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Introduction: During military fin swimming, we suspected that oxygen uptake (... O2) and pulmonary ventilation (... E) might be much higher than expected. In this framework, we compared these variables in the responses of trained military divers during land cycling and snorkeling exercises. Methods: Eighteen male military divers (32.3 ± 4.2 years; 178.0 ± 5.0 cm; 76.4 ± 3.4 kg; 24.1 ± 2.1 kgm-2) participated in this study. They performed two test exercises on two separate days: a maximal incremental cycle test (land condition), and an incremental fin swimming (fin condition) in a motorized swimming flume. Results: The respective fin and land...O2max were 3,701 ± 39mL min-1 and 4,029 ± 63 mL min-1 (p = 0.07), these values were strongly correlated (r² = 0.78 p < 0.01). Differences in... O2max between conditions increased relative to l;... O2max (r² = 0.4 p = 0.01). Fin... Emax values were significantly lower than land... Emax values (p = 0.01). This result was related to both the significantly lower fin Vt and f (p < 0.01 and <0.04, respectively). Consequently, the fin... Emax.../ O2max ratios were significantly lower than the corresponding ratios for land values (p < 0.01), and the fin and land ... Emax were not correlated. Other parameters measured at exhaustion--PaO2, PaCO2, and SO2 - were similar in fin and land conditions. Furthermore, no significant differences between land and fin conditions were observed for peak values for heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and respiratory exchange ratio R. Conclusion: Surface immersion did not significantly reduce the ...O2max in trained divers relative to land conditions. As long as...O2 remained below ...O2max, the... E values were identical in the two conditions. Only at ...O2max was ... E higher on land. Although reduced by immersion, ... Emax provided adequate pulmonary gas exchange during maximal fin swimming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermoneutral zone (TNZ) defines the range of ambient temperatures at which resting metabolic rate (MR) is at a minimum. While the TNZ lower limit has been characterized, it is still unclear whether there is an upper limit, that is, beyond which MR during rest increases, and if so, what physiological upregulations explain this. We take the first step to fill this knowledge gap by measuring MR and multiple physiological variables in participants exposed to ambient heat stress while resting. Thirteen participants were exposed for an hour to 28℃‐50% relative humidity (RH) air, and both 40 and 50℃ each in 25% RH and humid (50% RH) conditions. Core and skin temperatures, blood pressure, sweat‐, heart‐, and breathing‐rate, minute ventilation, and movement levels were recorded throughout each condition. MR increased 35% (p =.015) during exposure to 40℃‐25% RH compared to baseline and a further 13% (p =.000) at in 50℃‐50%RH. This was not explained by increased fidgeting (p =.26), suggesting physiological upregulation. However, while greater heat stress invoked increases in heart rate (64%, p =.000), minute ventilation (78%, p =.000), and sweat rate (74%. p =.000) when comparing 50℃‐50% RH with baseline, the exact size of their relative energy cost is unclear and, therefore, so is their contribution to this increase in MR. Our study shows clear evidence that resting MR increases in humans at high temperature—there is a metabolic upper critical temperature, at least as low as 40℃. Further studies should pinpoint this value and fully explain this increased MR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Traditional psychoanalytic theory prescribes total patient–analyst separation after termination to facilitate mourning the loss of the analyst. This paper provides a rationale derived from contemporary (especially relational/interpersonal) theory for an alternative conception of termination and follow-up based on the central role of the analyst as a real person involved in a mutually caring patient–analyst relationship. Patient–analyst follow-up may provide numerous positive benefits: The patient may reexperience the analyst’s caring, may reinvigorate helpful introjections of the analyst, and may have additional opportunity to deal with unresolved idealization of the analyst. The analyst may learn about the patient’s unpredictable, inevitable post-termination changes, positive and negative, and improve his or her understanding of the course and outcome of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project explored media exposure, self-esteem, and the role that sports participation might play in cultivating perceptions and expectations of ideal beauty and attractiveness in others using a sample of girls who have varying degrees of athletic involvement. The study objective was to assess the factors that were stronger predictors of more favorable appearance estimates of others based on involvement in sports, race, age, media exposure and self-esteem. This study of 117 adolescent Black and White girls measured media use and media preferences, their beliefs about the importance of appearance attributes and self-esteem to determine if these factors shaped the way they viewed attractiveness in others. Findings from this survey yielded interesting but conflicting results with regard to potential correlates of higher or lower appearance evaluations. Type of sport played, time spent viewing thin-ideal media content, and self-esteem were the strongest predictors of higher or lower appearance evaluations of others. Participants' ethnicity was not a significant predictor of higher or lower appearance evaluations; however, differences in athletic participation and self-esteem did vary by ethnicity. These and other findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In nose-only exposure systems, animals need to be restrained inside a tube, which leads to stress. Stress is known to cause hyperthermia in rodents. Chronically repeated episodes of hyperthermia could be detrimental to animal health and influence results of nose-only exposure studies. Therefore we investigated whether hyperthermia occurred in male C57BL/6J mice that were restrained for increasing lengths of time, using nosepieces held at room temperature, preheated at 37°C, or thermostat controlled at different temperatures, with and without exposure to different concentrations of cigarette smoke. Body temperature, body weight, plasma corticosterone levels, and adrenal weights were recorded. Restraint using nosepieces at room temperature caused a time-dependent decrease in body temperature, which could be reversed by preheating the nosepieces to 37°C. Cigarette smoke dose-dependently caused an additional decrease, which