (17 studies and 61 accessions) could be done according to four chemotypes: artemisia ketone+artemisia alcohol (most abundant), artemisia ketone, camphor and nonspecific chemotype. According to this classification, essential oil of sweet wormwood from this study belongs to artemisia ketone (content varied between 22.1 and 55.8 %). Bearing in mind that hydrosols are a by-product of industrial production of essential oils, and the fact that sweet wormwood hydrosol has high contents of camphor, 1,8-cineole and artemisia ketone, there is a great potential for the use of this aromatic plant primary processing waste product as a water replacement in cosmetic industry, beverages flavoring, for food preservation, as well as in post-harvest pre-storage treatments in organic agriculture.

Flame-weeding is a very useful method for weed control, especially in organic production where the use of herbicides is prohibited. With this method heat sup?presses weeds in row within a second. Apart from this, heat also affects growing crop plants and surrounding soil. The aim of this paper was to determine the effect of different propane doses, on photosynthetic and polyphenolic (total flavonoids and anthocy?nins) pigments in soybean leaves, as well as the number of microorganisms in the soil. Soybean plants exposed to flame showed a different reaction to high temperature stress, which was reflected in differ?ent content of analyzed biochemical parameters, but the most responsive were anthocyanins. Actinomycetes turned out to be the most sensitive group of soil microorganisms affected by weed flaming, while fungi were the most tolerant.

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) was one of the earliest domesticated plant species. Biological classification (taxonomy or systematization) manifests evolutional relationships between taxons according to trait similarities. When it comes to taxonomy, hemp is one of the most controversial plant species due to significant effects of environmental conditions on hemp phenology and expression of quantitative traits as well as different levels of gender expression observed in hemp plants. Controversial taxonomy of hemp has gone through several phases throughout history. The attitude on the number of species within the genus Cannabis and the criteria used in taxonomic units division were under dispute. Initially focused on morphological characteristics and geographical origin, the approach was greatly amended by the development of molecular and biochemical techniques. The main cause of taxonomic uncertainties is the inbreeding ability of all wild Cannabis populations, resulting in continual variability of quantitative traits. The aim of the paper is to review the history of Cannabis classification including different approaches to this scientific issue.

Crop cultivation under the open-field conditions depends on a variety of biotic and abiotic factors which cause plant stress and deterioration. Due to high soil salinity, some soils can be an unfavourable growing environment for most plants. As a low productivity soil type, solonetz soils are a stressful growing environment, causing plant deterioration. Plants have developed a complex antioxidative defense system as a precaution against oxidative stress caused by high soil salinity. The trial was set up on a halomorphic soil type-solonetz. The research included ten cultivars, one local population of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. aestivum L.) and one cultivar of triticale (Triticosecale W.). The activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in plant antioxidative defense system was detected during the trial, as well as lipid peroxidation. The analysis of biochemical markers was done in the flowering stage, and then in the milk maturity phase. Research results of the tested components revealed the highest stress tolerance exhibited by genotypes Banatka and Bankut 1205. Understanding the process of oxygen radical production by the plant tissue contributes to breeding wheat cultivars for better stress tolerance. Selection of genotypes better adapted to growing conditions in solonetz soils could facilitate a more economically justifiable wheat production, and promote utilization of the lower-quality soil types in agriculture.

