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Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disorder characterized by the progressive deterioration of articular cartilage and concomitant alterations in subchondral bone architecture. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of OA remains poorly understood. In the present study, we explored whether the calcification in the articular cartilage occurred in the early stage of mouse OA model, generated by the surgery destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM), via the intra‐articular injection of alizarin complexone due to its anionic nature for binding calcium‐containing crystals. Although we did not observe the calcification in the articular cartilage of early stage of DMM mice, we unexpectedly identified alizarin complexone had the diffusion capacity for detecting the permeability from the articular cartilage to subchondral bone. Our data showed that the diffusion of alizarin complexone from the articular cartilage to calcified cartilage was greater in the early stage of DMM mice than that in sham controls. Additionally, we observed enhanced penetration of alizarin complexone through the periosteum in DMM mice compared to sham mice. In summary, we developed a novel imaging method that offers a valuable tool for further exploration of biochemical communication underlying OA development. Our findings provided new evidence that increased molecular interactions between the articular cartilage and subchondral bone is involved in the pathogenesis of OA progression.

The anthraquinone dye Alizarin Red S (ARS) is used for marking live animals, specifically as a tool for monitoring the stock of the endangered European eel by marking caught fish with ARS before releasing the eels back into the wild. As ARS can be found in recaptured eels even years later, knowledge of potential health hazards of ARS is essential for assessing the food safety of eels marked with ARS. As the compound class of anthraquinones is known for their genotoxic and carcinogenic properties, concerns were raised regarding the food safety of marked eels. Up to now, no data for characterizing the hazard potential of ARS is available. In this study, we aimed at closing this data gap. We tested ARS in liver (HepG2), cervix (HeLa) and lymphoblast (TK-6) cells and identified HepG2 cells as the cell line most sensitive to ARS-induced cytotoxicity. We then investigated oxidative stress, DNA strand breaks, and micronucleus formation in these cells and did not observe effects at sub-cytotoxic concentrations.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disorder characterized by the progressive deterioration of articular cartilage and concomitant alterations in subchondral bone architecture. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of OA remains poorly understood. In the present study, we explored whether the calcification in the articular cartilage occurred in the early stage of mouse OA model, generated by the surgery destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM), via the intra‐articular injection of alizarin complexone due to its anionic nature for binding calcium‐containing crystals. Although we did not observe the calcification in the articular cartilage of early stage of DMM mice, we unexpectedly identified alizarin complexone had the diffusion capacity for detecting the permeability from the articular cartilage to subchondral bone. Our data showed that the diffusion of alizarin complexone from the articular cartilage to calcified cartilage was greater in the early stage of DMM mice than that in sham controls. Additionally, we observed enhanced penetration of alizarin complexone through the periosteum in DMM mice compared to sham mice. In summary, we developed a novel imaging method that offers a valuable tool for further exploration of biochemical communication underlying OA development. Our findings provided new evidence that increased molecular interactions between the articular cartilage and subchondral bone is involved in the pathogenesis of OA progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alizarin is a polycyclic compound isolated from roots of Rubia tinctorum that has potential as a breast anticancer candidate. Increasing anticancer activity can be done through structural modification to produce derivatives in the form of group substitution in the meta position using acyl. The purpose of this work is to forecast the anticancer activity of alizarin and its derivatives on the MMP-9 receptor using. Important biological activity factors will be identified by Quantitative Structure Activity molecular docking Relationship (QSAR) and projected absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity (ADMET). Using Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD), molecular docking was carried out on the MMP 9 receptor (4WZV.pdb). LogP, Etot, and MR are the physicochemical parameters that are examined in order to produce QSAR. Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) was used for the QSAR analysis. The pkCSM was utilized to determine ADMET prediction. The acyl alizarin derivatives have a lower rerank score than alizarin, according to the docking results so that they are predicted to have more potent anticancer activity. The QSAR analysis's findings indicated that logP and Etot had the greatest effects on the alizarin compound's and its derivatives' activity. The results of the ADMET prediction indicate that acyl alizarin is less harmful and superior to alizarin. Research findings show that it is possible to synthesize acyl alizarin derivatives, especially alizarin octanoate, which will then be tested in vitro or in vivo to determine its anti-breast cancer activity and toxicity.

