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International audience; Today, most of the operational “abnormal behaviour” detection algorithms primarily operate kinematic rules on the vessel tracks provided by the AIS. To be more effective, they must be associated to additional “context data”, however insuring this data access is today a challenge, due to the disparity of registers and the fragmentation of actors… For example, detecting suspicious “associations of ships” requires already a complex data mining to detect indirect common ownership through the myriad of cascaded legal entities used for formal ownership and registration; as another example, maritime security actors know the importance of environmental factors (sea state, fog, clouds, moon etc) when assessing the risk of illegal passages or piracy attacks at night – but gathering the right local weather forecast data in association with abnormal behaviour detection algorithms for maritime radar systems is also a challenge. While many more data and metadata should be browsed from all the existing maritime reporting systems and data repositories to cross-check systematically the declared versus actual behaviour of commercial, fishing and leisure ships, we shall start developing a new data access thinking to benefit from the progressive deployment of the EU-wide CISE which is approaching its pre-operational validation milestone and should be largely mature by 2020, materializing a break-through in terms of data access for the maritime security communities. In parallel, another key enabler is the capacity to collect the “local picture” gathered by genuinely cooperating shipping (sightings and nav radar) with the “big picture” (VMS, AIS, S-AIS, LRIT, satellite imaging…). The VDES will provide a very effective data uplink as an alternative to broadband maritime SatComs at the same 2020 horizon. Other planned technological gap-fillers deserve to be integrated in future data processing strategies: new space projects aim at solving the data synchronicity challenge by co-locating SAR, S-AIS and VDES payloads for specialized maritime surveillance constellations; EDRS allows downloading LEO maritime surveillance data streams in near real-time from anywhere on Earth; smart and fast embarked data processing will downsize the “rising tide” of data, extracting and tagging straight away the mere fraction of data requiring prompt human attention… This paper will aim at delivering a sort of “wake-up call” to integrate this new data access paradigm in the current research on maritime knowledge discovery associated to the detection of safety and security threats: 2020 is tomorrow, we shall think, develop and test our toolbox at the whole scale of this “Big Data”.

