Search

Harini Sriraman, Saleena Badarudeen, Saransh Vats, Prakash Balasubramanian School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, 600127, IndiaCorrespondence: Prakash Balasubramanian, School of Computer Science Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, Tel +91-044-39931228, Fax +91-044-39932555, Email Prakash.bala@vit.ac.inAbstract: Deep Learning (DL) drives academics to create models for cancer diagnosis using medical image processing because of its innate ability to recognize difficult-to-detect patterns in complex, noisy, and massive data. The use of deep learning algorithms for real-time cancer diagnosis is explored in depth in this work. Real-time medical diagnosis determines the illness or condition that accounts for a patient’s symptoms and outward physical manifestations within a predetermined time frame. With a waiting period of anywhere between 5 days and 30 days, there are currently several ways, including screening tests, biopsies, and other prospective methods, that can assist in discovering a problem, particularly cancer. This article conducts a thorough literature review to understand how DL affects the length of this waiting period. In addition, the accuracy and turnaround time of different imaging modalities is evaluated with DL-based cancer diagnosis. Convolutional neural networks are critical for real-time cancer diagnosis, with models achieving up to 99.3% accuracy. The effectiveness and cost of the infrastructure required for real-time image-based medical diagnostics are evaluated. According to the report, generalization problems, data variability, and explainable DL are some of the most significant barriers to using DL in clinical trials. Making DL applicable for cancer diagnosis will be made possible by explainable DL.Keywords: artificial intelligence, AI, machine learning, DL, CNN, healthcare, real-time diagnosis, classification, image processing, elastography, feedforward neural network

» Generative artificial intelligence (AI), a rapidly evolving field, has the potential to revolutionize orthopedic care by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, treatment planning, and patient management through data-driven insights and personalized strategies.» Unlike traditional AI, generative AI has the potential to generate relevant information for orthopaedic surgeons when instructed through prompts, automating tasks such as literature reviews, streamlining workflows, predicting health outcomes, and improving patient interactions.» Prompt engineering is essential for crafting effective prompts for large language models (LLMs), ensuring accurate and reliable AI-generated outputs, and promoting ethical decision-making in clinical settings.» Orthopaedic surgeons can choose between various prompt types-including open-ended, focused, and choice-based prompts-to tailor AI responses for specific clinical tasks to enhance the precision and utility of generated information.» Understanding the limitations of LLMs, such as token limits, context windows, and hallucinations, is crucial for orthopaedic surgeons to effectively use generative AI while addressing ethical concerns related to bias, privacy, and accountability., Competing Interests: Disclosure: The Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest forms are provided with the online version of the article (http://links.lww.com/JBJSREV/B163)., (Copyright © 2024 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Incorporated.)

Prediction of the stock market is a challenging and time-consuming process. In recent times, various research analysts and organizations have used different tools and techniques to analyze and predict stock price movements. During the early days, investors mainly depend on technical indicators and fundamental parameters for short-term and long-term predictions, whereas nowadays many researchers started adopting artificial intelligence-based methodologies to predict stock price movements. In this article, an exhaustive literature study has been carried out to understand multiple techniques employed for prediction in the field of the financial market. As part of this study, more than hundreds of research articles focused on global indices and stock prices were collected and analyzed from multiple sources. Further, this study helps the researchers and investors to make a collective decision and choose the appropriate model for better profit and investment based on local and global market conditions., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2024 Balasubramanian et al.)

Aim: Amidst COVID-19 pandemic, the health care delivery in India faces major challenges owing to the overwhelming hospitals, exhausted healthcare workers, and shortage of crucial medical supplies such as ventilators and oxygen. The study aims to propose a novel successful interventional home care model, the Virtual COVID In-Patient (VCIP) care for effective COVID management., Methods: The Covid-19 positive patients enrolled in VCIP were chosen for the study. A 24/7 active multidisciplinary WhatsApp group was created for each patient, for remote monitoring of temperature, blood pressure, blood glucose, respiratory and pulse rate along with the symptoms. Advice on sleep and exercises were given along with the medication via video-audio consultations. Lab facility was provided at the doorstep. Training on various devices, medications including steroids, delivering subcutaneous injections etc were given via video platforms., Results: Among the 220 patients who availed the VCIP facility, only two were hospitalized, yielding a 99.5 % success rate in preventing hospitalizations and patients enrolled have been immensely satisfied with their experience., Conclusions: With similar pandemics anticipated in near future, VCIP model may be considered for successful domiciliary treatment and overcoming the challenges., (Copyright © 2021 Diabetes India. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The importance of web resources for educating orthopaedic trauma patients is well recognized. Yet these resources often exceed the sixth-grade reading level and are too complex for most patients to understand. This study examines the readability of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons' (AAOS) pediatric trauma-related educational content compared with similar materials from the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA)., Methods: Eleven AAOS (https://www.orthoinfo.org/) and nine POSNA (https://orthokids.org) pediatric trauma education articles were included. Articles' readability was assessed by two independent examiners using (1) the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) and the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) algorithms. The FKGL mean was compared with the sixth-grade level and the average American reading level using a one-sample t-test. A two-sample t-test evaluated the differences in readability between the AAOS and POSNA materials., Results: A total of 15 unique articles were included. Excellent agreement (>90%) was noted between reviewers for FKGL and FRE. The average (SD) FKGL for AAOS and POSNA articles were 8.5 (0.8) and 9.0 (1.5), respectively, and the FRE scores were 61.2 (3.8) for AAOS and 61.7 (7.7) for POSNA. Only one AAOS article met the sixth-grade reading level. The average readability levels of the AAOS and POSNA articles were markedly higher than the recommended sixth-grade level (P < 0.001). No notable difference was found in FKGL (P = 0.47) or FRE (P = 0.89) when comparing AAOS and POSNA articles., Discussion: This study indicates that the readability of the AAOS pediatric trauma and POSNA trauma-related articles is well above that which is recommended for the general public, and this has remained so for more than a decade. Both POSNA and AAOS trauma education materials have high readability levels, potentially hindering patient understanding. Improving the readability of these widely used trauma education resources is overdue and will likely improve patient comprehension., (Copyright © 2024 by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.)

