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Direct application of animal waste on farmlands was banned in China recently, rendering organic fertilizer production a sound solution for disposing of animal manures and recycling their materials and nutrients. Due to the overuse of antimicrobials in livestock and poultry farms, manure-based organic fertilizers often contain elevated residues of antimicrobials and abundant antimicrobial resistance genes. Land application of such products has caused significant concerns on the environmental pollution of antimicrobials, and the transmission and development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which is a major global health challenge. China’s recent attempt to restrict the contents of antimicrobial residues in organic fertilizers encountered strong resistance from the industry as it would hinder the utilization of animal manures as a raw material. Reducing and even eliminating the use of antimicrobials in animal farms is the ultimate solution to the challenge of manure disposal posed by the elevated levels of antimicrobial residues and AMR. Phasing out the non-therapeutic use of antimicrobials, developing substitutes of antimicrobials, enhancing animal welfare in farms, promoting diversification of animal farms, and developing antimicrobial removal and disinfection technologies for animal waste are recommended to improve the veterinary antimicrobial stewardship and manure management in China’s animal agriculture. These concerted measures would enhance the sustainability of crop and animal farming systems in China and mitigate the impact of antimicrobials and AMR to agro-environmental quality and human health.

IntroductionAnimal waste proteins have been increasing in the past decade, along with consumer demands. Their huge volume and the environmental issues caused by improper treatment probably pose a massive threat to human health. These animal waste proteins contain many valuable bioactive peptides and can be used not only as nutrient substances but also as primary functional ingredients in many industries, including agriculture, food, and pharmaceuticals. However, the advancement of the value-added application of animal waste proteins within the past 10 years has not been elucidated yet. In this regard, this paper scrutinized the studies on the applications of hydrolysates and peptides from animal waste proteins throughout the last decade, hoping to display a whole picture of their value-adding applications.MethodsThe Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched from January 1, 2013, to December 12, 2023. This review included field trials, in vitro and in vivo assays, and in silico analysis based on literature surveys or proteolysis simulation. The quality of the included studies was evaluated by Journal Citation Reports, and the rationality of the discussion of studies included.ResultsNumerous studies were performed on the application potential of hydrolysates and peptides of animal waste proteins in agricultural, food, and medicinal industries. Particularly, due to the nutritional value, safety, and especially competitive effects, the peptide with antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, or antithrombotic activities can be used as a primary functional ingredient in food and pharmaceuticals.DiscussionThese value-added applications of animal waste proteins could be a step towards sustainable animal by-products management, and simultaneously, open new avenues in the rapid development of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. However, further studies on the bioavailability and structure-activity relationship are required to verify their therapeutic effects.

Science and technological advancements drive human progress, with laboratory animals serving as essential resources for developments in life sciences and medicine. However, the waste generated by these animals presents new challenges for urban management. Issues such as classification, recycling, effective utilization, and biohazard elimination must be addressed, necessitating the development of regulations, standards, and norms to keep pace with advancements. The construction of quality management system is the foundation and framework for the management of inspection and testing organizations. It should have strong operability and inspectability, enabling continuous improvement of the management level and enhancing the stability of basic management. However, current quality management systems often lack clarity in managing laboratory animal waste, including undefined disposal processes for non-medical institutions, inaccurate waste classification, and inadequate disposal methods for different waste categories. This paper addresses these challenges by identifying necessary processes to be added or removed in the quality management system of National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, developing effective SOPs, proposing practical measures to strengthen supervision and management, and integrating 6S management principles into our quality management system. In conclusion, effective management of laboratory animal waste should be centered on improving the quality management system, emphasizing waste classification and management at the source, controlling biological hazards, minimizing environmental pollution and promoting conditions for sustainable development.

Purpose The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of different animal product wastes and plant compost on survival and growth of earthworm (Eisenia fetida). Methods The study is realized in a vermibin for a duration of 90 days. The initial physico-chemical parameters (pH, humidity, ash, organic matter, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and C:N ratio) were determined in each waste of the different substrates before the study. Six waste products (pig, poultry, rabbit, cattle, sheep and vegetal compost) in triplicate (6 9 3) were used for earthworm production. In each 12-l content vermibin, 2 kg of substrate and 30 g of mature earthworms were sown. Each month, the growth control was realized by earthworms harvest and weighing. The earthworms were put back in substrate in vermibin and 500 g of substrate were completed. The pH was measured every week. Results The physico-chemical parameters (pH, ash, organic matter, carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen and C:N ratio) varied (P.05) according to different substrate. The C:N ratio of different organic substrates are in the range of 8.46 in vegetable compost to 19.39 in pig dung. At the end of study the biomass gain and mortality varied (P.05) according to different treatments. The growth rate varied according to different organic waste (P.05) and ranged between -0.06 ± 0.02 (vegetable compost) and 1.34 ± 0.11 (cow dung). Maximum weight gain and highest growth rate were attained with cow dung. Earthworm biomass gain in different animal wastes is in the order of: cow [pig[rabbit [poultry[sheep [compost vegetable. Conclusion The animal wastes (cow, sheep, pig, rabbit and poultry) and vegetable compost can be used to produce the earthworm. But the growth and produce depend on the biochemical quality of the substrates and the availability and facility for using a nutritive element.