Cet article rend compte d'une expérience d'évaluation d'un programme de formation offert à l'intention de propriétairesdirigeants de PME québécoises par le ministère de l'Industrie, du Commerce et de la Technologie de la province. La recherche utilise le modèle de Kirkpatrick qui propose d'évaluer un programme déformation selon quatre niveaux distincts: réactions, apprentissage, comportements et résultats. Deux cent quatre-vingt-un participants ont été rejoints par téléphone au moins un an après la tenue de leur séminaire. L'étude documente d'une façon descriptive les différents niveaux d'impact du programme de formation. Elle apporte un éclairage nouveau sur une opération rarement effectuée qui présente de nombreuses difficultés d'ordre théorique et opérationnel., Leaders of Quebec small businesses have access to a large number of management training programs offered by private and public agencies. Those who enroll in such programs hope to generate positive results for their business. However, the real impacts of the programs are not well documented. This paper is an account of an empirical evaluation of a training program offered to owner-managers of small businesses by the ministere de l'Industrie, du Commerce et de la Technologie (MICT) of the Province of Quebec. CONTEXT OF THE STUDYIn 1988, the MICT offered 28 different seminars, 18 of which were aimed at owners of industrial firms, and 10 at owners of commercial and service companies. The topics discussed covered a wide range of subjects presented in workshops going from basic seminars (such as, financial and human resources management) to advanced seminars (such as, "just-in-time" management techniques and strategic planning). Seminars are in the form of one-day workshops with 10 to 15 participants.A workshop leader, generally a consultant, university professor or businessman recognized for his competence, is responsible for the transmission of information using audio-visual materials. He introduces many practical examples and encourages communication between the participants, who are then invited to discuss their real-life business problems and to prepare concrete action plans to be implemented when they return to their organization.THE KIRKPATRICK MODELA review of the literature in training program evaluation indicates that this operation is rated as essential by all authors in the field. However, it is only rarely carried out in practice. Even when an evaluation is attempted, it is often limited to measuring the participants' reaction to the seminar since it presents a number of theoretical and operational difficulties. However, our review of the literature enabled us to locate a model which is accepted as an authority by training professionals. The Kirkpatrick model proposes an analysis of the effectiveness of a training program according to four levels: reactions, learning and behaviours of the participant and results for the organization.METHODOLOGYFrom September 1986 to June 1987, the MICT seminars attracted some 3000 people. The sample is made up of about 10% of the population, namely 189 leaders of industnal businesses and 92 leaders of commercial businesses, making a total of 281 in all. Data was gathered by phone in March 1988, approximately one year after the seminar was held, using a questionnaire based on the Kirkpatrick model.RESULTSThe participants' reactions towards the seminar are the first evaluation level in the Kirkpatrick model. On the whole, the MICT seminars seem to have been well rated by the participants. The satisfaction level is very high with respect to content and format as well as teaching and logistic support for the sessions. The second evaluation level, learning, is an attempt to determine to what extent the information transmitted in the seminars was learned and mastered. The seminars seem to have been well assimilated by the participants, since 86,9% of them state that they are completely or moderately in a position to use what they have learned during the session.The third evaluation level aims to shed light on the changes undergone by the participant, new behaviours and projects undertaken as a result of the new knowledge. Changes in the participant himself as a result of the seminar were identified. Two hundred and thirty-eight participants generated 306 reflections that were classified under three headings: (1) Awakening, Increase in Knowledge and Awareness (33,7%), (2) Changes in Values and/or Priorities (33,3%), (3) Changes in Behaviour (33%).The seminars had a concrete impact in terms of new projects. In fact, 51,2% of the respondents state that the knowledge acquired gave rise to a concrete project or activity in their enterprise. They mentioned 198 activities or projects which have been classified into nine categories. They are: (1) New Systems or Methods (38,9%), (2) Changes to Already Existing Systems or Methods (27,3%), (3) Analysis and Planning Activities (8,6%), (4) Establishment and Start-up of a New Unit (8,6%), (5) Training Activities (6,1%), (6) Hiring of Personnel (3,5%), (7) Purchase of Equipment or Real Estate (1,5%). Three per cent of the respondents were unable to specify the exact nature of their project.The fourth evaluation level of the Kirkpatrick model uses different performance indicators to measure the effects of new projects and behaviour patterns on the organization. One hundred and fourty-four respondents listed 205 consequences for their own enterprise. These consequences were classified according to the type of impact.They are positive for the enterprise in all but a few cases (4). Negative impacts are considered as temporary or compensated by positive ones in other functional spheres of the enterprise. The consequences for the enterprise are: (1) Turnover/ Sales (13,7%), (2) Profits (9,8%), (3) Costs (12,7%), (4) Management/Control (20,5%), (5) Personnel (18,5%), (6) Product (7,3%), (7) Market (6,3%), (8) Undefïned or Non-measurable Impact (9,3%), (8) Negative Impact (2,0%). CONCLUSIONBased on the results of the study as a whole, it is possible to summarize the impacts of the seminars on the participants and their businesses as being positive or even very positive. The program of the management seminars offered by the MICT seems to be a valuable tool for spreading information among small business managers whose need for training has been confirmed by several studies. The Kirkpatrick model was found to be a valuable tool in this evaluation. It is systematic, complete and intuitively logical. Moreover, it was relatively easy to operationalize. The instrument developed for this study is economic and flexible, since the survey may be done by phone. To conclude, the Kirkpatrick model is an adequate response to the theoretical, methodological and practical challenges of training program evaluation.