This study aimed to test different chemical agents to obtain microbiologically safe industrial hemp seeds that could be used for further food processing (with the reduced total number of microorganisms, total number of moulds and yeasts, and total number of Enterobacteriaceae). In order to obtain seeds applicable for food consumption, optimal storage temperature conditions (room temperature, refrigerator, freezer), method of seed packaging (vacuum/without vacuum), and the application of various chemical treatments (ethanol, sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium hypochlorite) were tested on the certified industrial hemp seeds, produced in two consecutive years. Optimal storage conditions differed for different microorganisms, and the most optimal storage was at room temperature, for seeds produced in 2018, in the treatment to reduce the total number of Enterobacteriaceae and the total number of microorganisms. When storing seeds from 2018 in order to reduce the number of yeasts and moulds, a slightly lower number was spotted when seeds were stored in a vacuum-sealed bag, at the refrigerator/freezer temperature. For hemp seeds produced in 2019, the most optimal storage conditions were at the refrigerator (for reduction of the total number of Enterobacteriaceae) and freezer temperature (for reduction of the total number of microorganisms). For the reduction of the total number of moulds and yeasts, optimal conditions were at room temperature. Ethanol (75%, v/v) was the most effective disinfectant among the tested chemicals regardless of the initial number of microorganisms, with log reduction of 3.2 (for the total number of Enterobacteriaceae), 2.9 log (for the total number of microorganisms), and total reduction of the total number of yeasts and moulds after 10 minutes, for the seeds harvested in 2019, which were far more contaminated than the seeds harvested in 2018. Considering the price of the disinfection method with ethanol, sodium hypochlorite may be a better solution for the reduction of the number of microbiota on the seeds. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitivanje različitih hemijskih sredstava za dobijanje mikrobiološki bezbednog semena industrijske konoplje, koje bi se moglo koristiti za dalju preradu u hranu (sa smanjenim ukupnim brojem mikroorganizama, ukupnim brojem kvasaca i plesni, i ukupnim brojem enterobakterija). Da bi se dobilo seme primenljivo za ishranu, optimalni temperaturni uslovi skladištenja (sobna temperatura, frižider, zamrzivač), način pakovanja semena (vakuum/bez vakuuma) i primena različitih hemijskih tretmana (etanol, natrijum hidrogen karbonat, natrijum hipohlorit) su testirani na sertifikovanom semenu industrijske konoplje, proizvedenom u dve uzastopne godine. Optimalni uslovi skladištenja su se razlikovali za različite mikroorganizme, a najoptimalnije skladištenje je bilo na sobnoj temperaturi, za seme iz 2018. godine, a u cilju smanjenja broja enterobakterija i ukupnog broja mikroorganizama. Pri skladištenju semena iz 2018. godine u cilju smanjenja broja plesni i kvasaca primećen je nešto manji broj datih mikroorganizama kada je seme čuvano u vakuumski zatvorenoj vrećici, na temperaturi frižidera/zamrzivača. Za seme konoplje iz 2019. godine najoptimalniji uslovi skladištenja su bili na temperaturi frižidera (za redukciju broja enterobakterija) i u zamrzivaču (za redukciju ukupnog broja mikroorganizama). Za smanjenje ukupnog broja plesni i kvasaca, optimalni uslovi su bili na sobnoj temperaturi. Etanol (75%, v/v) je bio najefikasnije sredstvo za dezinfekciju među ispitivanim hemijskim sredstvima, bez obzira na početni broj mikroorganizama, sa log smanjenjem od 3,2 (za ukupan broj enterobakterija), 2,9 log (za ukupan broj mikroorganizama) i ukupnim smanjenjem broja kvasaca i plesni nakon 10 minuta delovanja, za seme proizvedeno 2019. godine, koje je bilo mnogo više kontaminirano u odnosu na seme iz 2018. godine. Uzimajući u obzir cenu metoda dezinfekcije etanolom, natrijum hipohlorit može biti bolje rešenje za smanjenje broja mikrobiota na semenu.

Recommended agrotechnical measure that is performed immediately before sowing of soybean is the inoculation of grain with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The purpose of the experiment was to examine the influence of inoculation and variety on morphological characteristics, yield and content of primary grain metabolites. Three domestic soybean cultivars (Apollo, Gorštak and Trijumf) were examined on the plot on which soybeans were previously grown, on chernozem-type land, at the experimental field of the Tamiš Pancevo Institute. The following morphological characteristics and yield parameters were studied: plant height, number of side branches, number of nodes, plant height to the first pod, number of pods per plant, the mass of pods per grain per plant, grain weight per plant and grain yield per hectare. The content of oil, nitrogen and protein was determined by standard analytical methods. Inoculation had a statistically significant effect on the morphological trait of plant height up to the first pod, while inoculation had no statistically significant impact on other morphological traits and yield parameters. Inoculation did not have a statistically significant effect on oil, nitrogen and protein content. For most of the examined parameters, the effect of genotype was observed. The average yield of plants of inoculated seed (1250 kg ha-1) and non-inoculated seed (1230 kg ha-1) was far lower than the multi-year average, due to significantly lower precipitation compared to the multi-year average and high average air temperatures during the growing season.

A three-year experiment was conducted to determine the influence of ripening, variety and the production year (2017-2019) on seed and fruit quality of eggplant. The 1000 seed weight, germination capacity, the total protein and oil content of seeds as well as the total protein and sugar content of fruits were determined in three ripeness phases across three production years. All examined varieties exhibited significant differences in the weight of 1000 seeds during ripening, which varied from 1.44 to 4.42 g. Seeds extracted from fruits that reached commercial ripeness did not germinate. As the fruit ripens, its total sugar and protein content decreases, while the reverse is detected in the case of total protein and oil content of seeds. The full ripeness phase was the optimal time for harvesting fruits to obtain high germinating seeds.