The simulation design of this animal waste treatment plant is a design that applies the sewage treatment plant system which is made to cope with environmental pollution, especially rivers due to indiscriminate disposal of animal waste. Making this animal waste treatment plant provides information to readers or the public about how to design an animal waste treatment plant system and the performance of the sewage treatment system so that people know how to deal with environmental pollution caused by the livestock themselves. The manufacture of this installation system uses data collection methods from direct farmers and theories obtained from books, journals, and articles related to sewage treatment plant theory, plumbing, electricity, and others. Finally, the data was collected by testing the animal dung waste treatment system where the test data was taken from the pH content of the water used for processing the animal dung waste treatment system. The test results on the sewage treatment plant system concluded that in order to obtain optimal results or water pH content, namely the pH content of 6, it is necessary to deposit animal manure between two to three days, while the maximum processing of this system is the pH content of 6.5. and processing of animal manure, which is on the fourth day to get the maximum pH content.

Currently, the use of vermicompost in organic soil nutrition is highly efficient. The efficiency of vermicompost production at an industrial level is directly related to the correct implementation of this biotechnological process. In our research, a local earthworm species, Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826), was used in the preparation of vermicompost from animal organic waste, which accumulates in large quantities in the livestock sector of agriculture. In our experiments, local species of earthworms suitable for vermiculture were selected, and the optimal conditions of the substrate for their survival were studied. As a result of our research, it is possible to increase the efficiency of agricultural production by localizing low-cost biohumus production technology in our republic based on the use of local earthworms. In our experiments, earthworms started feeding when the moisture level of the substrate was 30%. Their further development processes were manifested differently at different humidity levels. The earthworm hybrid breed had good development indicators at a relatively high humidity of 70-80%. In local species, this indicator was 60-70%. In our experiments, we studied the optimal living conditions of local earthworms and used them in biotechnological processes.

The removal of crystal violet (CV) and methylene blue (MB) from an aqueous solution was successfully accomplished using biochar derived from Moroccan sheep manure (SM). Process optimization revealed adsorption efficiencies of 96.77 % and 98.95 %, with maximum adsorption capacities of 244.08 mg/g and 295.14 mg.g−1 for MB and CV dyes, respectively. This was achieved at pH 11, with an adsorbent dose of 0.5 g.L−1 at 40 μm, over a 120 minutes at 25 °C. The results indicate that the Freundlich isotherm model is the best fit for both dyes. The pseudo-second-order model accurately describes the kinetics of the processes studied for both dyes. The thermodynamic characteristics clearly demonstrated the endothermic and spontaneous nature of the dye elimination. The ΔH° values of 34.3293 and 31.3338 KJ.mol−1for the MB and CV dyes respectively, suggest that physisorption and chemisorption may be involved in the adsorption process. The re-adsorption study revealed that biochar can be reused for up to 5 cycles with both dyes. Adsorption of dyes onto biomass is facilitated by electrostatic, π-π, n-π and hydrogen bonding interactions. Additionally, SMB300 has been identified as an effective, cost-efficient, and environmentally friendly material for removing cationic dyes.