Cet article examine l'utilisation et l'efficacité des méthodes de gestion de conflit interpersonnel utilisées par les doyens d'université avec leurs directeurs de département et les professeurs de leur faculté. L'auteur discute les implications théoriques de l'étude pour la gestion des conflits ainsi que les implications pratiques pour l'administrateur., This study is based on three models, those of: Pondy, Blake and Mouton, and Thomas. The author particularly refers to the five main methods or strategies for managing interpersonal conflict developed by Blake and Mouton.The subject of the article is the university dean. It examines his efforts at management of conflicts with department directors and teaching staff, and their effectiveness. The sample includes five Ontario universities of average size, and five deans on each campus, representing various disciplines and professional faculties. Interviews were conducted with them, and a questionnaire was sent to all department directors concerned.Five hypotheses were developed along the lines of Blake and Mouton methods/strategies for managing interpersonal conflict, each related also to efficiency.As far as results are concerned, "problem solving" is perceived for example, by department directors as the best method used by deans to manage interpersonal conflict. However, this is not the style used by most deans."Forcing" used in a general way in conflict management are seen as inefficient by teaching staff. However, periodic constraint in specific areas is considered slightly effective by department directors.Professors see "compromising" as moderately effective when used as an overall style of conflict management. Department directors interpret this style as "neutral" efficiency when used in specific areas. According to department heads and professors, this is the style most frequently used."Smoothing" is considered moderately effective when used as a general style of conflict management by professors, while department heads see it as neutral or slightly ineffective when used in specific areas.

The success of the fattening System of Lower Normandy can only be understod within the national framework : over two centuries at least, the Normand graziers have benefited from a privileged situation, at the heart of a country of lush pastureland located between an area supplying lean oxen (Poitou, Anjou, Maine, even Brittany) and a zone of consumption of «fat » oxen, the Paris market, which the animals could reach on foot, without suffering too much loss of weight on the way. The System rests on the displacement of large herds, the handling of large sums ofmoney, a risk-taking that can' t be denied ; it is rewarding : the capital tied up for the five to ten months necessary for fattening is increased by 39 % for the landlord of the Viette between 1840 and 1880. The System starts declining when the railways enable other regions of the west to send easily to Paris the oxen they too can fatten., La réussite du système de l'embouche bas-normande ne se comprend qu'à l'intérieur d'un espace national : pendant deux siècles au moins les herbagers normands ont profité d'une situation privilégiée, au centre de grasses prairies, entre une zone d'approvisionnement en bœufs maigres (Poitou, Anjou, Maine voire Bretagne) et une zone de consommation des « gras », le marché parisien que les animaux pouvaient gagner à pied, sans avoir eu toutefois le temps de trop dépérir. Le système repose sur le déplacement de gros troupeaux, le maniement d'importantes sommes d'argent, la prise de risques non négligeables ; il est rémunérateur : le capital immobilisé pendant les cinq à dix mois que dure l'engraissement atteint un accroissement de 39 % pour le propriétaire de la Viette entre 1840 et 1880. Le système commence à décliner quand le chemin de fer permet à d'autres régions de l'Ouest d'envoyer facilement à Paris les bœufs qu'elles peuvent aussi engraisser., Garnier Bernard. Des bœufs pour Paris : commercialisation et élevage en Basse-Normandie (1700-1900). In: Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest. Tome 106, numéro 1, 1999. pp. 101-120.

Garnier Bernard. Mouvements de population dans le Calvados de 1890 à 1940. In: Annales de Normandie, 49ᵉ année, n°1, 1999. Routes, réseau ferré. Histoire du droit et des institutions. pp. 83-86.