The objective of this study was the isolation and characterization of Azotobacter, Pseudomonas and Bacillus species from the rhizospheric soil of Mellisa officinalis and to examine the effect of isolates application on the seed germination and seedling growth. Isolation, physiological, biochemical, and plant-growth-promoting activity characterization of isolates were done. Monitoring the effects of isolates application on seed germination and seedling growth were evaluated in controlled conditions. The number of germinated seeds, the shoot and root length of seedlings, vigour index and biochemical stress markers (lipid peroxidation intensity and total phenols) were measured. From the rhizosphere of plant 2 Azotobacter (denoted as A5 and A6), 5 Pseudomonas (denoted as P27, P28, P29, P55 and P56) and 6 Bacillus (denoted as B64, B65, B66, B67, B68 and B69) bacteria were isolated. Azotobacter isolates showed the ability to live in the condition of low (5) and high (9) pH. The isolates varied in terms of the utilization of carbon sources. Both isolates produced pectinase, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and utilized organic and inorganic phosphorus. Pseudomonas isolates had optimal growth at 10 ºC and 37 ºC, and on medium with pH 5 and 9. All Pseudomonas isolates could produce pectinase, lipase, amylose, IAA, siderophores and HCN. All Bacillus isolates could grow on a medium containing 7% NaCl.

Seeds of seven different genotypes of underutilised oil crop Carthamus tinctorius L. (Asteraceae) were analysed for their protein, oil, fatty acids, tocopherols and total phenolics contents, with a view to test their diversity and potential as an alternative source of these valuable compounds. Seeds of tested safflower genotypes had total protein content from 11.5 to 16.0%, while total oil content were from 16.8 to 24.5% of dry matter, on average. Two main unsaturated fatty acids in safflower seeds, oleic and linoleic acids, represent approximately 90% of the total fatty acid content.

Nepeta cataria, also known as catnip or catmint, is the most widespread and intensively studied species. The name catmint is derived from the strong attraction most cats have towards this species. Because of this, it is often used in pet toy industry as a safe attractant for cats. The main compounds responsible for this reaction in cats are nepetalactones. However, N. cataria var. citriodora or lemon catnip, an aromatic herb with a lemony-mint flavor, resembles true catnip, but is not attractive to cats. This variety is a good source for industrial production of citral and an attractive raw material for food industry and cooking; it is used as a dry spicy mixture for dessert dishes, in manufacturing of cheese, sausages, alcoholic beverages (liqueurs and vermouth) and soft drinks, vegetable and fruit canned food. N. cataria is cultivated for ornamental purposes, and because of the long flowering duration and large production of pollen and nectar it is very suitable for beekeeping. According to scientific reports, N. cataria possess antioxidant, hepatoprotective and antidiabetic activities, as well as sedative, antidepressant, spasmolytic, anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. Experiments show that this plant influences sexual activity, and expresses anticancer properties. Antimicrobial activity against a number of bacteria is also noted, as well as repellent and insecticidal properties. Nematodidal and allelopathic effects are also noted.

Alternativne kulture sve više interesuju poljoprivredne proizvođače tako da iz godine u godinu nalaze svoje mesto u sistemu biljne proizvodnje. U radu su prikazani rezultati proizvodnje nekih alternativnih kultura u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo sa osvrtom na novi sortiment.

The purpose of this study was to analyze antioxidant systems among three invasive ragweed species, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., A. trifida L. and Iva xanthifolia Nutt. Antioxidant capacity could be a possible marker of adaptation to variable environmental conditions, since change in amount of antioxidants represents one of the first responses to various environmental stimuli. Among investigated ragweeds, I. xanthifolia leaves had more pronounced guaiacol peroxidase activity (87.5 and 62.5%) and reduced glutathione content (2.3 and 28.8%) than A. artemisiifolia and A. trifida, respectively. However, super-oxide dismutase activity was invariable in all investigated plants (234.1-247.5 U g-1 fresh weight). The highest content of total phenolics, tannins, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins were detected in A. trifida leaves (up to 3.7-fold the amount of the others). According to antioxidant activity tests, investigated ragweed species could be presented in a scale: A. trifida gt I. xanthifolia gt A. artemisiifolia. Accumulation of non-enzymatic antioxidants and lower content of reduced glutathione point to different oxidative stress avoidance strategies of A. trifida when compared to A. artemisiifolia and I. xanthifolia within the same environmental conditions. Svrha ove studije bila je analiza antioksidantih sistema tri invazivne vrste: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., A. trifida L. i Iva xanthifolia Nutt. Antioksidantni kapacitet može biti potencijalni marker adaptacije na promenljive uslove okoline, jer promena u količini antioksidanata predstavlja jedan od prvih odgovora na različite ekološke faktore. Među ispitivanim korovima, listovi I. xanthifolia imali su izraženiju aktivnost gvajakol peroksidaze (87,5 i 62,5%) i sadržaj redukovanog glutationa (2,3 i 28,8%) u odnosu na A. artemisiifolia i A. trifida, respektivno. Međutim, aktivnost superoksid dismutaze bila je nepromenljiva u svim ispitivanim biljkama (234,1-247,5 U g-1 sveže mase). Najveći sadržaj ukupnih fenola, tanina, flavonoida i proantocianidina detektovan je u listovima A. trifida (do 3,7 puta više od ostalih). Prema ispitivanim antioksidantnim aktivnostima, date vrste mogu biti predstavljene skalom: A. trifida gt I. xanthifolia gt A. artemisiifolia. Akumulacija neenzimskih antioksidanata i manji sadržaj redukovanog glutationa ukazuju na različite strategije izbegavanja oksidativnog stresa kod A. trifida u poređenju sa ostalim ispitivanim korovima u istim uslovima životne sredine.