ABSTRACT: Indicating hydrogels have shown the advantages of being fast, sensitive, and real-time in demonstrating the freshness of aquatic products due to their noticeable color change. In this work, an anti-freezing hydrogel embedded with pH-sensitive alizarin was developed as an original colorimetric indicator for monitoring the corruption of aquatic products at low temperatures. The anti-freezing hydrogel was prepared from 2-carboxyethyl acrylate, [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]-trimethylammonium chloride, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate monomers with triethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross-linking agent. The hydrogel showed excellent anti-freezing capability, which was further incorporated with the pH-sensitive dye alizarin to gain the indicating capability. When applied in the indication of the freshness of salmon under low-temperature storage, it was found that the color changes of the indicator corresponded with the total volatile basic nitrogen contents of salmon, the correlation coefficient of which was 0.959 6. These results indicated the application potential of the hydrogels as freshness indicators during low-temperature storage or cold-chain transportation.

Background: Rubia cordifolia L. a spiky perennial climber of Rubiaceae family, is a rich reservoir of anthraquinone containing compounds purpurin and alizarin. It emerges as a versatile powerhouse possessing diverse pharmacological properties which includes antibacterial, antitumor, antioxidant, antiplatelet, potent blood purifier, diuretic, anti-stress, neuroprotective, anti-mutagenic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antidiabetic and vasodilation. Thereby it offers a holistic approach for disease prevention through its pharmacological properties. Objectives: However due to lack of standardization for R. cordifolia roots and its derived marketed herbal products, its quality control remains a daunting task. The present study aims to develop a simple, novel, reliable and specific HPTLC method for quantifying purpurin and alizarin in R. cordifolia roots as well as in its marketed preparations. Materials and Methods: The separation and quantification of purpurin and alizarin has been carried out on HPTLC plates pre-coated with Silica gel 60 F254 as stationary phase and toluene, ethyl acetate, glacial acetic acid (6:3.5:0.5; v/v/v) as mobile phase. Determination and quantification were performed by densitometric scanning at 254 nm. Results: The developed method gave compact spots at Rf 0.57±0.007 for purpurin and 0.73±0.008 for alizarin. The method was validated as per International Council for Harmonization Q2(R1) guidelines for specificity, precision, robustness, accuracy and recovery. Linearity range for purpurin and alizarin was 100-2000 ng/spot, which showed good regression coefficient for purpurin and alizarin; R²=0.9967 and R²=0.9941 at 254 nm respectively. The LOD and LOQ for validated marker compounds purpurin and alizarin at 254 nm were found as 23.87±0.52, 71.61±0.84 ng/spot and 18.36±0.72, 55.08±0.26 ng/spot respectively. The content of purpurin and alizarin in R. cordifolia plant extract was found as 17.960±0.658, 34.645±1.153 µg/mg, marketed preparation A, contains 21.741±0.746 and 6.824±0.485 µg/mg while marketed preparation B, contains 18.289±1.014 and 3.031±0.234 µg/mg of the sample. Conclusion: The developed method was found to be simple, precise, accurate, economical and convenient for rapid screening of bioactive marker purpurin and alizarin present in methanolic extracts of R. cordifolia roots and its marketed preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The increasing pollution of natural waters by heavy metals has become a major problem in recent years, so their determination requires separation and pre-concentration techniques. Purpose. Development of a hybrid, sensitive sorption-spectrophotometric method for determining the Zn(II) ion using a polyethylene polyamine polyacrylonitrile (PPF-1) matrix immobilized in alizarin red C. Methodology. Research was carried out using a spectrophotometer, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and methods of mathematical statistics. Originality. For the first time, alizarin red C (AKS) was immobilized on a modified PPF-1 and a new matrix was used for the effective determination of Zn(II) Findings. The sensitivity of Zn(II) determination by selective immobilized ACS was maximum at 522 nm. The optimal pH for determining Zn(II) is 5.0 at room temperature. The linear range was found to be 6.5-40 mg/L, the detection limit was 0.6 mg/L, and the adsorption percentage was about 97%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reaction of Mn(OAc)2·4H2O with pentaerythritol (H4peol) in the presence of NaSCN leads to formation of a 1-D coordination polymer (CP) based on Mn(II), [Mn(SCN)2(peol)]n (1, SCN− = thiocyanate), under solvothermal conditions. EA, FTIR, PXRD, SCXRD and TGA analyses were used to study the composition and phase purity of the Mn(II) coordination polymer. The degradation of alizarin was investigated using organic framework substances as degradation agents. The results showed that the maximum degradation value of 86.12% was achieved at 50 min. This study not only promotes the preparation of organic frameworks, but also provides a feasible solution for the effective degradation of alizarin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract First synthesized in 1868, alizarin became one of the first synthetic dyes and was widely used as a red dye in the textile industry, making it more affordable and readily available than the traditional red dyes derived from natural sources. Despite extensive both experimental and computational analyses on the electronic effects of substituents on the shape of the visible spectrum of alizarin and alizarin Red S, no previous systematic work has been undertaken with the aim to fine tune the dominant absorption region defining its color by introducing other electron‐withdrawing or electron‐donor groups. For such, we have performed a comprehensive study of electronic effects of substituents in position C3 of alizarin by means of a time dependent DFT approach. These auxochromes attached to the chromophore are proven to alter both the wavelength and intensity of absorption. It is shown that the introduction of an electron‐donor group in alizarin causes the transition bands to be significantly red‐shifted whereas electron‐withdrawing groups cause a minor blue‐shifting.