Le present article fait le choix delibere d'exposer d'abord un certain nombre de methodes de modelisation et prediction des phenomenes vibratoires (§ 1 a 6), avant de decrire les approches experimentales, considerant qu'aujourd'hui la pratique de l'ingenieur se doit de privilegier le predictif au curatif. La maturite des approches decrites est telle que tout probleme convenablement pose, moyennant l'introduction des quelques grandeurs physiques necessaires, peut trouver sa solution par calcul, l'essai n'etant bien souvent effectue qu'a titre de controle, ou encore substitue au calcul parce que plus economique. Inversement, un essai seul ne permet pas en general d'interpreter les observations, souvent fort complexes, de l'etat vibratoire d'une structure industrielle, et une modelisation doit l'accompagner et le soutenir, predire le cas echeant l'effet de modifications et guider ainsi le concepteur, l'installateur et l'exploitant. Mais, dans le cas ou un doute subsiste entre prevision et realite, le resultat experimental, s'il peut etre atteint et n'est pas contestable, ne peut que s'imposer a l'ingenieur. C'est donc l'objet du paragraphe 7 et de l'article Capteurs industriels de vibration [R 6 193] que de presenter l'ensemble des moyens de mesure et d'essai offerts par le marche, puis, dans le fascicule [R 6 192] Vibrations des structures industrielles. Outils et methodes d'analyse experimentale, les techniques de traitement du signal et de l'information et quelques criteres. On decrit ci-apres un ensemble d'« outils », qu'il s'agisse d'outils conceptuels, donc de methodes, ou d'outils materiels, donc de moyens d'analyse et d'essais, sachant que l'ingenieur, appele en general a titre curatif, doit non seulement constater un desordre bien precis (diagnostic), mais aussi specifier des solutions correctives: il lui faut alors faire appel a des schemas de representation des phenomenes vibratoires qui lui permettront, qualitativement ou quantitativement, d'identifier les phenomenes physiques a maitriser et d'evaluer l'efficacite des solutions techniques correspondantes, avant toute modification. Les parametres en jeu sont en effet nombreux: cela interdit de rechercher des palliatifs a force d'essais qui se revelent infructueux, comme l'attestent encore trop souvent les retards et les surcouts finalement considerables de la mise au point de certains prototypes, lorsqu'une analyse dynamique appropriee n'est pas conduite en temps opportun.

Toutes les structures et installations industrielles sont sujettes a des vibrations, qu'il s'agisse de celles qu'elles generent ou de celles qu'elles subissent de la part de leur environnement. Le present article a pour but de donner une description qualitative des principaux phenomenes vibratoires. Le paragraphe 4 fournit quelques bases d'acoustique pour traiter les problemes de gene sonore induites par la vibration des structures industrielles. Le second article [R6 191] Vibrations des structures industrielles - Outils de modelisation, de prediction et d'interpretation recapitule l'ensemble des moyens a disposition des ingenieurs pour integrer dans tout type de projet la maitrise des aspects vibratoires et acoustiques. L'article [R6 192] Vibrations des structures industrielles - Outils et methodes d'analyse experimentale donne une vue d'ensemble des approches experimentales qui vont permettre de confirmer ces modelisations, conforter des diagnostics et valider les solutions proposees. L'article [R 6 194] Vibrations des structures industrielles - Maitrise des vibrations et du bruit induit - Exemples de cas industriels fournit finalement un certain nombre d'etudes de cas reels, qui illustre le benefice concret des techniques et demarches presentees dans ces divers articles. Enfin, on se reportera a l'article [R6 193] Capteurs industriels de vibrations pour connaitre et choisir de maniere opportune les capteurs de vibration les plus appropries dans chaque contexte.

Appréhender l'évolution multiséculaire et les variations saisonnières de l'approvisionnement de Paris en bestiaux de boucherie-charcuterie, du XVIIe au début du XXe siècle, nécessite au préalable de lister les lieux de marché. Ces derniers sont particulièrement nombreux, avec d'importantes variations spacio-temporelles — il est que les marchés sont particulièrement recherchés en raison des importants droits qu'ils procurent. Progressivement, Sceaux et Poissy s'imposeront pour la boucherie au XVIIIe siècle, le marché de Paris étant lui concurrencé par Saint-Germain-en-Laye pour les porcs. Au XIXe siècle, malgré le bel épisode de La Chapelle, l'essentiel tient à la mise en place de La Villette. L'approvisionnement de Paris et de sa banlieue croit quasiment constamment : en trois siècles, du début du XVIIe au début du XXe siècle, il fait plus que décupler. De fortes variations séculaires — l'accélération décisive de la croissance encadre le milieu du XIXe siècle — se conjuguent avec d'importantes modifications entre les types animaux — le porc progresse plus que la viande de boucherie, mais c'est avant tout le fait du XIXe siècle, le bœuf est le grand gagnant au XVIIIe siècle... L'augmentation des quantités livrées sur les marchés de Paris se fait grâce aux vieilles régions productrices, mais aussi par la mise à contribution de nouvelles régions, ce qui permet de gommer très largement les variations saisonnières, d'autant plus facilement que l'interdit religieux du Carême s'estompe pendant la période. Looking ahead to the development and seasonal variation in the supply of livestock to Paris from the 17th century to the early 18th century, requires taking a census of market venues. The latter were numerous and witnessed variations over time and in the space they covered. Sceaux and Poissy were earmarked for beef products in the 18th century while Paris vied with Saint-Germain-en-Laye for pork. The major event of the 19th century was the setting up of La Villette. Supply increased by more than tenfold from the beginning of the 17th century to the beginning of the 20th century. The increase in quantities delivered was met by established producing regions and the contribution of new ones. This helped reduce seasonal variations while concurrently the interdict of Lent became less distinct.