Introduction: Animal waste proteins have been increasing in the past decade, along with consumer demands. Their huge volume and the environmental issues caused by improper treatment probably pose a massive threat to human health. These animal waste proteins contain many valuable bioactive peptides and can be used not only as nutrient substances but also as primary functional ingredients in many industries, including agriculture, food, and pharmaceuticals. However, the advancement of the value-added application of animal waste proteins within the past 10 years has not been elucidated yet. In this regard, this paper scrutinized the studies on the applications of hydrolysates and peptides from animal waste proteins throughout the last decade, hoping to display a whole picture of their value-adding applications. Methods: The Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched from January 1, 2013, to December 12, 2023. This review included field trials, in vitro and in vivo assays, and in silico analysis based on literature surveys or proteolysis simulation. The quality of the included studies was evaluated by Journal Citation Reports, and the rationality of the discussion of studies included. Results: Numerous studies were performed on the application potential of hydrolysates and peptides of animal waste proteins in agricultural, food, and medicinal industries. Particularly, due to the nutritional value, safety, and especially competitive effects, the peptide with antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, or antithrombotic activities can be used as a primary functional ingredient in food and pharmaceuticals. Discussion: These value-added applications of animal waste proteins could be a step towards sustainable animal by-products management, and simultaneously, open new avenues in the rapid development of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. However, further studies on the bioavailability and structure-activity relationship are required to verify their therapeutic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is a major concern around the world. In this context, the carbon footprint of animal waste is of critical importance for sustainability and climate change management. The aim of this study is to estimate the carbon footprint resulting from animal breeding and animal waste in the Karaman region. In the study, 2022 data was used and there are 1019277 sheep and 81368 cattle for Karaman. In the study, Tier 1 and Tier 2 approaches were used to estimate methane gas emissions related to both enteric fermentation resulting from animal digestive processes and manure management. According to the results of the study, the results obtained using Tier 1 and Tier 2 approaches are as follows: 0.4924-0.5014 kg CO2e per 1 liter of milk for Cattle. For sheep, it is 4.5167-6.5627 kg CO2e per 1 kg of meat. For goat, it is 5.0813-6.0231 kg CO2e per 1 kg of meat. These results can be taken into account when creating strategies to reduce methane gas emissions. It is recommended to add better quality and high energy content foods to the feed ration, especially to reduce enteric fermentation. In addition, this study is a resource for relevant researchers working in the field in calculating the carbon loads of animal waste and is thought to be a guide for decision makers and practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal wastes are not stored correctly and are used haphazardly without control in agricultural lands. As a result, it causes many irreparable environmental pollution, especially water pollution. These wastes, which are described as diffuse pollution, cause pollution of both underground and surface water resources directly or indirectly and even make them unusable. In this research, waste generation as a result of animal breeding in Karaman province, its districts, neighborhoods and villages and the effects of animal wastes on environmental pollution were evaluated with distributed pollutant load calculations. In the study, the number of 1019277 ovine and 81368 bovine in Karaman in 2022 was used. The total nitrogen (TN) produced annually by the animals has been calculated as 1,723.23 tons/year, and the total phosphorus (TP) amount is determined as 124.23 tons/year. Additionally, for large ruminant animals, the annual total amount of dry manure is 130,305.77 tons, and for small ruminant animals, it is 41,984.27 tons. To prevent environmental pollution, these wastes should be stored in closed areas in compliance with standards, and processes such as composting, drying, and biogas production should be applied. By doing so, not only can environmental pollution be mitigated but also economic value can be obtained. The proper management and utilization of these wastes have high economic potential and can contribute to sustainable development, supporting the country’s economy. In addition, this study is a source for researchers working in the field in calculating the pollution load of animal wastes and is thought to be a guide for decision makers and practitioners.

Antibiotic resistance is an emerging risk for human and animal health, and mitigating the risk requires an improved understanding of various sources of risks and identifying the level of threats for each source. Many antibiotics are currently used against pathogens for treating infections in animals and humans, and it is considered that antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) acquired by pathogens may have an environmental origin. Because of contamination in ambient waterways, it is likely that ARGs may affect both organic and non-organic farming. While health risk as a consequence of ARGs is difficult to determine because of lack of understanding of dose-response, the presence of ARGs in human waste and animal manure, and the subsequent application of these organic wastes as fertilizers has a potential of spreading ARGs in the environment. Additional research is needed to understand the presence, growth, and transport of ARGs through animal wastes such as dairy manure. In this review, we focus on synthesizing information regarding the occurrence of ARGs in dairy manure, potential transport pathways, and factors responsible for the spread of ARGs in the environment. Besides, we also explore potential treatment methods that may contribute to the ARG removal in dairy manure and help alleviate ARG contamination.