Introduction: Web-based resources serve as a fundamental educational platform for orthopaedic trauma patients; however, they are frequently written above the recommended sixth-grade reading level, and previous studies have demonstrated this for the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) web-based articles. In this study, we perform an updated assessment of the readability of AAOS trauma-related educational articles as compared with injury-matched education materials developed by the Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA)., Methods: All 46 AAOS trauma-related web-based ( https://www.orthoinfo.org/ ) patient education articles were analyzed for readability. Two independent reviewers used (1) the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) and (2) the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) algorithms to calculate the readability level. Mean readability scores were compared across body part categories. A one-sample t -test was done to compare mean FKGL with the recommended sixth-grade readability level and the average American adult reading level. A two-sample t -test was used to compare the readability scores of the AAOS trauma-related articles with those of the OTA., Results: The average (SD) FKGL and FRE for the AAOS articles were 8.9 (0.74) and 57.2 (5.8), respectively. All articles were written above the sixth-grade reading level. The average readability of the AAOS articles was significantly greater than the recommended sixth-grade reading level ( P < 0.001). The average FKGL and FRE for all AAOS articles were significantly higher compared with those of the OTA articles (8.9 ± 0.74 versus 8.1 ± 1.14, P < 0.001 and 57.2 ± 5.8 versus 65.6 ± 6.6, P < 0.001, respectively). Excellent agreement was observed between raters for the FKGL 0.956 (95% confidence interval, 0.922 to 0.975) and FRE 0.993 (95% confidence interval, 0.987 to 0.996)., Discussion: Our findings suggest that after almost a decade, the readability of the AAOS trauma-related articles remains unchanged. The AAOS and OTA trauma patient education materials have high readability levels and may be too difficult for patient comprehension. A need remains to improve the readability of these commonly used trauma education materials., (Copyright © 2024 by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.)

Background: The purpose of this study was to identify the incidence and types of complications after revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) within the first year, and determine the relative risk factors for these complications and of re-revision., Methods: The sample size of 5% Medicare claims data from 1998-2011 was studied. Primary THA patients who underwent subsequent revision were identified using ICD-9-CM codes. Outcomes and complications after revision THA were assessed. Multivariate Cox regression was used to evaluate the effect of patient demographic characteristics on the adjusted complication risk for revision THA patients., Results: Of the 64,260 primary THA patients identified between 1998 and 2011, 3555 patients (5.71%) underwent revision THA. Etiology of primary hip failure included mechanical complications such as loosening and wear (40.7%), dislocation (14.0%), and infection (11.3%). Complications after revision THA included infection and redo revision, 17.3% and 15.8% followed by venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) at 11.1%, dislocation at 5.43%, PE at 3.24%, and death at 2.11%. The rate of "new" infections after an aseptic revision was 8.13%. Patients in the 85+-year-old age group had a 100% greater adjusted risk of VTE (P < .001) and 406% higher adjusted risk of death (P < .001) than those in the 65-69 years-old age group. Patients with higher Charlson scores had higher adjusted risks of VTE (P < .001), infection (P < .001), death (P = .002), and re-revision THA (P = .011)., Conclusion: Advanced age is a clear risk factor for VTE and mortality, but not for dislocation, infection, or re-revision. Higher Charlson index was found to be a risk factor for every complication after revision except dislocation. Greater attention is required to address the high rate of infection and re-do revision after revision THA (17.3% and 15.8%)., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Obesity is a known risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease, including heart failure. However, the impact of obesity on patients with heart failure is unclear. Weight reduction is a recommended method of prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, the phenomenon of the "obesity paradox" (or "reverse epidemiology") revealed that overweight and mild to moderate obesity are associated with better outcomes in patients with heart failure compared with patients at normal or ideal weight. Even more, increases of weight in cachectic heart failure patients might improve survival, although patients with heart failure who are overweight or mildly to moderately obese have better outcomes than patients with heart failure who are at ideal or normal weight. In heart failure patients, weight reduction through diet regulation, moderate exercise, and bariatric surgery can improve quality of life and New York Heart Association functional class, but it is yet unclear if these measures will improve survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for the treatment of knee arthritis has substantially increased over the past decade. Because of its success, the indications for primary TKA have expanded to include younger patients who are more active, elderly patients who have multiple comorbidities, and patients who have more complex issues, such as posttraumatic arthritis and severe deformity. TKA also has been used to salvage failed unicondylar arthroplasty and osteotomies about the knee. Exposure may be challenging and outcomes may not be as successful in patients with soft-tissue contractures, such as a stiff knee, who undergo TKA. Bone graft or augments may be required to correct deformity and attain proper knee alignment in patients who have a substantial varus or valgus deformity. TKA is somewhat challenging in patients who have deformity, bone loss, contracture, or multiple comorbidities, or have had prior surgery; therefore, it is necessary for surgeons to be aware of some general principles that may help minimize complications and improve outcomes.

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research / Zhongguo Zuzhi Gongcheng Yanjiu is the property of Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To explore the early efficacy of an artificial intelligence preoperative planning system (AIHIP system) for assisting in hip revision surgery. Methods: The clinical data of 25 patients (26 hips) who underwent hip revision between June 2019 and December 2023 and who met the selection criteria were retrospectively analyzed. There were 13 males and 12 females; the ages ranged from 44 to 90 years, with a mean of 69.1 years. The patients' replacement of prosthesis model, operation time, hospitalization time, postoperative time out of bed, etc., as well as the occurrence of adverse events such as postoperative infection, fracture, and loosening of the prosthesis were recorded. The Harris Hip score (HHS) was used to evaluate the function of the affected limbs preoperatively, and 1 week and 6 months postoperatively, and hip mobility was compared preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. Results: All 25 patients were followed up for 6 to 59 months, with an average of 25.3 months. Except for one patient who developed a thigh hematoma (treated with incision and drainage and decompression) and hip dislocation in one hip (repaired), the remaining patients experienced no adverse events such as loosening of the prosthesis or infection. The postoperative acetabular cup type matching degree completely matched 25 hips, not matching 1 hip (+ 2 number), for a matching rate of 96.15%; the femoral stem type matching degree completely matched 25 hips, generally matching 1 hip (-1 number), for a matching rate of 100%. The Harris scores were 54.7 ± 9.6 and 89.6 ± 7.0 at 1 week and 6 months after surgery, respectively, which were significantly improved (P < 0.05) compared with the preoperative scores of 33.5 ± 8.3, and further improved at 6 months after surgery compared with the 1-week period (P < 0.05). The patients' hip function was evaluated according to the Harris score at 6 months after surgery, and they were assigned to 23 good hips and 3 medium hips, which could satisfy daily life needs. Hip mobility at 6 months after surgery was 111.15 ± 9.72°, and the difference was statistically significant compared with the preoperative value of 79.42 ± 17.51° (t = -8.077, P < 0.001). Conclusion: AIHIP system-assisted treatment of THA postoperative revision patients can improve the precision of revision surgery, and reduce the difficulty of surgery, in patients with good postoperative recovery and satisfactory early outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Online health education resources are frequently accessed by patients seeking information on orthopaedic conditions and procedures. The objectives of this study were to assess the readability of information provided by the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) and compare current levels of readability with previous online material. Methods. This study examined 