This research describes an experiment in evaluating a televised entrepreneurship teaching program intended for the general public. The course was followed by 21,000 people, 425 of whom were officially registered. The research provides descriptive evidence of the impact of the program in terms of behaviour and projects undertaken by 75 participants.

Garnier Bernard. Aspects matériels de la vie à Pontécoulant au XVIIIe siècle. In: Annales de Normandie, 54ᵉ année, n°2-3, 2004. Pontécoulant. pp. 115-166.

Le brevet de Lueg en 1936 [1] est generalement cite comme fondateur du concept de controle actif ; mais force est de constater avec A. Roure [2] que, s’il est indeniable que « le controle actif, mais oui, ca marche », les applications industrielles ne sont pas legion soixante‐cinq ans plus tard, malgre l’avenement de processeurs numeriques suffisamment rapides pour implementer la plupart des applications. Les premieres applications industrielles ont toutefois ete surtout acoustiques, en particulier pour controler le bruit de ventilateurs dans des conduits de ventilation et de conditionnement d’air, aboutissant aujourd’hui a de veritables produits industriels. Un autre domaine ayant donne lieu a industrialisation precoce avec un succes reel est celui du controle du bruit residuel dans la cavite interne de casques antibruit. Le controle actif des vibrations est a priori plus complexe pour les raisons suivantes : plusieurs ondes coexistent a une frequence donnee [R 3 140], avec des celerites qui varient cette fois avec la frequence ; les conditions aux limites presentent une grande importance ; les structures en jeu sont tres rarement unidirectionnelles. Un enjeu fort a toutefois ete identifie depuis le milieu des annees 1980 dans le domaine de la maitrise necessaire des emanations acoustiques des sous‐marins porteurs de la force strategique de dissuasion, amenant a des investissements significatifs de recherche et developpement dans le domaine du controle actif des vibrations en France. C’est l’origine principale des developpements de « plots actifs » ou de paliers magnetiques actifs [3] Isolation antivibratoire et antichoc- Definitions. Principes physiques . A l’etranger, une des applications les plus precoces du controle actif vibratoire porte elle aussi sur des « plots actifs », cette fois lies a des applications aeronautiques : il s’agit d’une suspension active des reacteurs du « business jet » Citation X de Cessna, resultant d’une societe americaine pionniere dans ce domaine, la societe Lord. L’objectif est d’attenuer le bruit transmis par voie solidienne dans la cabine.

Garnier Bernard. Migrations : la Manche de 1890 à 1940. In: Cahier des Annales de Normandie n°26, 1995. Mélanges René Lepelley. pp. 545-558.