The study was carried out to evaluate the risk perception and perceived effect on the environment among dairy farmers in the National Capital Region (NCR) of India. The study conducted in seven districts across four sub-regions of NCR during 2018-19 included the development of a psychometric scale with four dimensions and standardization to measure risk perception. The scale was then administered to 252 dairy farmers from urban and peri-urban dairies in the study area. The results showed that the majority of the farmers perceived a medium level of risk (39.68%), followed by low (32.54%) and high (27.78%) levels of risk perception. Comparative analysis was conducted using Mann-Whitney U Statistic and Duncan Multiple Range Test, which found that the risk perception scores of the respondents in urban areas were significantly higher than those in peri-urban areas. The dairy farmers in the Delhi region of NCR perceived more risk with a mean value of 46.83±0.70, followed by Haryana (43.46±0.58), Uttar Pradesh (31.47±0.49), and Rajasthan (29.44±0.59). The use of dairy animal waste as manure in crop fields was ranked first among the positive effects, while the emission of greenhouse gases was recognized as the major negative effect perceived by farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India's oldest documented manure, most commonly referred to as Kunapajala, has a long history of over 1,000 years in crop cultivation. Kunapajala is primarily an in-situ decomposition technology of animal waste and can potentially provide an eco-friendly pipeline for recycling bio-waste into essential plant nutrients. This traditional animal manure, in addition, also contains dairy excreta (e.g., feces and urine), dairy products (e.g., milk and ghee), natural resources (e.g., honey), broken seeds or grains, and their non-edible by-product waste. Here, we aimed to assess the waste recycling and plant biostimulant potential of Kunapajala prepared from livestock (e.g., Black Bengal goats) or fish (e.g., Bombay duck) post-processed wastes over different decomposition periods, e.g., (0, 30, 60, and 90-days). In this study, an in-situ quantification of livestock- (lKPJ) and fish-based Kunapajala (fKPJ) reveals a dynamic landscape of essential plant primary nutrients, e.g., (0.70 > NH4-N < 3.40 g•L−1), (100.00 > P2O5 < 620.00 mg•L−1), and (175.00 > K2O < 340.00 mg•L−1), including other physico-chemical attributes of Kunapajala. Using correlation statistics, we find that the plant-available nutrient content of Kunapajala depicts a significant (p < 0.0001) transformation over decomposition along with microbial dynamics, abundance, and diversities, delineating a microbial interface to animal waste decomposition and plant growth promotion. Importantly, this study also reports the indole 3-acetic acid (IAA) content (40.00 > IAA < 135.00 mg•L−1) in Kunapajala. Furthermore, the bacterial screening based on plant growth-promoting traits and their functional analyses elucidate the mechanism of the plant biostimulant potential of Kunapajala. This assay finally reports two best-performing plant growth-promoting bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas chlororaphis and Bacillus subtilis) by the 16S ribotyping method. In support, in-planta experiments have demonstrated, in detail, the bio-stimulative effects of Kunapajala, including these two bacterial isolates alone or in combination, on seed germination, root-shoot length, and other important agronomic, physio-biochemical traits in rice. Together, our findings establish that Kunapajala can be recommended as a source of plant biostimulant to improve crop quality traits in rice. Overall, this work highlights Kunapajala, for the first time, as a promising low-cost microbial technology that can serve a dual function of animal waste recycling and plant nutrient recovery to promote sustainable intensification in agroecosystems.

As improper processing and disposal of animal waste cause negative impacts on the environment, the animal industry sector must shift to more sustainable practices to lessen these effects. Recently, the application of the circular economy concept in agriculture, using animal waste as part of nutrient cycling, has emerged as a sustainable approach. The study aims to develop and test the small-scale integrated hydroponics-animal waste bioreactor (AWB) for romaine lettuce production using chicken manure tea (CMT) derived from dried chicken manure as a primary nutrient source. Three integrated hydroponics- AWB systems, with varying concentrations of CMT at 1,000 ppm, 1,200 ppm, and 1,400 ppm total dissolved solids (maintained within an upper and lower bound of 50 ppm), were constructed, tested, and compared to conventional hydroponics that used a nutrient solution maintained at 1,000 ppm TDS. The test result suggests that the ideal concentration of CMT in the system is 1,000 ppm. Within the optimum manure tea concentration, the small-scale integrated hydroponics-AWB produced romaine lettuce with growth parameters comparable to conventional hydroponics. In addition, increasing the CMT concentration to 1,400 ppm negatively impacts the plant growth parameters of romaine lettuce. The developed small-scale integrated hydroponics-AWB system provides a viable approach for growing lettuce using animal waste as the major source of nutrients. The developed production system could help mitigate the negative environmental effects of improper handling and disposal of animal waste and dependence on chemical-based nutrient solutions in hydroponic crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anthropogenic impact of agricultural production on the atmosphere occurs as a result of the release of decomposition products of organic waste into it -- greenhouse gases, which contribute to global warming and climate change, and thus to a decrease in the efficiency of agriculture. Livestock waste due to mass accumulation is not only a valuable organic fertilizer, but also a producer of environmental pollution, as it causes a significant ecological load on soils, surface and underground waters. The article examines the problem of environmental pollution by greenhouse gases in the livestock industry, the main trends of climate change, causes and consequences. The harmful impact on the natural environment of the activities of large livestock complexes is analyzed. The livestock sector has a significant contribution to the total greenhouse gases emissions, which reach 18% and exceed emissions from transport (14%). The main greenhouse gases are characterized and their role in creating the greenhouse effect is revealed. Certain promising directions for solving the considered problems have been outlined, which will make it possible to minimize the negative impact of livestock farming on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]