115 articles classified as "Conditions" or "Treatments" on FootCareMD.org. Readability was assessed using the 6 readability assessment tools: Flesch Reading Ease, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Gunning Fog Score, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) Index, Coleman-Liau Index, and the Automated Readability Index. Results. The mean readability score across all metrics ranged from 9.1 to 12.1, corresponding to a 9th- to 12th-grade reading level, with a mean FKGL of 9.2 ± SD 1.1 (range: 6.3-15.0). No articles were written below the recommended US sixth-grade reading level, with only 3 articles at or below an eighth-grade level. Treatment articles had higher mean readability grade levels than condition articles (P =.03). Conclusion. Although the volume and quality of the AOFAS resource Web site has increased, readability of information has worsened since 2008 and remains higher than the recommended reading level for optimal comprehension by the general population. Levels of Evidence: Level IV:Retrospective quantitative analysis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We aimed to analyze frequently searched questions through Google's "People Also Ask" feature related to four common treatments for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH): the Pavlik harness, rhino brace, closed reduction surgery and open reduction surgery. Methods: Search terms for each treatment were entered into Google Web Search using a clean-install Google Chrome browser. The top frequently asked questions and associated websites were extracted. Questions were categorized using the Rothwell classification model. Websites were evaluated using the JAMA Benchmark Criteria. Chi-square tests were performed. Results: The initial search yielded 828 questions. Of 479 included questions, the most popular topics were specific activities that patients with DDH can/cannot do (32.8%), technical details about treatments (30.9%) and indications for treatments (18.2%). Websites were commonly academic (59.3%), commercial (40.5%) and governmental (12.3%). There were statistically significant more specific activity questions about Pavlik harnesses than about rhino braces (χ 2 = 7.1, p = 0.008), closed reduction (χ 2 = 56.5, p < 0.001) and open reduction (χ 2 = 14.7, p < 0.001). There were statistically significant more technical details questions about Pavlik harnesses than about closed reduction (χ 2 = 4.1, p = 0.04). Conclusions: This study provides insights into common concerns that parents have about their children's DDH treatment, enabling orthopaedic surgeons to provide more effective and targeted consultations. This is particularly important for DDH because affected patients are often diagnosed within the first few months of life, leaving parents overwhelmed by caring for a newborn child and simultaneously coping with this diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health literacy is defined as the ability to obtain, engage, understand, and act upon health information to make decisions about health care. Health literacy is a key determinant of health outcomes and disparities including those in surgery. Over one-third of surgical patients suffer from low health literacy, with disproportionately higher rates among older, rural, and black patients. Low health literacy has been associated with poor adherence to preoperative and discharge instructions, longer lengths-of-stay, higher readmission rates, and higher health care costs. However, health literacy is modifiable, and therefore it is uniquely positioned for meaningful interventions at the patient, provider, and system level. These interventions include using more visual aids with patients and families (patient level), communicating in more understandable ways (provider level), and improving the organizational health literacy of hospitals (system level). Through high-quality research and multilevel interventions, significant opportunities exist to address low health literacy and improve outcomes, eliminate disparities, and reduce costs for this disparity population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the presentation suitability and readability of ChatGPT's responses to common patient questions, as well as its potential to enhance readability. Methods: We initially analyzed 30 ChatGPT responses related to knee osteoarthritis (OA) on March 20, 2023, using readability and presentation suitability metrics. Subsequently, we assessed the impact of detailed and simplified instructions provided to ChatGPT for same responses, focusing on readability improvement. Results: The readability scores for responses related to knee OA significantly exceeded the recommended sixth-grade reading level (p <.001). While the presentation of information was rated as "adequate," the content lacked high-quality, reliable details. After the intervention, readability improved slightly for responses related to knee OA; however, there was no significant difference in readability between the groups receiving detailed versus simplified instructions. Conclusions: Although ChatGPT provides informative responses, they are often difficult to read and lack sufficient quality. Current capabilities do not effectively simplify medical information for the general public. Technological advancements are needed to improve user-friendliness and practical utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the readability of Turkish-language texts that provide information about the relationship between gingival diseases and heart health on the internet. Material and Method: The keywords "gingival diseases and heart health relationship" were entered into the Google search engine. As a result of the search, the first 60 pages with Turkish content that provided patient information on the subject and could be accessed directly without any membership requirement were included in the study. Repeated web pages, academic publications, images, video content, and sites for advertising commercial products were not included in the study. The texts obtained were evaluated according to the Ateşman Readability Index. Results: Forty-six of the first 60 sites found in the search met the inclusion criteria. When the texts included in the study were examined according to their sources, it was found that 43.5% were pages of dental clinics, 26.1% of private hospitals, 10.9% of university hospitals, 10.9% of media news pages, 4.3% of professional organizations, 2.2% of cardiology clinics and 2.2% of state hospitals. It was determined that 60.87% of the texts on the pages were at "medium" and 39.13% were at "difficult" readability level. Conclusion: According to the results of the study, it was determined that the informative texts about "The relationship between gingival disease and heart health" published on Turkish websites have medium and difficult readability levels. In order to make such informative texts easier and comprehensible to read, it would be useful to adjust the language level of the text by using readability tools by the author before publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconia is increasingly favored for dental implants owing to its corrosion resistance, hypoallergenic properties, and superior esthetics, but its biocompatibility remains a challenge. This study explores laser-assisted surface modification to enhance zirconia bioactivity. Zirconia transitions from the monoclinic to the tetragonal phase during sintering, with mixed phases observed in the pre-sintered stage. These transitions are critical for understanding its structural stability and malleability. Grid patterns were imprinted on the green body implant surface using a 1064 nm Nd-YAG laser (Continuum Surelite II, San Jose, CA, USA), with mesh sizes ranging from 7 to 50 µm and depths up to 2 µm, controlled by varying laser fluence, irradiation time, and templates. SEM, AFM, and XRD analyses were used to characterize the surface morphology and crystallography. Protein adsorption studies compared two patterned samples with different surface coverage—the first sample had a patterned area of 0.212 cm2 (27%), while the second sample had a patterned area of 0.283 cm2 (36%)—to a control sample. Protein adsorption increased by 92% in the first and 169% in the second sample, demonstrating a direct correlation between increased pattern area and bioactivity. Enhanced protein adsorption facilitates cell attachment and growth, which are crucial for improving osseointegration. These results underscore the potential of laser-assisted surface modification to optimize zirconia's performance as a medical implant material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of online search engines for health information is becoming common practice. We analyzed Google search queries to identify the most frequently asked topics and questions related to lateral epicondylitis ("tennis elbow") and the Web sites provided to address these questions. Methods: Four search terms for lateral epicondylitis were entered into Google Web Search. A list of the most frequently asked questions along with their associated Web sites was extracted and categorized by 2 independent reviewers. Results: A total of 400 questions were extracted with 168 associated Web sites. The most popular question topics were related to indications/management (39.0%), risks/complications (19.5%), and the ability to perform specific activities (18.8%). Frequently asked questions had to do with the duration of symptoms, self-management strategies (eg, brace use and self-massage), and the indications for surgery. The most common Web sites provided to address these questions were social media (27.5%), commercial (24.5%), academic (16.5%), and medical practice (16.3%). Conclusion: The most frequently asked questions about lateral epicondylitis on Google centered around symptom duration and management, with most information originating from social media and commercial Web sites. Our data can be used to anticipate patient concerns and set expectations regarding the prognosis and management of lateral epicondylitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the infection risk when internal fixation plates either overlap or did not overlap previous external fixator pin sites in patients with bicondylar tibial plateau fractures and pilon fractures treated with a 2-staged protocol of acute spanning external fixation and later definitive internal fixation., Design: Retrospective comparison study., Setting: Two level I trauma centers., Patients/participants: A total of 85 OTA 41C bicondylar tibial plateau fractures and 97 OTA 43C pilon fractures treated between 2005 and 2010. Radiographs were evaluated to determine the positions of definitive plates in relation to external fixator pin sites and patients were grouped into an "overlapping" group and a "nonoverlapping" group., Intervention: Fifty patients had overlapping pin sites and 132 did not., Main Outcome Measure: Presence of a deep wound infection., Results: Overall, 25 patients developed a deep wound infection. Of the 50 patients in the "overlapping" group, 12 (24%) developed a deep infection compared with 13 (10%) of the 132 patients in the "nonoverlapping" group (P = 0.033)., Conclusions: Placement of definitive plate fixation overlapping previous external fixator pin sites significantly increases the risk of deep infection in the 2-staged treatment of bicondylar tibial plateau and pilon fractures. Surgeons must make a conscious effort to place external fixator pins outside of future definitive fixation sites to reduce the overall incidence of deep wound infections. Additionally, consideration must be given to the relative benefit of a spanning external fixator in light of the potential for infection associated with their use., Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Background: Printed educational materials (PEMs) have been used for patient education in various settings. The purpose of this study was to determine the readability, understandability, and actionability of trauma-related educational material from the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA, Orthokids), as well as determine its efficacy in educating pediatric orthopaedic trauma patients and caregivers., Methods: The readability, understandability and actionability of PEMs was assessed using the Patient Education materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT). Five reviewers ranging in experience independently evaluated the educational materials. The efficacy of PEMs was assessed prospectively by randomizing patients into 2 groups. The first group (Education) received the OrthoKids educational material related to the patient's fracture. The second group (No Education) did not receive the educational material. At the first follow-up visit, parents/guardians in both groups completed surveys. Statistical analyses included descriptive and univariate statistics., Results: The understandability of PEMs was similar (68% to 74%); however, the educational materials had varying actionability scores ranging from 20% for femoral shaft fractures to 60% for elbow fractures. In total, 101 patients were randomized to assess the efficacy of educational materials (Education=51, No Education=50). There were no significant differences in sex, age, race/ethnicity, and level of education between caregivers in both groups ( P > 0.05). Only 61% (31/51) participants in the Education group reported using the educational material; however, 67% to 68% of participants in either group reported wanting PEMs. Participants in the group that did not receive PEMs were significantly more likely to use the internet to find more information (74% vs. 51%, P < 0.05)., Conclusions: This study suggests that participants that did not receive PEMs were significantly more likely to search the internet for more information. Improving the quality and actionability of educational resources on electronic platforms is needed to improve patient education. A multi-modal approach using PEMs that includes a list of high-quality online sources would likely be most effective in educating pediatric trauma patients and caregivers., Level of Evidence: I., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The diagnosis of urinary tract infections includes microbiologic culture of urine to determine the etiology of the infection. However, interpretation of the results can be confounded by various factors including the accuracy of a patient's history of current antibiotic usage. , Methodology: In this report, we tested urine specimens for the presence of antibiotics and compared our results to the accuracy of antibiotic data entry on the accompanying request forms. In addition, the consequences of culturing urine specimens with incomplete antibiotic history received in the laboratory were investigated., Results: During the study period, 14,680 urines were obtained and tested with a modified urine antibacterial substance assay (UABA). There were (97.32%) true-negative, 6 (0.04%) false-negative, 222 (1.51%) true-positive and 166 (1.13%) false-positive results. The sensitivity and specificity of this test was 97.37% and 98.85% respectively., Conclusion: This internal audit practice demonstrates the importance of accurately completed request forms and how this information impacts the clinical interpretation of urine culture results.

Background: Antibiograms must use a standard format to present microbiologic data., Objective: When antibacterials are selected for the treatment of infections, knowledge of the locally most likely causative organisms and the prevalence of resistant pathogens to antibacterial agents are essential. This involves generating a cumulative antibiogram. We designed an in-house novel software to prepare our antibiogram, validate data, and analyze results and assessed the performance of this technology. It should be noted that analysis of specific antibiotic resistance patterns were not a focus of this study., Setting: The study was conducted at Al Khor Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, a 110-bed acute care hospital that serves patients in the northern area of Qatar. Positive microbiology cultures excluding surveillance samples, isolated in the microbiology laboratory from January 2008 to December 2008, were entered into an in-house software, ABSOFT, designed by one of the authors., Results: The software produced the antibiogram in a fixed format. Epidemiologic data and comparison of our data to the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance benchmark for multidrug-resistant organism distribution were also presented real time. Automatic color-coded results in tabular format were printed instantaneously without errors, thus eliminating the need to be reviewed., Conclusion: The paper highlights real-time validation and presentation of the cumulative antibiogram, additionally suggesting the format for reporting using a novel in-house software ABSOFT. This technology provided us an accurate, simple, cost-effective solution to present validated data real-time in a transparent and consistent manner. To our knowledge to date, no uniform format has been recommended for the presentation of cumulative antibiograms., (Copyright © 2010 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Health literacy is the single best predictor of an individual's health status. It is important to customize health-related education material to the individual patient's level of reading skills. Readability of a given text is the objective measurement of the reading skills one should possess to understand the written material., Questions/purposes: In this article, some of the commonly used readability assessment tools are discussed and guidelines to improve the comprehension of patient education handouts are provided. Where are we now? Several healthcare organizations have recommended the readability of patient education materials be no higher than sixth- to eighth-grade level. However, most of the patient education materials currently available on major orthopaedic Web sites are written at a reading level that may be too advanced for comprehension by a substantial proportion of the population. WHERE DO WE NEED TO GO?: There are several readily available and validated tools for assessing the readability of written materials. While use of audiovisual aids such as video clips, line drawings, models, and charts can enhance the comprehension of a health-related topic, standard readability tools cannot construe such enhancements. HOW DO WE GET THERE?: Given the variability in the capacity to comprehend health-related materials among individuals seeking orthopaedic care, stratifying the contents of patient education materials at different levels of complexity will likely improve health literacy and enhance patient-centered communication.