Rappelions les differentes fonctions demandees conjointement a une suspension de machine: ― supporter le poids de l'ensemble suspendu, moyennant une deflexion permanente dite statique ; ― assurer la connexion d'elements tels que les arbres de transmission (accouplements elastiques), les lignes de fluides (manchons elastiques, flexibles d'echappements...), etc. ; compenser les effets des vibrations, corriger les desalignements, rattraper les jeux ; absorber les efforts transitoires, les a-coups, les chocs, en etalant la restitution d'energie ; amortir l'energie vibratoire en la degradant en chaleur du fait de la structure moleculaire de l'elastomere choisi ; decoupler la machine de son environnement pour minimiser la propagation des vibrations et la generation de bruit par les structures environnantes a moins qu'il ne s'agisse du cas inverse ou l'on souhaite se proteger d'une machine voisine generant de fortes vibrations, ou d'un environnement susceptible de generer des chocs (seismes), etc. (§ 3). Pour assurer de maniere fiable et durable toutes ces fonctions, on aura donc tout avantage a employer des composants de suspension deja industrialises. La premiere impression qui peut se degager de la consultation des catalogues des principaux manufacturiers d'elements de decouplage [Doc. B 5 142] est la tres grande diversite des concepts et des formes. Enjeu parfois de tres grandes series (supports pour le marche automobile en particulier), l'inventivite des industriels est basee a la fois sur les progres de la maitrise des elastomeres et de leur mise en oeuvre (en particulier l'adhesion des elastomeres sur les embases metalliques), sur une politique de protection industrielle et de brevets - donc aussi de contournement de brevets - tout comme sur le recours a des perfectionnements subtils de la geometrie ou des concepts amortissants pour en accroitre les performances. Sans pretendre a l'exhaustivite, le paragraphe 1 vise a familiariser le lecteur aux diverses formes de base, a leurs avantages specifiques et donc, avant tout, a guider la preselection des composants les plus adequats. Il donne une place preponderante aux supports elastiques qui representent la majeure partie des applications. Le paragraphe 2 traitera de l'etape finale de selection des elements requis en fonction de l'analyse tres precise de l'application.

Garnier Bernard. Modèle « labroussien » et embouche augeronne au milieu du XIXe siècle. In: Cahier des Annales de Normandie n°24, 1992. Recueil d'études offert à Gabriel Désert. pp. 145-159.

Garnier Bernard. L'approvisionnement de Paris en moutons (1780-1820). In: Annales de Normandie, 40ᵉ année, n°2, 1990. pp. 83-101.

Garnier Bernard. « Landelles est herses, Beaumesnil est charrettes ». In: Annales de Normandie, 33ᵉ année, n°1, 1983. pp. 63-73.

The study was conducted after the publication of a training course in en trepreneurship published by a Quebec newspaper. The research objectives were to characterize the profile of the 140 entrepreneur-participants by identifying the personal and contextual variables of their business start-ups and to have them evaluate the course.

The main objective of this article is to investigate the dean's roles and functions from a managerial perspective. It reports the findings of an empirical study con- ducted in selected Canadian universities which tried to identify the dimensions of an effective deanship and find correlates of effective performance for a dean. More specifically, this article focuses on the following variables and their relation- ships: dean's managerial effectiveness, dean's conflict-handling modes, length of time the dean has served in office and size of the dean's faculty.

Garnier Bernard. Structure et conjoncture de la rente foncière dans le Haut-Maine aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. In: Cahier des Annales de Normandie n°11, 1979. Problèmes agraires et société rurale : Normandie et Europe du Nord-Ouest (XIVe-XIXe siècles) pp. 101-126.

This study lies within the framework of research that is seeking to improve the management of small-and medium-sized business (SMB) in Canada. It deals with the owner/managers of these SMBs and, more precisely, with their training and development needs. The study attempts to answer the following questions: What are the practices of SMB owner/managers in Quebec with regard to training? What factors underlie these practices? In which fields are these training needs perceived as important? What are the training and development methods best adapted to the needs of these owner/managers? The purpose of this study is to provide a certain number of concrete and practical answers to these questions. The approach taken is exploratory in an area where theoretical models are scarce and research methodologies and tools are rudimentary.