The purpose of this paper was to compare quality of seeds of two black and yellow soybean and the response of plants developed from these seeds to oxidative stress during vegetation and reproduction period. Content of carbohydrates: cellulose, starch, total and reduced sugars, as well as oil and protein content varied among all varieties, irrespective the colour. Bearing in mind all differences in seed quality, as well as response to oxidative stresses during development, black cultivars could be proposed as an excellent source of phenolic compounds (flavan-3-ols, antocyanins, genistein, glycitein, quercetin, laricitrin and isorhamnetin derivatives). Due to extreme fluctuation in precipitation amounts in the last years, information on the better performance of soybean varieties in oxidative stress conditions is of great importance to organic and conventional production of this cultivar. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. TR-31022]

The aim of this study was to assess a set of 40 accessions of Hokkaido type pumpkins (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne) in terms of the traits of agronomic importance and the basic fruit flesh quality parameters, with the emphasis on Serbian environmental conditions. The pumpkins are a part of the larger Cucurbita collection belonging to the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops from Novi Sad, where the two-year (2016, 2017) field trial was conducted. The accessions significantly differed in all analyzed parameters. The average values for the traits of agronomic importance were: yield per plant 3.56 kg, fruit weight 1.84 kg, number of fruits per plant 2.03, and anthesis date 180.29. Length of the main stem was in most cases short. Among fruit flesh quality parameters; the average dry weight content was 11.49%, sugars content 43.32 mg/g fresh weight, carotenoids content 50.12 mg/kg fresh weight, proteins content 4.04 mg/g fresh weight, total soluble solids content 8.63 °Brix, refractive index 1.347, and pH 6.98. The highest coefficients of variation for agronomic and quality traits were those calculated for yield per plant and carotenoids content. The pumpkins performed better in the first season of the experiment due to more favorable weather, firstly temperature, conditions. The most pronounced adverse effect of high temperatures occurring in 2017 was the one expressed on the content of carotenoids, which was on average 48.4% lower when compared to 2016. Principal component analysis was employed to clarify the relationships among the investigated parameters, and to distinguish those with the most important contribution to the pumpkin variability. The analysis revealed strong correlations among yield per plant, fruit weight and length of the main stem. Carotenoids content and pH also correlated to yield, while the other quality parameters correlated to each other. Defining both first and second principal components, yield per plant and fruit weight were the parameters with the highest contribution to the variability among the assessed pumpkins. Concerning quality parameters, fruit flesh dry weight contributed the most to the variability. Therefore, the strategy for breeding Hokkaido type pumpkins adapted to Serbian environmental conditions should be based on combining irrespectively selected high-yield and high-quality accessions. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. TR 31059: New concept of breeding vegetable varieties and hybrids for sustainable growing systems using biotechnological methods and Grant no. TR 31005: Contemporary biotechnological approach in resolving the problem of drought in Serbian agriculture]

