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The article analyzes the problems associated with recognizing a cyberattack on a NATO member state as a reason to declare war (casus belli). The article reveals the evolution of the Alliance's approaches to the issues of cyber threats and cyber defense from the Prague Summit in 2002 to the Brussels Summit in 2021. The article discusses the criteria proposed in the Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare that make it possible to classify a cyberattack as an act of use of force. Statistics on cyberattacks are presented and their relevance to international law and cybersecurity is noted. Purpose: to analyze the conditions and circumstances under which a cyberattack may be considered by NATO countries as a reason to declare war. Methods: formallegal, historical-systemic, retrospective. Results: the study has led to the following conclusions. First, despite existing international legal norms, the criteria for recognizing a cyberattack as a casus belli remain unclear, which allows NATO countries to retain flexibility in responding to cyber threats. Second, the application of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty by NATO countries does not oblige them to unconditionally and without alternative to launch armed actions against the source state, but only requires other NATO members to provide any possible and appropriate assistance to the affected party.

Cystoisospora belli causes intestinal infection in immunocompromised hosts, including human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV)-positive patients, especially from tropical and sub-tropical areas, with watery and recurrent diarrhea, leading in advanced cases to malabsorption and death. Microbiological diagnosis is limited by intermittent or low shedding of oocysts in stool; therefore, endoscopy may be necessary to identify the pathogen in histological samples. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) represents the treatment of choice, and alternative agents are used in recurrences, but limited efficacy is described. Here, we present recently observed case of severe and fatal infection due to C. belli in a HIV-positive 40-year-old man from Brazil, revealing several limitations in diagnosis and therapy, which need to be investigated further. In particular, it is still not clear how the infection persisted over time leading to malabsorption, kidney injury, and subsequent death, even if a reasonable immune reconstitution was demonstrated. Additionally, we investigated what mechanisms might cause, whether failure of recovery of the immune response specifically to C. belli, drug malabsorption, resistance to TMP-SMX, sequestration into lymphoid tissue, or co-presence of visceral untreated Kaposi sarcoma. Also, the appropriate dosage and way of administration of the best therapeutic regimen were examined, since there is a lack of literature on these issues. Globalization and wider use of immunosuppressive therapies underline the importance of maintaining adequate awareness, also in HIV-negative and non-immigrant populations.

Introdução: A leucemia/linfoma de células T do adulto (ATLL) é uma doença rara e agressiva, que acomete portadores do vírus HTLV-1. Algumas complicações possíveis da doença são a síndrome hipereosinofílica (SHE) e a susceptibilidade a infecções oportunistas. Relato de caso: Mulher, 43 anos, iniciou investigação por quadro de diarreia há cerca de um ano, atualmente em piora. Apresentou perda ponderal significativa, de mais de 40 kg, além de distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos associados a mais de dez episódios diários de diarreia. Em hemograma, chamava a atenção eosinofilia variável, que chegou a ser grave, com mais de três mil eosinófilos. Em protoparasitológico de fezes, foi identificado Isospora belli, o qual foi inicialmente julgado como a causa da diarreia e da eosinofilia. Porém, a despeito do seu tratamento por inúmeras vezes, a paciente mantinha o quadro diarreico e a positividade para o protozoário nas fezes. Nesse sentido, foi realizada uma colonoscopia, evidenciando colite e ileíte eosinofílicas, caracterizando, portanto, uma SHE. Na investigação, detectou-se sorologia positiva para o HTLV-1. Assim, foi iniciada uma pesquisa para ATLL. Em imunofenotipagem de sangue periférico, foram vistos 2,6% de linfócitos T anômalos, com expressão de CD25+++ e perda do CD7, bem como TRBC1 monoclonal. Além disso, foi realizada avaliação medular, com aumento de número de eosinófilos, e presença de infiltrado de células linfoides T CD3+/ CD4+, com escassa subpopulação CD25+. Em PET CT, foram visualizados linfonodos com hipermetabolismo glicolítico atingindo grau moderado, sem caracterizar linfonodomegalias ou conglomerados linfonodais, nas regiões cervicais, torácicas e abdominopélvicas com provável infiltração linfomatosa do baço. Na biópsia de linfonodo cervical, foi confirmada a infiltração pela ATLL. Optou-se, então, por iniciar tratamento quimioterápico com esquema CHOEP. Após o primeiro ciclo do CHOEP, a paciente já teve resolução da diarreia e da eosinofilia, com melhora da infestação por Isospora belli (a qual foi concomitantemente tratada novamente com sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim). Por ora, segue em tratamento, com programação de transplante alogênico em primeira linha. Discussão: A eosinofilia é uma manifestação associada a ATLL, podendo acometer cerca de 20% dos pacientes. Ela está relacionada à produção de interleucinas, principalmente IL-5, a qual é responsável pela maturação, proliferação, ativação e migração de eosinófilos. Além disso, a ATLL está também associada à presença de infecções oportunistas, tais como o Isospora belli, sendo a presença dessas infecções inclusive um critério de tratamento da forma smoldering. Assim, alguns grupos defendem, inclusive, que o achado do Isospora deve sempre motivar, além da pesquisa do HIV, a pesquisa do HTLV-1. Conclusão: Trazemos aqui o diagnóstico de uma ATLL forma linfomatosa feito de maneira pouco comum, a partir de um quadro de diarreia com eosinofilia. Dessa maneira, procuramos ressaltar a importância de lembrar desse diagnóstico quando da investigação de SHE e de infecção por Isospora belli.