Objectives: The Internet is now more widely used than before by psychiatric patients and their families to search for medical conditions and treatments. To our knowledge, no study has addressed the quality and readability of online information about electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). We aimed to examine the quality and readability of English-language Internet information related to ECT., Methods: An advanced search of Internet Web sites containing information about ECT was conducted by using the search term "ECT or electroconvulsive therapy." The resulting Web sites were categorized into 1 of 3 categories (commercial, nonprofit, or professional organizations). Their quality was evaluated using Health on the Net code certification, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria, and the DISCERN tool. The readability of the Web sites was assessed using the Flesch Reading Ease, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level Formula, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook, and Gunning Fog indexes., Results: A total of 86 Web sites were included in the analysis. Of all these Web sites, 18 (20.9%) had a Health on the Net code certificate, and 16 (18.6%) were accepted as high quality (JAMA total score ≥3). The commercial Web sites had significantly lower DISCERN and JAMA benchmark scores compared with the other Web sites. A total of 30.23% of all the Web sites reached the recommended readability level (Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level Formula ≤ 8). Moreover, only 4 scored at the grade 5 to 6 reading level, which is considered ideal for patient educational materials., Conclusions: Our study indicates that both the quality and readability of online information about ECT are not at the desired level. Physicians, patients, and their families should consider this failure in relation to online information about ECT. In addition, Web site creators and health authorities should be aware of their responsibilities for providing quality and readable health information to the public., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest or financial disclosures to report., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The recommended readability of online health education materials is at or below the sixth- to eighth-grade level. Nevertheless, more than a decade of research has demonstrated that most online education materials pertaining to orthopaedic surgery do not meet these recommendations. The repeated evidence of this limited progress underscores that unaddressed barriers exist to improving readability, such as the added time and cost associated with writing easily readable materials that cover complex topics. Freely available artificial intelligence (AI) platforms might facilitate the conversion of patient-education materials at scale, but to our knowledge, this has not been evaluated in orthopaedic surgery., Questions/purposes: (1) Can a freely available AI dialogue platform rewrite orthopaedic patient education materials to reduce the required reading skill level from the high-school level to the sixth-grade level (which is approximately the median reading level in the United States)? (2) Were the converted materials accurate, and did they retain sufficient content detail to be informative as education materials for patients?, Methods: Descriptions of lumbar disc herniation, scoliosis, and spinal stenosis, as well as TKA and THA, were identified from educational materials published online by orthopaedic surgery specialty organizations and leading orthopaedic institutions. The descriptions were entered into an AI dialogue platform with the prompt "translate to fifth-grade reading level" to convert each group of text at or below the sixth-grade reading level. The fifth-grade reading level was selected to account for potential variation in how readability is defined by the AI platform, given that there are several widely used preexisting methods for defining readability levels. The Flesch Reading Ease score and Flesch-Kincaid grade level were determined for each description before and after AI conversion. The time to convert was also recorded. Each education material and its respective conversion was reviewed for factual inaccuracies, and each conversion was reviewed for its retention of sufficient detail for intended use as a patient education document., Results: As presented to the public, the current descriptions of herniated lumbar disc, scoliosis, and stenosis had median (range) Flesch-Kincaid grade levels of 9.5 (9.1 to 10.5), 12.6 (10.8 to 15), and 10.9 (8 to 13.6), respectively. After conversion by the AI dialogue platform, the median Flesch-Kincaid grade level scores for herniated lumbar disc, scoliosis, and stenosis were 5.0 (3.3 to 8.2), 5.6 (4.1 to 7.3), and 6.9 (5 to 7.8), respectively. Similarly, descriptions of TKA and THA improved from 12.0 (11.2 to 13.5) to 6.3 (5.8 to 7.6) and from 11.6 (9.5 to 12.6) to 6.1 (5.4 to 7.1), respectively. The Flesch Reading Ease scores followed a similar trend. Seconds per sentence conversion was median 4.5 (3.3 to 4.9) and 4.5 (3.5 to 4.8) for spine conditions and arthroplasty, respectively. Evaluation of the materials that were converted for ease of reading still provided a sufficient level of nuance for patient education, and no factual errors or inaccuracies were identified., Conclusion: We found that a freely available AI dialogue platform can improve the reading accessibility of orthopaedic surgery online patient education materials to recommended levels quickly and effectively. Professional organizations and practices should determine whether their patient education materials exceed current recommended reading levels by using widely available measurement tools, and then apply an AI dialogue platform to facilitate converting their materials to more accessible levels if needed. Additional research is needed to determine whether this technology can be applied to additional materials meant to inform patients, such as surgical consent documents or postoperative instructions, and whether the methods presented here are applicable to non-English language materials., Competing Interests: Each author certifies that there are no funding or commercial associations (consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article related to the author or any immediate family members. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request., (Copyright © 2023 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons.)

Background: As the rate of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears increases in children, the internet has become a major source of information and education. In the United States, the average adult reads at about an eighth grade level. The National Institutes of Health recommends that patient education materials do not exceed a sixth-grade reading level. Therefore, the most accessed resources on the internet should be created with this in mind. The purpose of this study is to assess the readability and quality of online patient resources for pediatric ACL tears., Methods: Google was queried using the term "Pediatric ACL Tear" on May 26, 2022. The most popular sites were identified through page one of a Google search. All content was evaluated to assure information was directed toward patients. To determine reading difficulty, the most widely accepted readability tests: Flesch Reading Ease Index, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, and Gunning Fog Index were calculated through plain text in Microsoft Word and URL in online readability checker Readable.io., Results: The average grade level for all resources was above the recommended reading level based on both Microsoft Word and Readable.io calculations. Each source exceeded the NIH recommendation by 2.6 grade levels on average (Mean grade level readability was 8.6 ± 1.9). Four of the 6 sites were above the average US reading level, exceeding the eighth grade by an average of 1.5 grade levels. All 6 sites analyzed had a mean DISCERN score of 61.9, meeting the 'good quality' criteria., Conclusion: The most readily available online materials for Pediatric ACL tears were of 'good quality' but above both the NIH-recommended readability level and the average US adult reading level. With the increasing need for treatment of ACL tears in pediatric and adolescent patients and greater internet accessibility in these populations, it is important to consider the readability of these resources in support of increased health literacy and improved outcomes., Clinical Relevance: It is important for physicians treating young patients with ACL tears to be aware of all sources of information and support, including content shared online as these platforms are increasingly utilized, especially by patients and families of lower socioeconomic status., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

One of the goals of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) is to disseminate patient education materials that suit the readability skills of the patient population. According to standard guidelines from healthcare organizations, the readability of patient education materials should be no higher than the sixth-grade level. We hypothesized the readability level of patient education materials available on the AAOS Web site would be higher than the recommended grade level, regardless when the material was available online. Readability scores of all articles from the AAOS Internet-based patient information Web site, "Your Orthopaedic Connection," were determined using the Flesch-Kincaid grade formula. The mean Flesch-Kincaid grade level of the 426 unique articles was 10.43. Only 10 (2%) of the articles had the recommended readability level of sixth grade or lower. The readability of the articles did not change with time. Our findings suggest the majority of the patient education materials available on the AAOS Web site had readability scores that may be too difficult for comprehension by a substantial portion of the patient population.

