Search

Le fief de Georges Bonnet en Dordogne offre un bel exemple de résistance au déclin du radicalisme, avec, à la base, le tour de force de l’ancien ministre qui, proscrit, reconquiert le cœur de son territoire d’influence puis retrouve une circonscription sous la IVe République. Qu’est-ce qui fait la spécificité de ce fief de G. Bonnet – ancien député et ministre radical sous la IIIe République – à Champagnac-de-Bélair, Brantôme et dans la circonscription de Nontron (Dordogne) lors de sa reconqu...

National audience

International audience

Tratando da construção imagética de uma identidade social dos artistas europeus no século 19, o autor analisa retratos e autorretratos de artistas oficiais ou independentes, retratos coletivos realizados por pintores das duas categorias, e toda sorte de produção visual veiculando ideias sobre a vida desses personagens. Por um lado, se observa a difusão da imagem do gênio incompreendido que se impôs como uma condição do "verdadeiro artista" de vanguarda. Por outro, a representação de si mesmos como profissionais dedicados e bem sucedidos se tornou uma forma de justificativa social para os artistas ligados ao sistema oficial. Em ambos os casos, tais representações atestam transformações sociais e mudanças econômicas que atingiram essa categoria profissional no século 19 e no início do século 20.

In 1490, in a chapel of the Duomo, the city of Florence inaugurated a monument in praise of Giotto, adorned with a sculpted portrait by Benedetto da Maiano of the artist painting an icon of Christ.

Methyl methacrylate (MMA)/N,N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMA) gradient copolymers with various chemical composition were synthesized by nitroxide-mediated controlled radical polymerization (NMP). Molecular weight (MW) characterization via gel permeation chromatography demonstrated that these materials were made in a “controlled” manner. The reactivity ratios values r1(MMA) = 2.36 and r2(DMA) = 0.33 were experimentally determined using the linear least-squares numerical method, results in good agreement with the literature. Characterization of the glass transition temperature, Tg, by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of gradient copolymers exhibited one Tg, with a value intermediate to the Tg of pure poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(N,N-dimethyl acrylamide) (PDMA). In contrast, di- and triblock copolymers made of poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PBA) as central block and PMMA/PDMA gradient copolymer as external block yielded two Tg, one corresponding to the Tg of PBA and the other intermediate to the Tg of...

Alain Bonnet : The hémicycle of the Ecole des beaux-arts by Paul Delaroche. A history of illustrated art. The decoration of the hémicycle of the Ecole des beaux-arts, done between 1836 and 1841 by Paul Delaroche, brought into being a new concept of monumental painting. Setting aside traditional models of allegorical painting that glorified ART, its civilizing mission, its divine heroes and its patrons, Delaroche portrayed in the hémicycle a history of illustrated art in the form of a panorama representing seventy-five artists from Antiquity through the 17th century. This project, supported by Adolphe Thiers, was defined by Félix Duban, architect of the Ecole des beaux-arts, Louis Peisse, curator of the Musée des études and Paul Delaroche. Artistic teaching should no longer be submitted to academic formalities as expressed by the masterpieces of Antique statuary and the paintings of the Italian Renaissance, but should be open to the diversity of styles that constitute the history of art. This eclectic concept of the evolution of the arts was to serve as the basis of artistic pedagogy and of the theories that Hyppolite Taine postulated at the end of the 19th century in the art history courses he gave at the Ecole des beaux-arts., Bonnet Alain. Une histoire de l’art illustrée : l’hémicycle de l’École des beaux-arts par Paul Delaroche. In: Histoire de l'art, N°33-34, 1996. Sur le XIXe siècle. pp. 17-30.

International audience; Evaluation of strawberry resistance to crown rot caused by Phytophthora cactorum is usually performed on a limited number of genotypes. The major objective of this study was to screen large genetic resources to identify potential parents that can be further used in breeding programs. Plants were inoculated by wounding the crown and placing a mycelium disk on the wound. Firstly, plug and cold stored plants were evaluated for their susceptibility to P. cactorum. Secondly, a total of 107 genotypes was evaluated using cold stored plants. Plug plants were very low affected by the wounding inoculation with P. cactorum whatever the genotype, whereas results obtained using cold stored plants consistently reflected the susceptibility of the genotype to crown rot. By using cold stored plants, we evaluated the susceptibility of 70 varieties and 37 advanced lines. Among the genotypes, we identified varieties such as Cirafine or Cireine with high level of resistance similar to the one of Senga Sengana. These data will be useful for choosing parents in breeding programs and for validation of markers linked to the resistance to P. cactorum.