El presente trabajo se trata de una reseña del libro "Critical approaches to the psychology of emotion" de Simone Belli.

Écrivain romantique associé aux milieux artistiques et musicaux dans la Rome du XIXe siècle, Giuseppe Gioachino Belli (1791-1863) est l’auteur d’un Zibaldone, d’écrits épistolaires (en français notamment), ainsi que de diverses et volumineuses compositions en prose ou en poésie italiennes. Cet article se fonde sur le corpus de plus de deux mille sonnets qui sont considérés, aujourd’hui encore, comme son œuvre majeure : une poésie exclusivement en dialecte romain, oubliée (tue ?) pendant longtemps par la critique italienne, bien qu’elle fût saluée dès l’origine par d’illustres hommes de lettres étrangers, tels Charles Sainte-Beuve ou Nicolas Gogol, et constituât, sans tarder, un objet d’étude pour de nombreux philologues européens. L’analyse se concentre sur la façon dont se tissent les relations entre le thème particulier de la musique et les Sonetti de Gioachino Belli. La musicalité de Belli, telle que la conçoit l’écrivain Giorgio Vigolo (1894-1983), responsable de la première édition intégrale et critique de ses poèmes qui ne sera publiée en Italie qu’en 1952, servira d’axe de lecture pour tenter de comprendre la place de la musique dans la vie et l’œuvre dialectale de celui qui figure indéniablement parmi les principaux représentants de la tradition littéraire du romanesco et l’un des plus musiciens d’entre eux.

We present a series of 12 OSL/IRSL dates that revise and complete the chronology of the important Middle (MSA) and Later Stone Age (LSA) site Umbeli Belli in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. These dates shift the previous radiometric ages thousands of years older than earlier measurements and play a key role in revising the cultural stratigraphy of KwaZulu-Natal. We also discuss how these dates bring the chrono- and cultural stratigraphy of southern Africa into clearer focus. The Robberg sequence of Umbeli Belli is now firmly dated to 21 ± 2 ka, whereas the preceding Early LSA assemblage dates to ~32 ka, representing one of the earliest dates for this cultural expression in the broader region. The final MSA assemblages from Layer 7 to 9 now date to between 35 ka and 40 ka, overlapping more tightly with comparable assemblages from Sibhudu, Umhlatuzana and other sites. Layer 10, which was previously also assigned to the final MSA, now dates to ~47–54 ka, placing the assemblage within the temporal range of the Late MSA. The new dates provide a good explanation for the clear differences in material culture between Layer 10 and the younger layers. We also present two new ages for the deeper horizons 11b and 12 at Umbeli Belli, dating to 76 ± 9 ka and 80 ± 9 ka, respectively. Significance: • Revised and new age estimates are given for the Middle and Later Stone Age sequence of Umbeli Belli. • These age changes allow new comparisons with nearby prehistoric sites. • They change our view of the regional variability of technologies and cultures between ca. 80 and 20 ka on the east coast of South Africa.