1. 1. Simultaneous direct intra-arterial blood pressure measurements and indirect measurements with the auscultatory method were made in 100 subjects. The subjects were grouped according to their Ponderal Index W/H, weight per inch of height. Sixty-one subjects were obese, thirty-nine were nonobese. 2. 2. Nine out of the ten stoutest subjects were hypertensive, whereas only one of the ten leanest subjects was hypertensive. 3. 3. The indirect method generally underestimates systolic and overestimates diastolic pressure. This holds for lean persons as well as for moderately obese persons. 4. 4. The discrepancies between the direct and indirect methods were usually minor among the lean and the moderately obese subjects and went in both directions. Falsely high blood pressure readings in lean and moderately obese persons are not common. 5. 5. In extremely obese persons the indirect method is subject to considerable error. In eight out of ten such persons the systolic pressure was overestimated, and in nine out of ten such persons the diastolic pressure was overestimated. 6. 6. Overestimation of systolic pressure in very obese persons can be much greater than was heretofore known; it amounted to 44, 50 and 51 mm. in three of our stoutest subjects. 7. 7. Falsely high readings in extremely obese subjects are caused by the large size of their arms. If this possibility is borne in mind, an unwarranted diagnosis of hypertension is not likely to be made. In dubious cases, intraarterial measurement should be resorted to. 8. 8. Many factors other than arm size may cause inaccuracies of the indirect method, and the large arm does not regularly cause falsely high readings. It is not feasible to apply a correction to an individual reading.

L'auteur presente un type de documents jusqu'ici inemployes en histoire economique : les declarations des revenus et des charges des cures. Redigees au xvmc siecle pour confectionner de nouveaux pouilles, elles permettent de calculer le produit brut cerealier d'une region en utilisant un modele amenage de comptabilite nationale. L'auteur propose une methode, l'applique a une region restreinte, le doyenne de Moyaux, et preconise son utilisation pour de vastes ensembles.

Garnier Bernard. Production et prélèvement à Beaumesnil vers 1780. In: Annales de Normandie, 31ᵉ année, n°3, 1981. pp. 239-261.

Farm Accounts and Production Systems : an Economic Assessment of Cattle-Fattening in Lower Normandy in the Early 19th Century This article draws on the example of a large farm and its accounting records for a study of little-known form of speculation : steer-fattening. Using an accounting model incorporating a special breakdown of expenses, the author analyzes the income of the husbandman and his farm and attempts to define the economic rationale behind his choices, both past and future. This calls for a description of the production system. In addition to a high per capita output, this system is characterized by its hyperspecialization and its twin dependence on the market as an outlet for its products, of course, but also as a source of raw material, that is lean cattle. These factors help to explain the geographical pattern of cattle-fattening in 18th century and early 19th century France., Garnier Bernard. Comptabilité agricole et système de production : l'embouche bas-normande au début du XIXe siècle. In: Annales. Economies, sociétés, civilisations. 37ᵉ année, N. 2, 1982. pp. 320-343.

L’image mentale que se fait le propriétaire-dirigeant du futur de son entreprise marquerait profondément ïorientation de celle-ci. Plusieurs auteurs ont prôné la nécessité d’une vision stratégique adéquate de la part des dirigeants. Peu d’études empiriques ont toutefois tenté d’examiner l’influence qu’elle peut avoir sur la performance. Une étude auprès de 58 propriétaires-dirigeants de PME québécoises a permis d’approfondir davantage cette question. Les résultats montrent que la nature de l’association diffère quelque peu des attentes., According to many authors, envisioning the future helps to achieve results. Nevertheless fewstudies have shown the relationship between stratégie vision and performance in business firms. The present paper reports on such an attempt. The study was conducted in 58 Quebec SMEs. The results show that the association is more complex than expected., La imagen mental que haga el empresario del futuro de su empresa marcara profundamente el futuro de la misma. Numerosos autores han predicado la necesidad de una visión estratégica adecuada por parte de los empresarios. Muy pocos estudios práctico han tratado de examinar la influencia de la visión sobre los resultados. Un estudio llevado a cabo con 58 empresarios de PMEs quebequenses permitió profundizar mucho más sobre el tema. Los resultados muestran que la relación no es como se esperaba.