Seeds of seven different genotypes of underutilised oil crop Carthamus tinctorius L. (Asteraceae) from alternative oil species collection of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops (Novi Sad, Serbia), were analysed for their protein, oil, fatty acids, tocopherols and total phenolics contents, with a view to test their diversity and potential as an alternative source of these valuable compounds. Seeds of the tested safflower genotypes had total protein (determined by Kjeldahl method) content from 11.5 to 16.0%, while total oil content (determined by Soxhlet method) ranged from 16.8 to 24.5% of dry matter, on average. Two main unsaturated fatty acids in safflower seeds, oleic and linoleic acids, represent approximately 90% of the total fatty acid content (determined by gas chromatography). Linoleic acid was the dominant fatty acid in all genotypes (61.2-80.2% of oil), while oleic acid was in a negative correlation with linolenic acid content and ranged from 9.6 to 29.5% of oil. The amount of saturated fatty acids ranged from 5.5 to 6.05% for palmitic, and 2.1 to 3.5% for stearic acid. Safflower seed is a source of α-tocopherol (determined by high performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection) and its amount ranged from 358.8 to 461.8 mg/L of oil. The content of total phenolics (determined spectrophotometrically) ranged from 4.0 to 6.0 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g of dry weight. This comprehensive screening of valuable chemical compounds of safflower seeds shows the importance of this alternative oil seed crop as a good source of important nutrients and bioactive constituents. Seme sedam različitih genotipova manje gajene biljne vrste Carthamus tinctorius L. (Asteraceae), dela kolekcije alternativnih uljanih vrsta Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo (Novi Sad, Srbija), je analizirano na sadržaj proteina, ulja, masnih kiselina, tokoferola i ukupnih fenola, kako bi se ispitala njihova raznovrsnost i potencijal upotrebe ove vrste kao alternativnog izvora ovih, značajnih jedinjenja. Sadržaj proteina (određen metodom po Kjeldahl-u) u semenu šafranike bio je od 11.5 do 16.0%, dok je ukupan sadržaj ulja (određen metodom po Soxhlet-u), u proseku bio od 16.8 do 24.5% suve materije. Dominantne nezasićene masne kiseline u semenu šafranike bile su oleinska i linolna kiselina, koje predstavljaju približno 90% ukupnog sadržaja masnih kiselina (određen gasnohromatografski). Najzastupljenija masna kiselina u svim genotipovima je linolna kiselina (61.2-80.2% ulja), dok je oleinska kiselina bila u negativnoj korelaciji sa sadržajem linoleinske kiseline i bila je u rasponu od 9.6 do 29.5% ulja. Količina zasićenih masnih kiselina kretala se u rasponu od 5.5 do 6.05% za palmitinsku i od 2.1 do 3.5% za stearinsku kiselinu. Seme šafranike je značajni izvor α-tokoferola (određen metodom tečne hromatografije visokih performansi sa fluorescencentnim detektorom) i njegova količina se kretala od 358.8 do 461.8 mg/l ulja. Sadržaj ukupnih polifenola varirao je između 4 i 6 mg ekvivalenata galne kiseline/g suve materije. Analiza datih genotipova semena šafranike ukazuje na značaj ove alternativne uljarice kao dobrog izvora važnih hranljivih sastojaka i bioaktivnih jedinjenja.

This is the first report on the difference in the contents of the major quality compounds during development among cultivated (‘Haschberg’ cultivar and ‘Ljubostinja’ selection) and wild edible elderberry plants. Phenolics content in leaves (four stages) and fruits (unripe and ripe), as well as organic acids and sugars content in unripe and ripe fruits were determined. Quinic acid was the major organic acid in unripe fruits (especially in ‘Wild’ plants 16.7 g 100 g-1), while ripe fruits accumulated citric acid in the highest amounts (the highest was in’ Ljubostinja’ 10.2 g 100 g-1). ‘Wild’ elderberry plants had significantly higher sugar content in fruits, in general (2.2 unripe and in ripe 8.4 g 100 g-1), except for fructose content which was the highest in’ Ljubostinja’ ripe fruits (up to 6-fold higher). Tested elderberry plants had four major groups of phenolics in their leaves and fruits during development: phenolic acids (caffeic and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives), flavanone, flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin derivatives) and anthocyanins (mostly cyanidin derivatives).’ Ljubostinja’ had higher content of cyanidin derivatives in leaves in flowering stage and in all tested fruits (0.01% DW in unripe and 0.7% DW in ripe). Bearing in mind all tested quality parameters, ‘Ljubostinja’ selection had better quality of fruits, which position this selection as valuable resource for further cultivation and breeding of elderberry.

The present study examined the effects of Candidatus Phytoplasma solani infection on antioxidative metabolism in leaves and roots of carrot (Daucus carota L.). Disease symptoms appeared at the end of June in the form of the chlorosis on some of the leaves, which became intensely red one week later, while the previously healthy leaves from the same branch becme chlorotic. A few days later, all leaves from the infected leaf branch were intensely red. Infected plants also had slower growth compared to the healthy ones with fewer leaf branches developed. The roots of infected plants were less developed, seared, or gummy with or without brown-colored root hair. The presence of the pathogen was detected by sequencing the 16S rRNA. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) BLAST analyses of the obtained sequence revealed 100% identity of tested strain with deposited Ca. Phytoplasma solani strains from various countries and hosts, all belonging to the “stolbur” group (16SrXII-A). Identity of 99.74% was found when the tested Serbian strain (MF503627) was compared with the reference stolbur strain STOL11 (AF248959). The oxidative damage of membranes in carrot cells was accompanied by a decrease in the content of photosynthetic pigments. Furthermore, for the determination of specific scavenging properties of the extracts, in vitro antioxidant assay was performed. In phytoplasma-infected carrot leaves, there was a greater reduction in the level of glutathione content (GSH); however; flavonoids and anthocyanidins seem to be responsible for the accompanied increased antioxidative capacity against hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide.