The second half of the thirteenth century sees a string of pragmatic works on military tactics appear in Latin Europe, among them a short treatise known by the later title Pulcher tractatus de materia belli, by an anonymous, presumably Italian soldier. Like other contemporary military tracts, it too relies on Vegetius’ De re militari, but in an original redaction. The text of the Pulcher tractatus remains relatively unknown in anglophone historiography. This article reviews the subject-matter of the Pulcher tractatus in detail and relates it to both the military practices of the time and the content of other contemporary pragmatic works on tactics extant, like the Second Book of the Castilian Siete Partidas, the De regimine principum of Giles of Rome, vernacular translations of Vegetius, and military-related texts from other genres.

Opportunistic pathogens such as Cryptosporidium, Cystoisospora belli, and Cyclospora cayetanensis cause various gastrointestinal and non-digestive disorders in people with HIV/AIDS. These symptoms are especially severe in HIV-infected people who have a CD4+ count of less than 200 cells/mL. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of C. belli and C. cayetanensis infections among people living with HIV in Tabriz, northwest of Iran. This descriptive study was performed on 137 people with HIV who had been referred to behavioral disease counseling centers in Tabriz. Then, after receiving written consent, fecal samples were collected and evaluated for the detection of parasitic infections using direct methods and modified acid fast staining, as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR).From the 137 fecal samples collected (98 males and 39 females, between 20 and 40 years old), 1.5% were positive for C. cayetanensis and 2.9% were positive for C. belli. Due to the prevalence of C. cayetanensis and C. belli in people with HIV in Tabriz, essential measures, including personal hygiene training for infection control and prevention, seem necessary.

ABSTRACT ITA Partendo dalla prima fondamentale ricognizione degli scritti di Isa Belli Barsali curata nel 2004 da Maria Teresa Filieri, l’articolo, attraverso una scelta della documentazione d’archivio inedita conservata alla Fondazione Ragghianti di Lucca, delinea i momenti cardine della riflessione critica della studiosa toscana. Analizzando la corrispondenza professionale e la rassegna stampa personale, il contributo cerca di restituire attenzione a una figura il cui lascito intellettuale è senza dubbio da riconoscere e ricollocare in primo piano nel panorama della storia della critica d’arte del secondo Novecento, se non solo per gli studi storico-artistici sulla città di Lucca e la riscoperta della figura di Pompeo Batoni, senza dubbio per l’attività di sensibilizzazione sul patrimonio paesaggistico italiano che varrà a Isa Belli Barsali il titolo di Cavaliere di merito della Repubblica Italiana nel 1980. ABSTRACT ENG Starting from the first fundamental anthology of Isa Belli Barsali’s writings edited in 2004 by Maria Teresa Filieri, the article, through a selection of unpublished archive documentation preserved at the Fondazione Ragghianti in Lucca, outlines the pivotal moments of the Tuscan scholar’s critical reflection. Through the analysis of professional correspondence and personal press material, the contribution seeks to restore attention to a figure whose intellectual legacy is to be acknowledged and placed at the forefront of the history of art criticism in the second half of the 20th century. If not only for Belli Barsali’s historical-artistic studies on the city of Lucca and the rediscovery of the figure of the painter Pompeo Batoni, then undoubtedly for her awareness-raising activities on the Italian landscape heritage that earned her the title of Cavaliere di merito della Repubblica Italiana in 1980.