Background: While experts recommend that the readability of patient education materials should be less than the sixth grade level, the available information pertaining to orthopaedic diseases may be excessively complex for some to read and comprehend. The Flesch-Kincaid grade level is the most widely used tool to evaluate the readability score of a given text, with a lower grade level suggesting easier readability. The goal of our study was to assess the readability of pediatric orthopaedic patient education materials that were developed by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) and the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA) and were accessible to the general public through the Internet., Materials and Methods: All articles from the "Children" section of the patient education library, "Your Orthopaedic Connection," on the AAOS web site and the "Parent/Patient" section on the POSNA web site were identified. The Flesch-Kincaid grade level of each article was determined with use of Microsoft Office Word software. The mean grade levels of articles that were available in 2001 were compared with those accessible in 2007., Results: Fifty-seven unique articles were available in 2007 on both web sites compared with twenty-five articles available in 2001. The readability score of only one (2%) of the currently available articles was less than sixth grade level. The mean Flesch-Kincaid grade level of the currently available articles was 8.9 compared with 8.7 for the articles available in 2001 (p = 0.71)., Conclusions: Our findings suggest that most of the pediatric orthopaedic patient education materials available on the AAOS and POSNA web sites have readability scores that may be too high, making comprehension difficult for a substantial portion of the United States population.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a medical treatment that utilizes photosensitizing agents, along with light, to produce reactive oxygen species that can kill nearby cells. When the photosensitizer is exposed to a specific wavelength of light, it becomes activated and generates reactive oxygen that can destroy cancer cells, bacteria, and other pathogenic micro-organisms. PDT is commonly used in dermatology for treating actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, and other skin conditions. It is also being explored for applications in oncology, such as treating esophageal and lung cancers, as well as in ophthalmology for age-related macular degeneration. In this study, we provide a comprehensive review of PDT, covering its fundamental principles and mechanisms, as well as the critical components for its function. We examine key aspects of PDT, including its current clinical applications and potential future developments. Additionally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of PDT, addressing the various challenges associated with its implementation and optimization. This review aims to offer a thorough understanding of PDT, highlighting its transformative potential in medical treatments while acknowledging the areas requiring further research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Therapeutic nutrition plays an imperative role during a patient's hospital course. There is a tremendous body of literature that emphasizes the systematic delivery of information regarding hospital nutrition diets. A major component of delivering healthcare information is the principle of providing quality healthcare information, but this has not yet been investigated on hospital nutrition diets. This study aimed to evaluate the comprehension and readability of patient education materials regarding therapeutic hospital diets. Methodology: The methodology employed the use of publicly available questions regarding hospital nutrition diets and categorized them per Rothwell's Classification of Questions. Additionally, the questions were extracted online and have an associated digital article linked to the question. These articles underwent analysis for readability scores. Results: This study's findings reveal that most hospital diets do not meet the recommended grade-reading levels. Conclusions: This underscores the need for healthcare providers to enhance patient education regarding hospital diets. The prevalence of "Fact" questions showcases the importance of clearly explaining diets and dietary restrictions to patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The presented study proposes technology for increasing stealth and preventing the unmasking of objects, including orbital ones, by forming a complex two-period surface microstructure using femtosecond laser processing. Currently, the technology of imparting the necessary reflective properties to a surface is becoming increasingly important. Darkening the surface and matting it helps to diffuse the reflected beam and prevent glare. The surface's reflective properties are determined by its microstructure. Modern pico- and femtosecond lasers make it possible to obtain surfaces with high precision and create various LIPSS (laser-induced periodic surface structure) types. In this article, we describe the process of formation of a complex two-periodic microstructure on the surface of AISI 321 stainless steel under the influence of radiation from femtosecond lasers and describe the process of scattering of a light beam by the resulting surface. Modeling shows that the presence of an additional transparent coating on a flat surface does not improve its scattering properties and does not eliminate glare. In the event that a complex two-periodic structure is formed on the reflective surface and the coating surface, the nature of the reflection has a clearly defined scattered character, regardless of the angle of incidence of the light beam. This study shows the feasibility and effectiveness of forming a two-periodic structure in order to give it stealth characteristics and reduce visibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the content, readability, and quality of online resources on septic arthritis, a crucial orthopedic condition necessitating immediate diagnosis and treatment to avert serious complications, with a particular focus on the relevance to individuals from the general public., Methods: Two search terms ("septic arthritis" and "joint infection") were input into three different search engines on the Internet (Google, Yahoo, and Bing) and 60 websites were evaluated, with the top 20 results in each search engine. The websites underwent categorization based on their type, and their content and quality were assessed utilizing the DISCERN score, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark, the Global Quality Score (GQS), and the Information Value Score (IVS). The readability of the text was assessed through the utilization of the Flesch Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) and the Flesch Reading Ease Score (FKRS). The presence or absence of the Health on Net (HON) code was evaluated on each website., Results: The DISCERN, JAMA, GQS, FKGL, and IVS scores of the academic category were found to be substantially greater when compared with the physician, medical, and commercial categories. But at the same time, academic sites had high readability scores. Websites with HON code had significantly higher average FKGL, FCRS, DISCERN, JAMA, GQS, and IVS scores than those without., Conclusion: The quality of websites giving information on septic arthritis was variable and not optimal. Although the content of the academic group was of higher quality, it could be difficult to understand. One of the key responsibilities of healthcare professionals should be to provide high quality and comprehensible information concerning joint infections on reputable academic platforms, thereby facilitating patients in attaining a fundamental level of health literacy., (© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

