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In this research, we study the types and features of digital automatized solutions which are connected with knowledge and information systems management in various sectors of the economy. It is demonstrated that at the current stage of the formation of the digital economy, there have formed various directions (vectors) that cover e-commerce, high-tech industry, logistics, transport, etc. Despite many advantages of automatization in the considered directions, there are still problems with adapting ICTs and a global threat of the growth of unemployment. A comprehensive solution to this problem will determine the further socioeconomic development of countries. The objective of this research is to systematise the key directions (vectors) of automatization in the management of knowledge and information systems in the conditions of digitalization of economic sectors and infrastructure. The methodological framework of this research is comprised of frame analysis, statistical method, and trend method. The scientific novelty of this research is connected with the substantiation of perspectives of further development of automatized digital solutions in the digital economy given the existing social threats.

Unlike traditional methods, the communicative approaches draw on implicit and incidental ways of learning and contextualised exercises of grammar which improve language performance in terms of fluency and communicative competence. However, the discursive plan implies the use of high-level units of knowledge and the automatization of low-level knowledge is not ensured. Although learners' production achieves success in terms of communicative skills, their competence in terms of accuracy is usually unsatisfactory. The benefits of explicit grammar teaching are another issue that concerns teachers and that needs more evidence. Therefore, a need exists to study which approach supports the automatization of low-level information, in a short class time (30-40 min). The first purpose of this study is to better understand the cognitive processes that lead to the automatization of forms, the second purpose is to know whether explicit grammar teaching promotes the automatization of forms. When first reviewing the literature on cognitive psychology and automatization, the focus was limited to how automaticity is brought about. Next, the main assumptions of Adaptative Control of Though (ACT*) and Instance Theories are presented. The reviewed research results confirmed the effectiveness of the explicit teaching of rules and the importance of practice and attention in the language learning process. In the conclusion, there are some recommendations that may be useful for language teachers.

This article introduces a methodology for a novel data-driven computational model aimed at aiding public administrations in managing and evaluating the adaptative reuse of buildings while tackling ecological and digital challenges. Drawing from the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the study underscores the significance of innovative approaches in harnessing the economic potential of data. Focusing on Barcelona’s Ciutat Vella district, the research selects five historic public buildings for analysis, strategically positioned to spur local entrepreneurship and counteract tourism dominance. Through an extensive literature review, the article identifies a gap in computational models for building adaptative reuse and proposes a methodological framework that integrates data collection, processing, and computational modelling, underscored by GIS technology and open data sources. The proposed methodology for a computational algorithm aims to systematise spatial characteristics, assess programmatic needs, and optimise building usage, while addressing challenges such as data integration and quality assurance. Ultimately, the research presents a pioneering approach to building adaptative reuse, aimed at fostering sustainable urban development and offering replicable insights applicable to similar challenges in other cities.

The art installation Osmose (1995) by Char Davies, one of the most widely discussed media art projects, will be explored in relation to the notion of de-automatization. The de-automatized experience in Osmose will be developed by looking at theories of perception by Arthur Deikman and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, as well as George Stratton’s inverse goggle experiment, Bernard Stiegler’s account of automation, and Gilles Deleuze’s writings on the virtual. The article traces a double act of de-automatization in Davies’ Osmose that occurs due to the indeterminate object relations in the multi-media installation on the one hand, and their intertwinement with the organic sensing body on the other. This leads to an ungearing of one’s habitual perception, that produces a particular relation with the virtual dimension. By outlining the theoretical framework of the intertwining between technical object and bodily experience in Osmose, it becomes possible to speculate on the trajectory of contemporary VR experiences. Whilst the contemporary VR scene still relies heavily on the privileging of the visual dimension, the project We Live in an Ocean of Air by Marshmallow Laser Feast shows how VR environments can ‘leverage on’ emerging technologies to re-produce nuanced deautomatized experiences. De-automatization unravels how the reception of the deautomatized VR image reframes relations between actual and virtual.