Unfavorable environment, for most cultivated plants is the soil, which is characterized by high concentrations of salt. Stress caused by high salt concentrations leads to disorders in the transport of electrons in certain cell organelles, creating reactive oxygen species that cause lipid peroxidation, oxidative protein degradation, and DNA mutations. Trail was set in Banat, locality Kumane, where the complex stress environment is caused by alkaline soil of solonetz type, soil of poorer productivity, represents a production environment that can be considered stressful for plants. The research included 12 genotypes, of which 10 varieties and one local population of hexaploid wheat and one variety of triticale. The enzymatic activity of the antioxidant system (SOD, GPx, PPx), PAL, non-enzymatic components of the antioxidative system (GSH, phenols, tannins, DPPH-test) as well as lipid peroxidation have been determined. From the standpoint of both groups of investigated components, genotypes of Banatka and Bankut 1205 were the most stress tolerant. The genotype Rapsodija has stood out according to a good reaction when the enzymatic component is observed and the genotype Renesansa when considering non-enzymatic activity.

Drought is a common abiotic constraint affecting world agricultural production. This study was aimed to investigate grafting as a means to improve watermelon response to drought, as well as to assess the effects of different rootstocks on watermelon agronomic and quality traits. The popular vegetable is among species with a rather large water demand. Five scions (Citrullus lanatus breeding lines, experimental hybrids and cultivar) were grafted on nine rootstocks (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides, Lagenaria siceraria, Cucurbita moschata and Cucurbita maxima) in all combinations, without previous knowledge on their compatibility. Plant material originates from the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia, where the experiments took place. Three quarters of the total number of the scion-rootstock combinations were successfully acclimatized in a growth chamber, whereas in the open field only a half of previously acclimatized combinations completed life cycle.

Alternativne kulture sve više interesuju poljoprivredne proizvodače, bez obzira na to što se gaje na relativno malim površinama, tako da iz godine u godinu nalaze svoje mesto u sistemu biljne proizvodnje. U radu je dat pregled najnovijih istraživanja iz ove oblasti.

Cannabis sativa L. contains more than 480 known compounds from 18 different chemical classes. The most important biologically active compounds of industrial hemp are cannabinoids: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabichromene (CBC), and cannabinodiol (CBND). Besides this, cannabis also contains hydrocarbons, nitrogen-containing compounds, carbohydrates, flavonoids, noncannabinoid phenols, simple alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters, and lactones. The extraction of CBD and THC of industrial hemp was carried out by a ultrasound-assisted technique, an emerging environmentally-friendly technology. The effects of different extraction parameters (extraction temperature (40-80⁰C), extraction time (20-60 min), and ultrasonic power (24-60 W/L) on the extraction of CBD and THC were investigated using a response surface methodology. In obtained extracts content of CBD was in the range from 0.6158 to 0.8752 mg/mL, and content of THC was in the range from 0.0412 to 0.0458 mg/mL. Experimental results were described by the second order polynomial model. Model was estimated using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimization process carried out in order to obtain the most optimal content of desired types of cannabinoids.

Moldavian balm or Moldavian dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) is native to temperate climate of Asia, but it was naturalized in Eastern and central Europe, North Africa, China and north-eastern United States. This plant with its citrus like flavor is extensively used as a spice and for composition of teas, because of neral and geranial as major constituents of essential oil. D. moldavica is used in food aromatization, perfumery, alcoholic drinks industry, soaps and detergents. Apart from being used as medicinal and spice plant, it is grown as a honey-bearing plant and cultivated in gardens and parks as an ornamental plant. Seed is a good source of fatty oil with spicy taste and aromatic odor, rich in unsaturated fatty acids, principally the linolenic and linoleic acids. This categorizes D. moldavica seed into the group of raw materials suitable for nutraceuticals, food supplements, and functional food applications. Furthermore, numerous investigations show that this plant possesses good antioxidative, antimicrobial and insecticidal activity. It is also used as antinociceptive, sedative, neuroprotective, as well as cardiotonic agents, and for treating chronic mountain sickness.