The synthesis of 2-isocephems bearing multiple bonds between the thiazoline ring and the 3-substituent is reported. When a leaving group was present, The E-vinylogous derivatives were shown to be more active than the parent compounds, essentially against staphylococci. Insertion of an aryl group in this position, however, sharply reduces the activity against Gram-negative bacteria.

International audience

Experimental results on electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power for FeCl3-doped polyvinyl alcohol-polypyrrole composites, with polypyrrole content exceeding the percolation threshold, are presented. The electrical conductivity is analyzed in terms of the hopping theory, whereas the thermoelectric power displays a metallic-like dependence. A model involving both the intrinsic resistance of the fibrils (V.R.H. hopping mechanisms) and the resistance of the junctions between fibrils (fluctuations-induced tunneling conduction) has been retained.

Enantioselective synthesis of the isocephem synthon 2 has been carried out by assembling 3 building blocks. Cycloaddition of phthalimido acetyl chloride with a chiral imine gave the β-lactam nucleus in 80% diastereoisomeric excess (d.e.). The elaboration of the thiazine ring was carried out using a highly functionalised epoxy ester 12 and P2I4 mediated water elimination.

The 13th November 1863 decree that reformed Paris' Ecole des Beaux-Arts aroused a major debate over the role of artistic education. This article deals with the making of the reform and the changes in the educational system and in the administrative organisation of the « Ecole ». The notion of originality, introduced as an academie criterion by the decree, is also analysed., Le décret du 13 novembre 1863 réformant l'Ecole des Beaux-Arts de Paris a suscité sous le Second Empire un important débat sur la fonction de l'enseignement artistique. Cet article étudie les conditions de réalisation de la réforme, les modifications apportées au système pédagogique et à l'organisation administrative de l'Ecole. Il analyse également la notion d'originalité, introduite comme critère scolaire par le décret., Bonnet Alain. La réforme de l'Ecole des beaux-arts de 1863 : Peinture et sculpture. In: Romantisme, 1996, n°93. Arts et institutions. pp. 27-38.

This project addresses the problem of matching multiply-defined medical concepts: given a set of normalized definitions of medical concepts, including pathologies, medical cpratices …, and a “free” statement (a “request”) in the same language as the normalized definitions, the program computes the likeliest matchings between the request and the candidates. This is the first module of a tool which will eventually compute the automatic indexing of medical reports, yielding a set of codes appearing in an official nomenclature. Twenty thousand normalized definitions originate from the THESAM thesaurus elaborated by the Assistance Publique in Paris. For matching and ranking, the program uses a semantic network of the French language which is automatically compiled from the definitions of a language dictionary, specifically the Petit Larousse. The computations of the candidates ranking is the result of several breadth-first explorations in the semantic network, going from the nodes representing the concepts appearing in the request to the nodes representing the normalized definitions, For instance this mechanism enables the identification of the normalized definitions: rhinite, coryza … from the request inflammation nasale. After demonstrating the effectiveness of the matchings in basic cases such as noun-adjectives compounds, we are currently working on incorporating more precise syntactical structures into both semantic network and request to increase the ability of the process to discriminate.

Enantioselective synthesis of the isocephem synthon 2 has been carried out by assembling 3 building blocks. Cycloaddition of phthalimido acetyl chloride with a chiral imine gave the β-lactam nucleus in 80% diastereoisomeric excess (d.e.). The elaboration of the thiazine ring was carried out using a highly functionalised epoxy ester 12 and P2I4 mediated water elimination.