Nella seconda metà del Novecento la vita culturale della Puglia, e della città di Bari in particolare, soprattutto nel settore degli studi storico-artistici, dell’archeologia, della tutela e in generale delle manifestazioni artistico-culturali, fu caratterizzata da una partecipazione femminile diffusa e capillare. Un moltiplicarsi di presenze particolarmente intenso. In questo contesto un ruolo di primo piano venne rivestito da Pina Belli D’Elia (Milano 1934-Bari 2018), per oltre vent’anni alla direzione della Pinacoteca Provinciale di Bari. Le riflessioni sul ruolo dell’istituzione museale in rapporto alla società contemporanea, l’attenzione nei confronti del pubblico e degli aspetti della comunicazione e della didattica museale, la valorizzazione del patrimonio storico-artistico della Puglia, le metodologie di approccio critico di lettura dell’opera d’arte, la trasversalità storica che lega il passato al presente al di là delle semplificazioni cronologiche, sono i principali aspetti che emergono dalla ricostruzione delle varie tappe della carriera della studiosa (ricostruita attraverso testimonianze, documenti pubblici e privati), capace di orientare il suo sguardo ampio e profondo su fenomeni e periodi artistici apparentemente lontani. In the second half of the 20th century the cultural life of Puglia, and of the city of Bari in particular, mainly in the field of historical and artistic studies, archaeology, cultural heritage management, and in general of artistic and cultural events, was characterized by a widespread female participation. In this context, a prominent role was played by Pina Belli D’Elia (Milan 1934-Bari 2018) museum manager of the Pinacoteca Provinciale of Bari for over twenty years. The thoughts about the role of the museum institution in relation to the contemporary society, the attention to the public and to the aspects of museum communication and teaching, the enhancement of the historical and artistic heritage of Puglia, the methodologies of critical approach of the analysis of the artwork, the transversality which links past and present apart from chronological simplifications, are the main aspects which arise from the reconstruction of the different stages of the career of the scholar (reconstituted through testimonies, public and private documents), capable of orient her analyses on phenomena and artistic periods apparently far apart.

“The Somatic and Textural Language of Patricia Belli: Recrafting Social and Political Bodies in 1990s Nicaragua” looks at early textile assemblages by the contemporary Nicaraguan artist Patricia Belli. Opening with the seminal exhibition MESóTICA II: Centroamérica/re-generación—which took place in Costa Rica in 1996—the essay positions Belli as part of an emerging generation of experimental artists who were working in the aftermath of the Central American Crisis. Contextualized within this period, I argue that Belli’s textile assemblages from the early 1990s emerge as affective containers of personal and collective memories endured by the region. By reworking secondhand clothes imported from the United States, Belli recrafts garments into visceral containers that evoke disfigured and mutilated bodies. Thinking beyond normative constructions of the body—and in particular, feminized bodies—Belli’s textile assemblages emerge as subversive constructions that privilege unruly and undisciplined bodies. Through these textile inquiries, I explore how the artist forges a system of sensitive communication that emerges as a medium for healing—evidenced through the recurrent appearance of lesions, scars, and fractures. Looking at her work alongside other feminist practices taking place regionally, this essay also explores emerging feminist artist networks that are rooted in somatic languages that challenge normative modes of knowledge-production and communication.

Existential threat is often mentioned in political rhetoric. While it is mostly used to denote threats to humanity as a whole, like climate change or AI, it is also used on a smaller scale. Existential threat to a state or a similar entity is often evoked too. Such a threat is considered grave enough to justify war and – possibly – the use of nuclear weapons. In the present article, the author aims to deconstruct the notion of “existential threat” in relation to the state and show that it should not be used as a reason to go to war. The main argument is that the state has a specific mode of existence which makes it impossible to speak of state death unambiguously. Therefore, there can be no apparent threats to its existence. The author proposes a normative interpretation of the state. The state is understood as a project of a certain group, or even an individual, therefore the discussion of “existential threat” to a state should be dropped in favor of a more grounded evaluation of potential gains and losses by different social groups and political parties.

Cystoisospora belli causes intestinal infection in immunocompromised hosts, including human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV)-positive patients, especially from tropical and sub-tropical areas, with watery and recurrent diarrhea, leading in advanced cases to malabsorption and death. Microbiological diagnosis is limited by intermittent or low shedding of oocysts in stool; therefore, endoscopy may be necessary to identify the pathogen in histological samples. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) represents the treatment of choice, and alternative agents are used in recurrences, but limited efficacy is described. Here, we present recently observed case of severe and fatal infection due to C. belli in a HIV-positive 40-year-old man from Brazil, revealing several limitations in diagnosis and therapy, which need to be investigated further. In particular, it is still not clear how the infection persisted over time leading to malabsorption, kidney injury, and subsequent death, even if a reasonable immune reconstitution was demonstrated. Additionally, we investigated what mechanisms might cause, whether failure of recovery of the immune response specifically to C. belli, drug malabsorption, resistance to TMP-SMX, sequestration into lymphoid tissue, or co-presence of visceral untreated Kaposi sarcoma. Also, the appropriate dosage and way of administration of the best therapeutic regimen were examined, since there is a lack of literature on these issues. Globalization and wider use of immunosuppressive therapies underline the importance of maintaining adequate awareness, also in HIV-negative and non-immigrant populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A partir del estudio de la elocutio de Poema, de Carlos Germán Belli, expresada en un conjunto de desvíos lingüísticos tan peculiares que han llevado a hablar de la «extraña índole» de su poesía, se descubre en este artículo una etimología espiritual asociada, tanto en el plano de la expresión como en el del contenido y en todos los niveles de la lengua, a la tradición filosófica clásica. Esta asociación revela al poema como una totalidad consumada donde se da una absoluta correspondencia entre la expresión lingüística y los sentidos metafísicos.