Fibre or industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) have been cultivated for thousands of years as a fibre, seed or dual-propose crop. Industrial hemp is currently witnessing a revival as a rich source of secondary metabolites. Several studies showed that hemp could be used in pest control. It has been documented that hemp could suppress weeds, harmful nematodes and soil pathogens and also could have allelopathic effects on some field crops (inhibitory or stimulatory). The aim of this study was to examine the effects of ethanol extracts of industrial hemp on activity of antioxidative enzymes, activity of enzymes of polyphenolic metabolism and intensity of lipid peroxidation in seedlings of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). This survey was also conducted in order to evaluate the allelopathic activity of hemp extract on content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of soybean seedlings. In the experiments the 70% ethanol extracts of dried flowering buds of hemp (cv. Helena) was applied in 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% concentration on seeds of soybean. Ethanol solution (70%) was used as a control. Experiment was performed according to ISTA recommendations (2017). After eight days plants were harvested and activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase), enzymes of polyphenolic metabolism (phenylalanine ammonia lyase and polyphenol oxidase) and intensity of lipid peroxidation was measured in phosphate buffer extracts of whole seedlings. Content of total phenolics and tannins and antioxidant capacity was measured in extracts of soybean seedlings with 70% methanol. Extract of hemp decreased activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyasein soybean seedlings and also decreased content of total phenolic and antioxidant capacity. Treatments with ethanol extract of firbe hemp did not affect activities of antioxidative enzymes and did not induce lipid peroxidation in soybean seedlings tissues.

Marrubium vulgare is a plant with high bioactive potential. It contains marrubiin, a labdane diterpene that is characteristic for this genus, as well as a complex mixture of phenolic compounds. According to numerous studies, M. vulgare acts as a good antioxidant agent, and due to this, it could potentially be useful in treatments of cancer, diabetes mellitus, and liver diseases. In addition, its anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, and sedative potential are discussed. Apart from that, its antimicrobial activity, especially against Gram+ bacteria, fungi, herpes simplex virus, and parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Plasmodium berghei-berghei was recorded. Additionally, it could be used as a chicken lice repellent, herbicide, and natural insecticide against mosquito larvae and natural molluscicide. In veterinary medicine, M. vulgare can be used as an anthelmintic against the eggs and larvae of bovine strongyles parasites, and as an antibiotic against bovine mastitis caused by resistant bacterial strains. Due to the mentioned benefits, there is a tendency for the cultivation of M. vulgare in order to ensure high-quality raw material, but more firm scientific evidence and well-designed clinical trials are necessary for the well-established use of M. vulgare herb and its preparations.

BACKGROUND: Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is one of the most controversial plants. So far, its multiple application in industry for the production of fabrics, paper and construction materials is known. Today, there is increasing interest in its application for medical purposes, as opposed to its opiate activity. In addition to well‐known cannabinoids, the presence of polyphenolic compounds and their antioxidant and reductive abilities are of great importance. Therefore the extraction of both constituents, polyphenolics and cannabinoids (Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD)), of industrial hemp was carried out using microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE). RESULTS: The effects of different extraction parameters, namely ethanol concentration (30, 50 and 70% v/v), extraction time (10, 20 and 30 min) and solid/liquid ratio (5, 10 and 15 g mL⁻¹), on extraction yield, total phenol content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, reductive capacity, CBD content and THC content were investigated using response surface methodology. For the experimental design, a Box–Behnken design was chosen. In the obtained extracts, the following ranges of targeted compounds were detected: total phenols from 0.8499 to 2.7060 mg gallic acid equivalent mL⁻¹, total flavonoids from 0.4707 to 1.4246 mg catechin equivalent mL⁻¹, THC from 0.0339 to 0.0637 mg mL⁻¹ and CBD from 0.2243 to 1.8415 mg mL⁻¹. Antioxidant activity ranged from 0.0009 to 0.2079 mL mL⁻¹, while reductive capacity ranged from 0.0021 to 0.0066 mL mL⁻¹. CONCLUSION: MAE proved to be a simple, efficient, fast and low environmental impact method for obtaining polyphenols and cannabinoids from C. sativa L. Cannabis herb, which presents a by‐product of fiber and cannabis product, showed to be a promising source of bioactive compounds. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