Sur les 2 millions de noyers exploités en France, la moitié environ est cultivée en verger : 20 p. 100 des arbres du verger français de noyer sont greffés sur Juglans nigra, le reste étant greffé sur J. regia. Des symptômes de nécrose de la zone de greffe sont signalés assez couramment sur les arbres greffés sur J. nigra, surtout depuis quelques années ; ces symptômes sont tout à fait semblables à ceux décrits aux U.S.A. dans le cas d’arbres greffés sur J. hindsii ou « Paradox » (J. hindsii x J. regia). Le virus de l’enroulement chlorotique des feuilles du cerisier (cherry leaf roll : CLRV a été isolé de nombreux arbres présentant ce type de symptôme ; le virus a été également isolé de noyers greffés sur J. regia et ne présentant aucun symptôme. D’une façon générale, le virus semble bien établi sur noyer en France. Les souches de CLRV isolées de noyer en France sont très proches, sinon identiques, aux souches de CL RV américaines. Une souche française BL 1 a été purifiée et plus spécialement étudiée : elle se présente comme une souche typique de CLRV (symptomatologie, nucléoprotéines, acides nucléiques). Un sérum a été préparé ; il est utilisé pour la détection du CLRV en verger ou en pépinière par le test ELISA. La détection du virus se heurte à une difficulté résultant de la très irrégulière distribution du virus dans les tissus de J. regia lorsque celui-ci est greffé sur J. nigra ; il s’agit d’une distribution apparemment aléatoire ne résultant en aucun cas d’une diffusion lente du virus à partir d’un point d’infection. Lorsque les arbres sont greffés sur J. regia, le virus est réparti très uniformément dans les tissus de J. regia. Le porte-greffe J. nigra n’est pas totalement résistant au virus : bien que le CLRV n’ait pu être isolé des parties aériennes, il a pu, dans ce cas, être mis en évidence dans les racines. Il a été, à ce jour, impossible de détecter le CLRV chez un certain nombre d’arbres, J. regia/J. nigra présentant un net symptôme de nécrose de la ligne de greffe ; par ailleurs, différents auteurs ont isolé le CLRV d’arbres présentant, outre ce symptôme de nécrose, différents symptômes foliaires. La réussite des rétro-inoculations de différentes souches purifiées de CLRV sur de jeunes semis de noyer devrait permettre d’établir de façon claire et définitive le rôle du CLRV dans ces faciès maladifs et de poursuivre avec précision les études de sensibilité variétale et de comportement des porte-greffes hybrides J. regia x J. nigra., Twenty per cent of the walnut trees cultivated in France in orchards are grafted on Juglans nigra. This rootstock was introduced about 20 years ago and the first disorders at the union were reported in the last 5 years. The disease observed in France is very similar to the black-line disease described in the U.S.A. on trees grafted on J. hindsii or "Paradox" (J. hindsii x J. regia). Cherry leaf roll virus was detected both in J. regia/ J. nigra trees with black line and in J. regia/J. regia trees without any symptom and, generally speaking, the virus seems to be well established in walnuts in France. The CLRV strains identified in France are very similar (if not identical) to the American walnut strains. One French strain, BL 1, from J. regia/ J. nigra was purified and thoroughly investigated : it had all the characteristics of a typical CLRV strain. An antiserum was prepared and used for the routine detection of CLRV in orchards and nurseries using the ELISA technique. The main difficulty observed in the detection of CLRV arose from the uneven distribution of the virus in J. regia when this species is grafted on J. nigra : the virus seems to be randomly distributed in the tree and the restriction does not result from a slow diffusion of the virus in the plant from the infection points. In contrast, the virus is quite uniformly distributed in J. regia when this species is grafted on J. regia. This complicates indexing of CLRV when the tree is grafted on J. nigra and makes the test unreliable (sometimes, less than 5 per cent of the samples from an infected tree appear to be infected). In a few trees showing typical black-line symptoms, we have not yet been able to identify CLRV; moreover some authors have described clear leaf symptoms that we have only observed on one tree in France. These two results pose the problem of the role of CLRV in the incompatibility of J. regia/J. nigra. The recent success of back inoculations of purified CLRV strains will allow us to answer this question and to get clear information on the susceptibility and behaviour of different rootstocks including some new (J. nigra x J. regia) hybrids..

Bonnet Alain. Les Faunes pléistocènes du Gard. In: Bulletin de la Société préhistorique de France, tome 42, n°1-3, 1945. pp. 43-48.

Bonnet Alain. La « Pebble culture » in situ de l'Idjérane et les terrasses de piedmont du Sahara central. In: Bulletin de la Société préhistorique de France, tome 58, n°1-2, 1961. pp. 51-61.

(3S,4S) 3-amino-4-fluoromethyl-azetidinone 9 is obtained conveniently from (R) N-(2-fluoroethylidene)-α-methylbenzylamine via cycloaddition.