Considerado el poeta vivo más importante de la poesía peruana, la poética de Carlos Germán Belli se caracteriza por sus reminiscencias clásicas y alusiones contemporáneas, que hacen de ella un encuentro siempre desconcertante. Esto ocurre, por ejemplo, con la figura de su locutor. En esa línea, este artículo pretende identificar las características de la representación del locutor en cuatro poemas bellianos: «Segregación N.° 1», «El valle de heces», «Sextina primera» y «Yo pese al paso de los años». Sostenemos que la intención del sujeto lírico de estos poemas es dar cuenta de su trágica unicidad en la sociedad moderna capitalista, que lo ha privado de una voz poética, política y lo ha desterrado a habitar los límites de la condición humana.

This study examined experiences and viewpoints of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners' regarding the integration of QR codes into writing and speaking practices at the tertiary-level L2 learning. Employing an action research design, researchers collected qualitative data through online interviews, a survey of open-ended questions, and learners' written reflections during class hours and brief field notes. Inductive thematic analysis was used for data analysis to form codes and themes. As a result, the learners identified QR codes as time-saving, useful, and enjoyable pedagogical tools for writing and speaking practices. The facilitative role of QR codes was centered on increasing motivation and interaction with classmates during different phases of productive skill-based activities, particularly in the idea-generation steps. The learners reported that QR code-based mobile learning practices make learning environments more participatory, safe, inclusive, and cooperative. The study presents instructional implications for transforming conventional student-teacher interaction into a peer-learning-oriented and autonomous atmosphere in higher education.

En este artículo nos acercamos a algunos poemas del libro de Gioconda Belli, El Ojo de la Mujer (1991) en los que reconoce que la creación de la mujer estuvo a cargo de Dios y que este la construyó por dentro y fuera, para que ella, a su vez, cumpliera la función de “un taller de seres humanos”. Por ello reivindica su condición de mujer y en muchos poemas reitera el rol vital que ella cumplió en la tarea de creativa. Gioconda Belli concede un especial valor a esta misión, como parte de la reivindicación de las mujeres de hoy, a través de una poesía ágil, fluida, metafórica, transparente, clara y que atrae a hombres y mujeres.

Natural environments like termite mounds can be a reservoir for novel microbial strains and antimicrobial metabolite producers. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activities of bacterial strains isolated from Macrotermes bellicosus (M. bellicosus) termite mound materials. These materials were sampled from active termite mounds in the Somgandé botanic reserve in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The study collected sixty-three bacterial isolates and assessed their antimicrobial activity against several pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) and two pathogenic fungi (Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans). The dual culture and paper disc diffusion assays revealed that 10 isolates (5 bacteria and 5 actinobacteria) inhibited the growth of at least one pathogenic microorganism. In comparison, four isolates inhibited both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Overall, isolates MBm2, MBm8 (bacteria), and MBm26 (actinobacterium) displayed better antibacterial- and antifungal activity against all tested pathogenic microorganisms. It is germane to indicate here that several typical bacteria and actinobacteria isolated from the M. bellicosus termite mound materials were good producers of antibacterial and antifungal agents. Thus, future studies could further characterize these isolates and optimize their growth for producing antimicrobial compounds. The bioactive compounds should also be identified for further biotechnological applications.