Introduction: Online educational materials have become a fundamental resource for orthopaedic surgery patients; however, they are frequently written at a high level of reading ability and are too complicated for some patients to understand. The aim of this study was to appraise the readability of the Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) patient education materials., Methods: All 41 articles on the OTA patient education website ( https://ota.org/for-patients) were analyzed for readability. Readability scores were calculated by 2 independent reviewers using the (1) FleschKincaid Grade Level (FKGL) and the (2) Flesch Reading Ease algorithms. Mean readability scores were compared across anatomic categories. One-sample t test was performed to compare mean FKGL with the recommended sixth-grade readability level and the average American adult reading level., Results: The average (SD) FKGL of the 41 OTA articles was 8.15 (1.14). The average (SD) Flesch Reading Ease for the OTA patient education materials was 65.5 (6.60). Four (11%) of the articles were at or below a sixth-grade reading level. The average readability of the OTA articles was significantly higher than the recommended sixth-grade level ( P < 0.001; 95% confidence interval, 7.79-8.51). The average readability of the OTA articles was not significantly different from the average eighth-grade reading skill level of US adults ( P = 0.41; 95% confidence interval, 7.79-8.51)., Conclusion: Our findings suggest that despite most OTA patient education materials having readability levels suitable for the average US adult, these reading materials are still above the recommended sixth-grade level and may be too difficult for patient comprehension., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Considering the adverse clinical consequences of pathologic tachycardia and the potential anxiety caused by physiological tachycardia in some heathy individuals, it is imperative to disseminate health information related to tachycardia for promotion in early diagnosis and appropriate management. YouTube has been increasingly used to access health care information. The aim of this study is to assess the quality and reliability of English YouTube videos focusing on tachycardia and further delve into strategies to enhance the quality of online health resources. Methods: We conducted a search using the specific key words "tachycardia" in YouTube online library on December 2, 2023. The first 150 videos, ranked by "relevance", were initially recorded. After exclusions, a total of 113 videos were included. All videos were extracted for characteristics and categorized based on different topics, sources or contents. Two independent raters assessed the videos using Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria, Modified DISCERN (mDISCERN) tool, Global Quality Scale (GQS) and Tachycardia-Specific Scale (TSS), followed by statistical analyses. All continuous data in the study were presented as median (interquartile range). Results: The videos had a median JAMA score of 2.00 (1.00), mDISCERN of 3.00 (1.00), GQS of 2.00 (1.00), and TSS of 6.00 (4.50). There were significant differences in JAMA (P < 0.001), mDISCERN (P = 0.004), GQS (P = 0.001) and TSS (P < 0.001) scores among different sources. mDISCERN (P = 0.002), GQS (P < 0.001) and TSS (P = 0.030) scores significantly differed among various contents. No significant differences were observed in any of the scores among video topics. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that VPI exhibited significant correlations with quality and reliability. Multiple linear regression analysis suggested that longer video duration, sources of academics and healthcare professionals were independent predictors of higher reliability and quality, while content of ECG-specific information was an independent predictor of lower quality. Conclusions: The reliability and educational quality of current tachycardia-related videos on YouTube are low. Longer video duration, sources of academics and healthcare professionals were closely associated with higher video reliability and quality. Improving the quality of internet medical information and optimizing online patient education necessitates collaborative efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cervical cancer (CC) and breast cancer (BC) threaten women's well-being, influenced by health-related stigma and a lack of reliable information, which can cause late diagnosis and early death. ChatGPT is likely to become a key source of health information, although quality concerns could also influence health-seeking behaviours. Methods: This cross-sectional online survey compared ChatGPT's responses to five physicians specializing in mammography and five specializing in gynaecology. Twenty frequently asked questions about CC and BC were asked on 26th and 29th of April, 2023. A panel of seven experts assessed the accuracy, consistency, and relevance of ChatGPT's responses using a 7-point Likert scale. Responses were analyzed for readability, reliability, and efficiency. ChatGPT's responses were synthesized, and findings are presented as a radar chart. Results: ChatGPT had an accuracy score of 7.0 (range: 6.6-7.0) for CC and BC questions, surpassing the highest-scoring physicians (P < 0.05). ChatGPT took an average of 13.6 s (range: 7.6-24.0) to answer each of the 20 questions presented. Readability was comparable to that of experts and physicians involved, but ChatGPT generated more extended responses compared to physicians. The consistency of repeated answers was 5.2 (range: 3.4-6.7). With different contexts combined, the overall ChatGPT relevance score was 6.5 (range: 4.8-7.0). Radar plot analysis indicated comparably good accuracy, efficiency, and to a certain extent, relevance. However, there were apparent inconsistencies, and the reliability and readability be considered inadequate. Conclusions: ChatGPT shows promise as an initial source of information for CC and BC. ChatGPT is also highly functional and appears to be superior to physicians, and aligns with expert consensus, although there is room for improvement in readability, reliability, and consistency. Future efforts should focus on developing advanced ChatGPT models explicitly designed to improve medical practice and for those with concerns about symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Healthcare outcomes are influenced by both the effectiveness of healthcare delivery and the health literacy of patients. Patient education materials (PEMs) play a crucial role in disseminating health information to the patients. PEMs need to be at the level of grade six for optimal comprehension across diverse populations. However, that has not been the case in prior studies in healthcare-related fields. We aimed to evaluate the readability status of online PEMs of active adult and pediatric liver transplant institutions. Methods: We used standardized tools to calculate indices, namely Flesch Reading Ease (FRE), Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Gunning–Fog Score (GFS), Coleman–Liau Index (CLI), and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook for readability assessment. These indices use various measures, like average sentence length, average syllable per word, polysyllable count, and/or average number of letters per 100 words, to determine grade level. Results: The mean reading level of the PEMs was grade 10.73 ± 3.07, corresponding to grade 7 to 14. One-way ANOVA showed no statistically significant difference between these indices (p-value < 0.05). Conclusions: The readability of liver transplant centers' PEMs exceeded the recommended level, hindering their generalizability to the broader population. This highlights the importance of optimizing the readability of PEMs to improve outcomes for equitable healthcare services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stock market or individual stock forecasting poses a significant challenge due to the influence of uncertainty and dynamic conditions in financial markets. Traditional methods, such as fundamental and technical analysis, have been limited in coping with uncertainty. In recent years, this has led to a growing interest in using deep learning-based models for stock prediction. However, the accuracy and reliability of these models depend on correctly implementing a series of critical steps. These steps include data collection and analysis, feature extraction and selection, noise elimination, model selection and architecture determination, choice of training-test approach, and performance evaluation. This study systematically examined deep learning-based stock forecasting models in the literature, investigating the effects of these steps on the model's forecasting performance. This review focused on the studies between 2020–2024, identifying influential studies by conducting a systematic literature search across three different databases. The identified studies regarding seven critical steps essential for creating successful and reliable prediction models were thoroughly examined. The findings from these examinations were summarized in tables, and the gaps in the literature were detailed. This systematic review not only provides a comprehensive understanding of current studies but also serves as a guide