Medication adherence can be vital for one’s health, especially in older adults. However, previous research has demonstrated that medication adherence is negatively affected by age-related cognitive decline. In the current study we investigated whether older adults are able to compensate for this decline by relying more on the formation of efficient, automatized routines. To this end, we directly compared daily (placebo) medication adherence in a healthy sample of 68 younger (18–29 years) and 63 older adults (65–86 years) over a period of 4 weeks. We show that despite an age-related decline in cognitive functions (i.e., poorer working memory, prospective memory, task switching, and goal-directed control), older adults adhered better to a daily pill intake routine than younger adults did and, in line with our hypothesis about increased routine formation, reported higher subjective automaticity of pill intake. Across age groups, automatization of pill intake was related to intake regularity and conscientiousness, but not to individual differences in habit tendency as measured in the lab nor to explicit strategic planning. Crucially, the age-related increase in pill intake adherence was mediated by experienced automatization as well as motivation. These findings demonstrate that intact habitual processes and high motivation aid older adults in successfully forming daily routines.

Does automation adoption mitigate the COVID-19 infection rate of employees? What resources and internal and external factors need to be configured with automation to mitigate COVID-19 contagion from employees successfully? According to the type of automation. What resources efficiently complement to mitigate the contagion rate from employers? From a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) approach, we analyzed 759 manufacturing firms in Finland, drawn from the World Bank 2020 Enterprise Survey; this study addresses the multiple configurations that drive pandemic risk mitigation and management. We find that configurations under automation reduce the risk of employee infection. Our results show the critical role of automation in employee safety. We argue that access to government support and the development of technological innovation are necessary conditions for implementing measures to prevent and mitigate the risk of contagion in the employee. In addition, the first configuration states that manufacturing firms employing soft automation can successfully mitigate employee exposure. The second configuration states that high human resource flexibility successfully complements firms with complex automation to achieve high mitigation. Finally, the third configuration shows those manufacturing firms that employ low-tech automation (manual processes); in this manner, digitization enables successfully mitigating pandemic contagion. Moreover, it suggests recommendations for policymakers and managers.

Editorial

As a theory of skill acquisition, the instance theory of automatization posits that, after a period of training, algorithm-based performance is replaced by retrieval-based performance. This theory has been tested using alphabet-arithmetic verification tasks (e.g., is A + 4 = E?), in which the equations are necessarily solved by counting at the beginning of practice but can be solved by memory retrieval after practice. A way to infer individuals' strategies in this task was supposedly provided by the opportunistic-stopping phenomenon, according to which, if individuals use counting, they can take the opportunity to stop counting when a false equation associated with a letter preceding the true answer has to be verified (e.g., A + 4 = D). In this case, such within-count equations would be rejected faster than false equations associated with letters following the true answers (e.g., A + 4 = F, i.e., outside-of-count equations). Conversely, the absence of opportunistic stopping would be the sign of retrieval. However, through a training experiment involving 19 adults, we show that opportunistic stopping is not a phenomenon that can be observed in the context of an alphabet-arithmetic verification task. Moreover, we provide an explanation of how and why it was wrongly inferred in the past. These results and conclusions have important implications for learning theories because they demonstrate that a shift from counting to retrieval over training cannot be deduced from verification time differences between outside and within-count equations in an alphabet-arithmetic task.