was counteracted by controlling nosepiece temperature at 38°C. During 3 mo of exposure using heated nosepieces, Δ body temperature remained constant. Body weight gain did not differ between smoke-exposed and room air-breathing animals exposed using either heated or room-temperature nosepieces, but both groups gained significantly less weight, while adrenal weights were significantly and similarly increased, when compared to unrestrained littermates. Plasma corticosterone levels did not differ between the three groups. In conclusion, during restraint in nose-only exposure tubes with room temperature metal nosepieces, mice suffer a pronounced hypothermia. Preventing this by heating the nosepieces does not reduce the stress experienced by the animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Human Genome Project and related genetic research are exciting scientific quests that are also giving rise to significant ethical dilemmas and equity considerations. These include: the question of where to draw the line, e.g. is research on human cloning ethical, privacy of genetic and medical records, genetic discrimination, implications for public health programmes, unequal access to new but expensive therapeutic interventions, 'playing God', and patenting and commercialization of genetic material (including those obtained surreptitiously from Third World countries by individuals and multinational corporations from developed countries). The Human Genome Project is an example of technological progress threatening to outpace the adjustment ability of existing socioeconomic institutions. It has also given rise to the need to rethink the relationship between advances in the biomedical sciences and equity issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I Governance, regulation and retailing My writing of this second report coincides with the publication in the UK of two influential and long-awaited reports which both directly address issues of retailing and consumption, and underscore the close connections between academic debate and public policy. The first of these, the Competition Commission’s (2000) report into possible spatial monopoly in the supermarket sector, reveals the power of local market concentration in the retail sector and the implications which this has for consumer food choice[sup 1] (see also Bowlby, 2000; Crewe and Davenport, 1992; Humphrey, 1998; Wrigley, 1999, 2000a, 2000b). Following a 16-month enquiry, the Commission found evidence of both entry and sunk cost exit barriers and also of three pricing practices by the leading UK food retailers that distorted competition and gave rise to complex monopoly situations (Competition Commission, 2000; see also Doherty 1999; Wrigley, 2001). Although the Commission was broadly of the opinion that the retail industry is competitive and that ‘overall, excessive prices are not being charged, nor excessive profits earned’ (Competition Commission, 2000: vol. 1, 7), it nonetheless found evidence of effective local monopoly situations in some local areas and acknowledged that significant local concentration was a cause for concern and should not be allowed to deteriorate (vol. 1, 154, quoted in Wrigley, 2001). Significantly, too, the Commission argued that competition and consumer choice issues cannot be effectively addressed within the current regulatory regime. The picture becomes even more muddied when recent reports from the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR) pointing to the negative effect of out-of-town superstores are taken into account. The result, then, seems to be growing public concern over the power and practices of large grocery retailers alongside a contradictory planning framework and, more broadly, a benign regulatory environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outside of select academic circles gender continues to be conceptualized as an essential component of biological sex. Thus, acceptable parameters of masculinity are narrow and there can be serious personal consequences for violating these parameters, a salient reality for gay men. Efforts have been made to recognize the historical and contemporary diversity of gay masculinities and also men's performances of femininities across cultures, on the stage, and in films and festivals. One predominant version of these performances involving gay men is the professional drag show. Professional drag performance developed out of and still primarily exists within a gay nightclub subculture. Yet, professional drag queens are regularly sought out by the larger gay community to support HIV awareness and gay pride events. However, hegemonic masculinity attempts to prevent alternative masculinities from gaining cultural definition and recognition as alternatives. As such, professional drag performance as it exists within the gay community remains a stigmatized form of theater and professional drag queens are considered deviants.

Acid-base status of arterial blood was measured in chronically cannulated, unanesthetized, unrestrained guinea pigs. Normal values were: pH=7.444±0.032, PaCO=35.7±4.4; HCO=24.4±2.8; BE=+0.4±2.1 ( n=69) and PaO=91.9±7.3 ( n=25) (Values are mean±S.D.). Induction of light anesthesia with thiopentone caused a respiratory depression (decrease in PaO) accompanied by respiratory acidosis (increase in PaCO and decrease in pH) and a development of slight metabolic acidosis (decrease in base excess and standard bicarbonate). Acid base parameters of guinea pigs are compared to those obtained from rats under identical experimental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution with time of cardio-respiratory variables, blood pressure and body temperature has been studied on six males, resting in semi-nude conditions during short (30 min) cold stress exposure (0°C) and during passive recovery (60 min) at 20°C. Passive cold exposure does not induce a change in HR but increases VO, VCO Ve and core temperature T, whereas peripheral temperature is significantly lowered. The kinetic evolution of the studied variables was investigated using a Kelvin-Voigt rheological model. The results suggest that the human body, and by extension the measured physiological variables of its functioning, does not react as a perfect viscoelastic system. Cold exposure induces a more rapid adaptation for heart rate, blood pressure and skin temperatures than that observed during the rewarming period (20°C), whereas respiratory adjustments show an opposite evolution. During the cooling period of the experiment the adaptative mechanisms, taking effect to preserve core homeothermy and to obtain a higher oxygen supply, increase the energy loss of the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]