for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Safe home tracheostomy care requires engagement and troubleshooting by patients, who may turn to online, AI‐generated information sources. This study assessed the quality of ChatGPT responses to such queries. Methods: In this cross‐sectional study, ChatGPT was prompted with 10 hypothetical tracheostomy care questions in three domains (complication management, self‐care advice, and lifestyle adjustment). Responses were graded by four otolaryngologists for appropriateness, accuracy, and overall score. The readability of responses was evaluated using the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) and Flesch–Kincaid Reading Grade Level (FKRGL). Descriptive statistics and ANOVA testing were performed with statistical significance set to p <.05. Results: On a scale of 1–5, with 5 representing the greatest appropriateness or overall score and a 4‐point scale with 4 representing the highest accuracy, the responses exhibited moderately high appropriateness (mean = 4.10, SD = 0.90), high accuracy (mean = 3.55, SD = 0.50), and moderately high overall scores (mean = 4.02, SD = 0.86). Scoring between response categories (self‐care recommendations, complication recommendations, lifestyle adjustments, and special device considerations) revealed no significant scoring differences. Suboptimal responses lacked nuance and contained incorrect information and recommendations. Readability indicated college and advanced levels for FRE (Mean = 39.5, SD = 7.17) and FKRGL (Mean = 13.1, SD = 1.47), higher than the sixth‐grade level recommended for patient‐targeted resources by the NIH. Conclusion: While ChatGPT‐generated tracheostomy care responses may exhibit acceptable appropriateness, incomplete or misleading information may have dire clinical consequences. Further, inappropriately high reading levels may limit patient comprehension and accessibility. At this point in its technological infancy, AI‐generated information should not be solely relied upon as a direct patient care resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to quantify the prophylactic effect of high-dose gentamicin and clindamycin antibiotic-loaded bone cement (ALBC) during revision total hip (rTHA) or knee (rTKA) arthroplasty for aseptic reasons. The hypothesis was that the raw surgical site infection (SSI) rate is lower when this particular cement is used in comparison with cement loaded with standard-dose gentamicin during rTHA or rTKA for aseptic reasons. Methods: This retrospective study included 290 consecutive patients undergoing aseptic rTHA or rTKA. Two consecutive cohorts were defined: the first (control group) involved 145 patients where ALBC with gentamicin only was used; the second (study group) involved 145 patients where ALBC with high-dose gentamicin and clindamycin was used. The primary endpoint was the raw SSI rate after 24 months. Results: The raw SSI rate was 8/145 (6%) in the control group and 13/145 (9%) in the study group (odds ratio 0.62, p = 0.26). There was a significant impact of the presence of any risk factor on the SSI rate (15/100 versus 6/169, odds ratio = 4.25, p = 0.002), but no significant impact of any individual risk factor. No complication or side effect related to ALBC was observed in either group. Conclusion: These results do not support the routine use of gentamicin and clindamycin ALBC for fixation of revision implants after rTHA and rTKA for aseptic reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patient education is important as it gives patients a better understanding of the risks and benefits of medical and surgical interventions. Developing communication technologies have completely changed and enhanced patient access to medical information. The aim of this study was to evaluate available patient education materials (PEMs) regarding hip surgery on the websites of major hip societies and centers. The PEM from 11 selected leading hip centers and societies were evaluated with the following assessment tools: Flesch–Kincaid (FK) readability test, Flesch Reading Ease formula, Literature-Intelligence-Data-Analysis (LIDA) instrument and Discernibility Interpretability Sources Comprehensive Evidence Relevance Noticeable (DISCERN) tool. Videos were assessed using Patient Educational Video Assessment Tool (PEVAT). A total of 69 educational items, including 52 text articles (75.4%) and 17 videos (24.6%) were retrieved and evaluated. The median Interquartile Range (IQR) FK level of 52 text articles was 10.8 (2.2). The median (IQR) LIDA score of text articles by center was 45. According to the LIDA score, 60% of all website articles demonstrated high accessibility (LIDA score > 44). The median DISCERN score of text articles by center was 69. Overall, 52 (100%) of the text articles were deemed to be at 'good' quality rating or higher, and 23.2% (16 out of 69) of the articles had excellent quality. The mean PEVAT score for the 17 videos was 25 ± 1.9. Analysis of text and video articles from the 11 leading orthopedic surgery centers and societies demonstrated that by selecting a reliable source of information from main scientific societies and major centers in hip surgery, patients can find more accurate information regarding their hip conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to analyze the readability of online craniosynostosis materials from the perspective of a caregiver, and to assess if readability levels conform to recommendations by the American Medical Association (AMA) and National Institutes of Health (NIH). Design: This is a cross-sectional investigation in which an internet search was conducted simulating the search terms of a caregiver of a patient with craniosynostosis. The first three pages of resulting records were calculated for comprehension ease using validated readability indices. Records were also classified by author type, including hospital system, national health organization, academic journal, and other. Main Outcome Measures: Flesch-Kincaid Reading Grade Level, Gunning fog Index, SMOG Index, and Coleman Liau Index. Results: Thirty records were identified for which the mean readability level was 12.8 ± 2.6 grade levels (range, 7.6–15.9). There were no significant differences in mean readability across readability indices or author type. None of the thirty records met levels recommended by the AMA or NIH and were 6.8 grade levels above these guidelines on average. Conclusions: Online material pertaining to craniosynostosis is written, on average, at the reading level of a first-year undergraduate student. The AMA and NIH recommend that articles be written at approximately a sixth-grade reading level to promote comprehension. Therefore, there is significant room for improvement of current online materials. Authors should consider consulting publicly available guides in preparing future resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Ear, Nose & Throat & Head & Neck Surgery is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To describe the technique and long-term outcomes in a group of eight dogs undergoing arthroscopic debridement with implant retention or subsequent revision surgery for total hip replacement (THR) infection., Study Design: Short case series., Methods: Dogs underwent a THR procedure and subsequently developed signs consistent with a periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Two groups of subjects were identified: those where the procedure had curative intent to resolve the infection with retention of implants (CI group) and those where the procedure was diagnostic in nature but also may have included various debulking procedures (NCI group). Dogs underwent an arthroscopic procedure that included sample collection, partial synovectomy, high volume lavage and other antimicrobial therapies., Results: Five dogs were treated in the CI group, four of which had no recurrence of infection during the reporting period. In the NCI group, three dogs underwent arthroscopic debridement and debulking procedures prior to planned revision surgeries. Arthroscopically obtained samples produced positive cultures in four of five dogs in the CI group and one of three dogs in the NCI group. Arthroscopic treatment of PJIs was associated with a successful outcome in seven of eight dogs in this case series., Conclusion: Arthroscopic treatment of PJIs was successful in four of five cases (80%) of dogs in the CI group, which is consistent with that reported in humans. Arthroscopic sampling for bacteria culture had good sensitivity for type 1 PJIs and poor sensitivity for type 2 PJIs., (© 2025 American College of Veterinary Surgeons.)