Background: Patients with lower extremity burn injuries have decreased gait function. Gait dysfunctions are compensated by activation of executive areas such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Although robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) can improve gait function, the training mechanisms of RAGT are unknown. We aimed to determine the clinical effects of RAGT in patients with burns and investigate their underlying mechanisms. Methods: This single-blind, randomized controlled trial involved 54 patients with lower extremity burns. The RAGT group underwent RAGT using SUBAR® and conventional training. The control (CON) group underwent only conventional training. The primary outcome was cortical activity measured using a functional near-infrared spectroscopy device before and after 8 weeks of training to confirm the compensatory effect of gait dysfunction. The secondary outcomes were the functional ambulation category (FAC) to evaluate gait performance, 6-min walking test (6 MWT) distance to measure gait speed, isometric force and range of motion (ROM) of lower extremities to evaluate physical function, and the visual analog scale (VAS) score to evaluate subjective pain during gait. Results: PFC activation during the gait phase in the RAGT group decreased significantly compared with that of the CON. The VAS score decreased and FAC score improved after 8 weeks of training in both groups. The 6 MWT scores, isometric strengths (the left knee flexor and bilateral ankle plantar flexors), and the ROMs (the extensions of bilateral hip and bilateral knee) of the RAGT group were significantly improved compared with those of the CON. RAGT improved gait speed, lower extremity ROMs, and lower extremity muscles strengths in patients with burns. Conclusions: The improvement in gait speed and cerebral blood flow evaluation results suggests that the automatization of gait is related to the treatment mechanism during RAGT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pfister coal feeder is an important piece of equipment in the development of the cement industry at PT Semen Tonasa, which if damage occurs will cause production to stop and result in losses. The pfister control panel is easily damaged at temperatures above 40oC. Because of that, an air conditioner was installed, the dusty factory conditions caused an AC error and delayed repairs resulting in a trip pfister coal feeder. To anticipate all of this, it is necessary to monitor factory temperature, so an exhaust fan is installed which can circulate clean air and remove dirty air. In addition to maintaining the temperature of the control panel so that it does not increase. PLC Allen Bradley helps to monitor temperature, which can be accessed via a smartphone so that temperature monitoring can be done anywhere. The research method used in this study is mixed research, which combines qualitative and quantitative research, in which the research design is based on assumptions as well as research. The results of this study are to use the Microsoft Windows 2000 operating system and RS link to produce images and exhaust fan automation to prevent coal feeder trip pfister due to high temperatures is to monitor via a smartphone to monitor the function of existing tools.

The present study investigated second language (L2) learners' acquisition of automatic word recognition and the development of L2 orthographic representation in the mental lexicon. Participants in the study were Japanese university students enrolled in a compulsory course involving a weekly 30-minute sustained silent reading (SSR) activity with graded readers for 12 weeks. They completed the masked form-priming lexical decision task (LDT) before and after the in-class SSR activity. Results showed that participants exhibited signs of increasing automaticity of L2 word recognition (analyzed with the coefficient of variation), but could not develop their L2 orthographic representation (analyzed with the pattern of priming effects in the masked form-priming LDT). These findings suggest that automatization does not necessarily entail the development of orthographic representation, that is, the acquisition of automatic word recognition and the development of orthographic representation do not occur simultaneously. Instead, their development is asymmetrical.

The environmental protection and renewable energy sources are the priority of all investments around the world. The environmental monitoring systems are equipped with various sensors, devices, networks and software to collect, process, monitor and display data on the environmental parameters. In that sense, this paper discusses the automation of river water quality monitoring in the area of the "Čukaru Peki" copper mine in Serbia. Until now, the water quality in the area is being monitored by taking and analyzing the water samples in the competent laboratory. The automation would improve the quality of monitoring multiple times. At the same time, the significantly cheaper ("low cost") devices can be used. These devices are cheaper and their quality is for a specific application completely at the level of those offered on the market as commercial pnes. The problem is briefly considered in terms of costs and benefits.

The last decades of research have gradually elucidated the complex functions of the dopamine system in the vertebrate brain. The multiple roles of dopamine in motor function, learning, attention, motivation, and the emotions have been difficult to reconcile. A broad and detailed understanding of the physiology of cerebral dopamine is of importance in understanding a range of human disorders. One of the core functions of dopamine involves the basal ganglia and the learning and execution of automatized sequences of movements. Speech is one of the most complex and highly automatized sequential motor behaviors, though the exact roles that the basal ganglia and dopamine play in speech have been difficult to determine. Stuttering is a speech disorder that has been hypothesized to be related to the functions of the basal ganglia and dopamine. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the current understanding of the cerebral dopamine system, in particular the mechanisms related to motor learning and the execution of movement sequences. The primary aim was not to review research on speech and stuttering, but to provide a platform of neurophysiological mechanisms, which may be utilized for further research and theoretical development on speech, speech disorders, and other behavioral disorders. Stuttering and speech are discussed here only briefly. The review indicates that a primary mechanism for the automatization of movement sequences is the merging of isolated movements into chunks that can be executed as units. In turn, chunks can be utilized hierarchically, as building blocks of longer chunks. It is likely that these mechanisms apply also to speech, so that frequent syllables and words are produced as motor chunks. It is further indicated that the main learning principle for sequence learning is reinforcement learning, with the phasic release of dopamine as the primary teaching signal indicating successful sequences. It is proposed that the dynamics of the dopamine system constitute the main neural basis underlying the situational variability of stuttering.