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Bell’s Sparrows ( Artemisiospiza belli ) have only recently been recognized as distinct from Sagebrush Sparrows ( A. nevadensis ), and the “Mojave” subspecies ( A. b. canescens ) shares an overlapping wintering distribution with Sagebrush Sparrow in the Mojave and Sonoran deserts of southeastern California and western Arizona. We lack understanding of the two species’ respective wintering habitat preferences and the degree to which they interact or segregate on their wintering grounds due to the difficulty in separating them in the field and to their previous classification as one species. We captured and sampled 74 Artemisiospiza sparrows from 5 sites across western Arizona, supporting field identifications with genetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA to confirm species and molecular sexing of sampled individuals. Bell’s Sparrows and Sagebrush Sparrows segregated into different habitat types across our study area, with only one species detected at four of five study sites. Bell’s Sparrows comprised 82% (n = 33) of Artemisiospiza sparrows captured at the 5th site at Robbins Butte. Broadly, Sagebrush Sparrows were found in more upland, well-drained locations that were less vegetated with xerophytic scrub. Bell’s Sparrows were found in more vegetated locations with halophytic Mojave seablite ( Suaeda nigra ) and saltbush ( Atriplex ) adjacent to mesquite and tamarisk woodlands. Bell’s Sparrow sex ratios were significantly female-biased (binomial test: n = 56, observed k = 48 females, expected k = 28 females for assumed p = 0.5, Pr [ k < = 8 or k = > 48] < 0.0001; 95% CI = 0.369 – 0.631 for assumed p = 0.5) at Fort Mohave and Robbins Butte, the 2 sites where Bell’s Sparrows were found. Our observed sex-ratios and well-documented year-round presence of Bell’s Sparrows on and near the breeding grounds suggest that Bell’s Sparrow males and females employ different migration strategies, a phenomenon not previously documented for this taxon.

¿Así que es para esto para lo que servía la literatura? ¿Para negar, uno tras otro, artículos de fe y dejarnos sin creencia ni idea alguna? ¿Servía, cuando era buena y cuando en algún caso acertaba, para negarse también a sí misma? ¿Y es que debía ante todo negarse a sí misma para poder decir algo que nos sonara a verdad? Pues algo de esto parece ocurrir en los sonetos que Giuseppe Gioachino Belli escribió, como si en ellos hablara directamente el pueblo y no un literato ni un autor culto, en dialecto romanesco; y es esto, precisamente, lo que intentaremos ir ahora comprobando, atendiendo al libro Giuseppe Gioachino Belli. 47 sonetos romanescos con las versiones de Agustín García Calvo (Editorial Lucina, Zamora, 2006).

Abstract Blastocystis hominis and Cystoisospora belli are considered to be common opportunistic intestinal protozoa in HIV/AIDS patients. In order to investigate the prevalence and genetic characteristics of B. hominis and C. belli in HIV/AIDS patients, a total of 285 faecal samples were individually collected from HIV/AIDS patients in Guangxi, China. B. hominis and C. belli were investigated by amplifying the barcode region of the SSU rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) region of the rRNA gene, respectively. Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test were conducted to assess the risk factors related to B. hominis and C. belli infection. The prevalence of B. hominis and C. belli was 6.0% (17/285) and 1.1% (3/285) respectively. Four genotypes of B. hominis were detected, with ST3 (n = 8) and ST1 (n = 6) being predominant, followed by ST6 (n = 2) and ST7 (n = 1). Females had a statistically higher prevalence of B. hominis (11.6%) than males (4.2%). The statistical analysis also showed that the prevalence of B. hominis was significantly associated with age group and educational level. Our study provides convincing evidence for the genetic diversity of B. hominis, which indicates its potential zoonotic transmission and is the first report on the molecular characteristics of C. belli in HIV/AIDS patients in China.

Cystoisospora belli is an intestinal Apicomplexan parasite associated with diarrheal illness and disseminated infections in humans, mainly immunocompromised individuals such as those living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). An irregular administration of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV patients may increase the risk of opportunistic infections like cystoisosporiasis. We describe here a case of C. belli infection in a Colombian HIV patient with chronic gastrointestinal syndrome and poor adherence to HAART. His clinical and parasitological cure was achieved with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment. Although a reduction in the number of C. belli cases has been observed since the use of HAART, this parasite still has to be considered as a differential diagnosis of diarrheal disease in HIV/AIDS patients. Effective interventions enhancing adherence to HAART should be included in HIV patient care programs.

