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4. N2O hot moments were not driven by changes in nitrogen and carbon substrates or changes in N cycling functional genes.

Author

Barrat, Harry A., Charteris, Alice F., Le Cocq, Kate, Abadie, Maider, Clark, Ian M., Chadwick, David R., and Cardenas, Laura

Subjects
NITROGEN in soils, SOIL chemistry, CARBON dioxide, SOIL wetting, NITROGEN cycle, CARBON emissions
Abstract

If a dry soil is wetted it can produce a large flush of nitrous oxide (N2O), which can be 10 times above the background rate, this phenomenon is called a hot moment. However, there is uncertainty in the literature regarding the mechanisms that cause hot moments. Therefore, this study aimed to induce two different hot moments on soil cores to investigate changes in nitrogen (N) cycling functional genes, and correlate these changes with subsequent N2O emissions, and transformations in soil chemistry. We induced a 'pre‐dry' treatment which wetted soils from 50% to 90% water‐filled pore space (WFPS) and 'pre‐wet' treatment which wetted soils from 70% to 90% WFPS to analyse changes in gas fluxes (N2O, nitric oxide [NO] and carbon dioxide [CO2]), soil chemistry (pH, dissolved organic carbon [DOC], total oxidised nitrogen [TON], ammonium [NH4+]) and microbiology (bacterial 16S, fungal ITS and nitrogen cycling functional genes associated with denitrification). The soil produced emissions of N2O that were significantly higher for the pre‐dry treatment compared with the pre‐wet treatment (p = <0.001; 9 times that of the pre‐wet). The pre‐dry treatments did not prime the soil any more than the pre‐wet treatments for CO2 and NO emissions, and the results showed that the soils TON and DOC concentrations were significantly higher in the pre‐wet conditions despite its lower N2O emissions. This suggests that the cause of the hot moment was not as dependant on the soil's substrate concentrations as previously thought. Moreover, the amount of denitrification genes in the pre‐dry soil was statistically similar to the pre‐wet (nirK, norB, nifH, nosZI, nxrA), apart from nirS which was marginally higher (p = 0.03). Contrary to other experiments, this study provides evidence that changes in soil substrates and functional gene abundance are not the cause of N2O hot moments. We therefore suggest that future studies should investigate changes in mRNA abundance related to N cycling genes. Highlights: Rewetting following drought caused a significant release of N2O.The pre‐dry soil produced higher N2O fluxes but contained less key substrates (TOC, NH4+ and DOC) than the pre‐wet soil.The pre‐dry and pre‐wet soil had a similar quantity of denitrification functional genes.Differences in soil chemistry and denitrification functional genes between the pre‐dry and pre‐wet soil cannot explain the differences in N2O emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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6. Biomimetic approach for developing lignocellulose valorization bioprocess using insect microbiome

Author

Chatellard, Lucile, Gales, Amandine, LAZUKA, Adèle, Auer, Lucas, Abadie, Maider, Carrère, Hélène, Godon, Jean-Jacques, O'Donohue, Michael, Hernandez Raquet, Guillermina, Dumas, Claire, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement [Narbonne] (LBE), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés (LISBP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), International Water Association (IWA). INT., Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
biomimétisme, diversité microbienne, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], activité enzymatique, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, [SDV.IDA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering, digestion anaérobie, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, biologie de l'insecte, dégradation de la lignocellulose
Abstract

International audience; Insects are the world’s tiniest, most efficient bioreactors known to transform lignocellulose. They have optimized their digestion in highly efficient systems. The proposed project aims to characterize the microbial and enzymatic consortia that allow efficient lignocellulose degradation. For this, the digestive microbiomes of five insects belonging to several orders (Gromphadorrina potentosa, Ergates faber, Potosia cuprea, Gryllus bimaculatus, Locusta migratoria) were placed in batch reactors, in physicochemical environment similar to their original medium. The microbiomes of selected insects were successfully maintained in bioreactors and their strategy for lignocellulose degradation was followed dynamically in semi-continuous reactors. Their ability to degrade lignocellulosic substrate as well as their microbial and enzymatic diversity allowed comparing the efficiency of these potential bioressources. This research brings new information on microbial species and enzymatic deconstruction processes involved on lignocellulose degradation in natural environments; such information might be useful to produce biomimetic enzyme cocktails benefiting from millions of years of evolution.

Published
2015

7. Taming lignocellulosic degradation activity of consortia from phytophagous insects guts in batch reactors: microbial diversity and enzymatic activities kinetics

Author

Gales, Amandine, Godon, Jean-Jacques, Abadie, Maider, Lazuka, Adèle, Auer, Lucas, Dumas, Claire, Hernandez Raquet, Guillermina, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement [Narbonne] (LBE), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés (LISBP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INRA, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA). UR Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement (0050)., Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], biomimetic processes, bioreactors, insect microbiomes, microbial bioressources, lignocelluloses degradation, lignocellulosic substrate, enzymatic cocktails
Abstract

Over millions of years living organisms have optimized the digestion of a large variety of substrates resulting in highly efficient systems [1, 2]. The microorganisms found in animal digestive tracts where oxygen is deficient, generally produce enzymes assemblies, acting synergistically, such as cellulosomes. Such structures remain associated to the microorganism membrane. Many insects feed on plant material and benefit for the degradation of lignocellulose of an endosymbiosis with bacterial population located in their digestive tracts. The study of original strategies implemented in insect guts would be of interest for possible improvements of the biomass conversion in industrial processes. The proposed project aims to compare the efficiency of the microbial and enzymatic consortia that allow efficient lignocellulosic degradation. For this, the digestive microbiomes of three insects (Gromphadorrina potentosa, Potosia cuprea, and Locusta migratoria) were placed in fed-batch reactors, in physicochemical environment close to their original medium in a biomimetic approach. The microbiomes of insect guts were successfully maintained in bioreactors and their strategy for lignocellulose degradation was followed dynamically in successive fed-batch reactors. Their ability to degrade lignocellulosic substrate (wheat straw) as well as their microbial and enzymatic diversity allowed comparing the efficiency of these potential bioressources. This research will enable to identify the microbial species and the genes and the microorganisms that synthesize the enzymes of interest and therefore to produce biomimetic enzyme cocktails benefiting from millions of years of evolution.

Published
2015

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