Hydrolates, also referred to as hydrosols, floral or distillate waters, as well as aromatic waters, are produced in the same isolation process with essential oils by steam distillation. A small amount of essential oil constituents is dissolved in hydrolates providing specific organoleptic properties and flavor, as well as biological activity which makes them useful as raw material in many industries. Their popularity is still on the rise, especially in aromatherapy. The objective in this review is to analyze the chemical compositions of hydrolates and their corresponding essential oils, as well as biological activity of hydrolates (antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiinflamatory) and potential uses, not only in food industry for flavoring, and preservation of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables, but also as functional (soft) drinks. However, hydrolates can be used in aromatherapy and cosmetics, as well as in organic agriculture and aquaculture. Hidrolati, koji se takođe nazivaju i hidrosoli, cvetne ili aromatične vode, kao i destilati, proizvode se u procesu destilacije etarskih ulja vodenom parom. Mala količina etarskog ulja nalazi se rastvorena u hidrolatima dajući im specifične organoleptičke osobine i ukus, kao i biološku aktivnost, što ih čini korisnim kao sirovinu u mnogim industrijama. Njihova popularnost poslednjih godina raste, posebno u aromaterapiji. Cilj ovog preglednog rada je da se analizira hemijski sastav hidrolata i njihovih etarskih ulja, kao i biološku aktivnost hidrolata (antimikrobna, antioksidativna i antiinflamatorna), ali i mogućnosti upotrebe, ne samo u prehrambenoj industriji kao prirodnih aroma i konzervanasa sveže isečenog voća i povrća, ali i funkcionalnih (bezalkoholnih) napitaka. Takođe, hidrolat i mogu da se koriste u aromaterapiji i kozmetici kao i u organskoj poljoprivredi i ribarstvu.

Biochemistry coupled with electrochemical approach is employed in a fast, relatively simple, yet highly precise detection of a plant extract antioxidant properties. Antioxidant capacity of dark red corn grains was investigated electrochemically using cyclic voltammetry (CV) on glassy carbon electrode (GC). The linear polarization resistance (LPR) measurements were performed for examining the corrosion inhibitive behavior of polyphenolics on mild steel. The consistent positive correlation (r=0.99) was established between total phenolic and flavonoid contents obtained by CV measurements and spectrophotometric antioxidant assay (DPPH test). Both analyses confirm the high antioxidant activity of tested pigments. Determination of the corrosion inhibition efficiency revealed that the red corn pigments have anti-corrosion effect on mild steels.

Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L. syn. Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert) is a herb widely used in the form of dried flower heads (Matricariae flos) infusion tea and steam-distilled essential oil (Matricariae aetheroleum). The subject of this study is to determine the chemical composition of essential oil obtained from dry chamomile flowers of three tetraploid cultivars (‘Zloty Lan’, ‘Manzana’ and ‘Lutea’) grown in North Banat region, Serbia. Essential oil has been obtained by hydrodistillation process on Clevenger apparatus. Qualitative and quantitative composition of the oil was determined by GC-MS and GC-FID analysis. From 48 compounds detected in total, the most abundant class was sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. In ‘Zloty Lan’ and ‘Lutea’ the major compound was trans-β-farnesene while in ‘Manzana’ it was α-bisabolol.

Summary Monilinia laxa Aderh. and Ruhl. is the predominant causal agent of brown rot disease of stone fruit orchards, especially sweet cherries. The objective of this study was to identify reaction in response of nine genotypes cherry, with different pomological properties, against brown rot. These genotypes were harvested at commercial maturity from orchard in the Fruit Research Institute in Rimski Šančevi. The studied genotypes showed significant differences in terms of the occurrence of disease on fruits, both under artificial inoculation and infection in the field. Given the fact that sweet cherry fruits are prone to infection by a number of pathogens in the field, biochemical parameters were analysed on artificially inoculated fruits. Biochemical analysis of fruits determined significant differences in contents of total phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins, as well as in antioxidant activity. It was genotype specificities and intensity of infection, as well as the interaction of the two that induced differences in the secondary biomolecules content and antioxidant activity. The majority of the genotypes examined showed high polyphenolics content, while under the infection, the content was significantly lower. Based on the results obtained, the secondary metabolites content can be used as one of the parameters for evaluating the resistance of sweet cherry genotypes to brown rot.

The objective of this study was to determine cannabinoids content and fatty acids composition in twelve European fiber hemp varieties from Serbia, Romania, Hungary, Italy, Ukraine, France, Nederland and Poland. The CBD content in analysed varieties ranged from 0.00 to 1.96% and THC content was lower than the legal limit in EU. Total oil content in seeds of investigated varieties ranged from 25.09 to 34.09%. Fatty acid analysis showed that seed oil of all analyzed varieties is high in PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) ranging from 69.2 to 78.2% of the total fatty acids. Gamma-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-6) ranged from 0.62 to 2.97% and omega-6/omega-3 ratio varied from 2.93 to 4.47. Obtained results indicate that all analysed hemp varieties are an excellent source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially gamma-linolenic acid. In addition, according to these results there is low risk of oil contamination with cannabinoids. Most of the analyzed varieties can be used as a source for CBD extraction.