En este artículo se muestra cómo, según Hugo Grocio, el derecho natural (ius naturale), también en su dimensión subjetiva, depende de una relación primaria con la justicia entendida en un sentido moral amplio. La tesis que sugiero es que la reconstrucción crítica que hace Grocio de las categorías aristotélicas de la justicia (correctiva-distributiva en términos de expletiva-atributiva respectivamente) determina, en buena medida, la forma en que se concibe el ius. Es decir, el contenido del derecho natural en Grocio no se reduce a un ámbito articulado por meros derechos subjetivos, como con frecuencia se tiende a pensar, sino que se extiende a un ámbito genuinamente moral en el que se abre un espacio donde la ley natural puede y debe ser entendida a la luz de las exigencias de la virtud, y no viceversa.

Cystoisospora (C.) belli is a coccidian parasite associated with acute or chronic gastroenteritis in immunocompromised patients. Dissatisfactory sensitivity of microscopy as the diagnostic standard approach has been described. Here, we comparatively evaluated two real-time PCRs targeting ribosomal RNA gene sequences of C. belli in stool in a test comparison without a reference standard applying latent class analysis. Therefore, 1000 stool samples from Ghanaian HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) patients (n = 905) as well as military returnees from the tropics (n = 95) were assessed by both assays in parallel. After the exclusion of 33 samples showing PCR inhibition, 29 and 33 positive results were recorded with the 5.8S rRNA gene/ITS-2 sequence PCR and the ITS-2 sequence PCR, respectively, resulting in an accuracy-adjusted prevalence of 3.2%. Nearly perfect agreement between both assays was indicated by Fleiss’ kappa of 0.933 with sensitivity and specificity of 92.8% and 100% as well as 100% and 99.8% for the 5.8S rRNA gene/ITS-2 sequence PCR and the ITS-2 sequence PCR, respectively. Both assays proved to be suitable for the diagnosis of C. belli in human stool samples with slightly better sensitivity of the ITS-2 sequence assay, while the 5.8S rRNA gene/ITS-2 sequence PCR may be considered for confirmatory testing.

Considerado el poeta vivo más importante de la poesía peruana, la obra de Carlos Germán Belli se caracteriza por sus reminiscencias clásicas y alusiones contemporáneas, que hacen de ella un encuentro siempre desconcertante. Esto ocurre, por ejemplo, con la figura de su locutor. En esa línea, este artículo pretende identificar las características de la representación del locutor en cuatro poemas bellianos: “Segregación N.° 1”, “El valle de heces”, “Sextina primera” y “Yo pese al paso largo de los años”. Sostenemos que la intención del sujeto lírico de estos poemas es dar cuenta de su trágica unicidad en la sociedad moderna capitalista, que le ha privado de una voz poética, política y lo ha desterrado a habitar los límites de la condición humana.

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Abstract Cystoisospora belli infection manifests as diarrhea, and can potentially progress to malabsorption in HIV patients. Here, we report a case of C. belli infection in an HIV/AIDS patient with chronic diarrhea symptoms for at least 2 years. Coproscopic analyses based on direct technique and modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique without a commercial kit were performed. The current case report highlights the protocol to be adopted in coproscopic analyses applied to HIV patients. The importance of including the appropriate parasitological testing of patients with chronic intestinal isosporiasis in parasitological test routines must be considered.

Cystoisospora belli (C. belli) is an opportunistic protozoal parasite. It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. It is frequently encountered in immunocompromised patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and other immunodeficiency illnesses. Infection usually occurs due to faecal contamination of food and water. Chronic severe watery diarrhoea occurs in C. belli infected patients. C. belli is diagnosed by demonstration of characteristic oocyst in the stool sample. The common methods used for stool examination are wet saline mount, iodine mount, and modified acid fast staining. Although C. belli is distributed worldwide and more prevalent in developing countries, it is hardly reported from India. Most of the cases reported from India are in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-positive patients and not many are reported in renal transplant patients. Here, a case of a 27-year-old male post renal transplant patient having severe diarrhoea has been presented. The patient complained of watery diarrhoea off and on for last one month for which he had taken some medicine from his local level but was not relieved. The patient was negative for HIV and was on immunosuppressive drugs. The stool sample of the patient was examined by direct wet mount, iodine mount and acid fast staining. On microscopy, characteristic oocysts of C. belli were detected. The patient was given combination treatment to which he responded well.

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