In this study, different proportions of curcumin (CUR) and alizarin (ALI) were added to konjac glucomannan (KG)/ polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to prepare an active intelligent packaging film and evaluate its potential to indicate pork freshness. The mixed indicator had a richer color hierarchy in the buffer solution with pH = 2–12. The surface of the KG-2C2A and KG-1C3A films is smoother and has fewer cross-section faults. With the increase of CUR content in the film, the crystal structure becomes more prominent, leading to poor compatibility with KG. The WAC of KG-3C1A and KG-1C3A films was significantly higher than that of the other groups, and they had better hydrophobicity. With the increase of CUR content in the films, the thermal stability of the films was enhanced, and the KG-C films showed the highest thermal stability. Among them, the KG-2A2C and KG-1C3A films showed the most significant color change during pork spoiling and could be used to monitor the freshness of pork. As a pH colorimetric indicator, CUR and ALI-coated KG films might be of great potential in fresh meat monitoring.

The present work aimed to highlight an efficient, readily accessible, and cost-effective adsorbent derived from Dalbergia sissoo (DS) leaf powder for removing the environmentally hazardous dye “alizarin red S” (ARS) from hydrous medium. A variant of the adsorbent is activated via sulfuric acid and composited with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (DSMNC). Both adsorbents are thoroughly characterized using techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, point of zero charge, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, which show that they have a porous structure rich in active sites. Different adsorption conditions are optimized with the maximum removal efficiency of 76.63% for DS and 97.89% for DSMNC. The study was highlighted via the application of various adsorption isotherms, including Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich, to adsorption data. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intra-particle diffusion models were utilized to investigate the kinetics and mechanism of adsorption. The Freundlich model and pseudo-second-order kinetics exhibited the best fit, suggesting a combination of physical interactions, as confirmed by the D–R and Temkin models. The dominant adsorbate–adsorbent interactive interactions responsible for ARS removal were hydrogen bonding, dispersion forces, and noncovalent aromatic ring adsorbent pi-interactions. Thermodynamic parameters extracted from adsorption data indicated that the removal of the mutagenic dye “ARS” was exothermic and spontaneous on both DS and DSMNC, with DSMNC exhibiting higher removal efficiency.

The study aimed to evaluate the photocatalytic efficiency of Cu-doped TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized via the sol-gel method, particularly in the degradation of Alizarin Red S dye under various light sources, including UVA LED and sunlight irradiation. Cu-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized using a sol-gel method, followed by rigorous characterization using XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX, and UV-Vis DRS techniques to confirm their structural and optical properties. The photocatalytic efficiency was evaluated by observing the breakdown of Alizarin Red S dye under various lighting conditions, and the rate of the breakdown was analyzed using a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The study revealed that Cu-doped TiO2 exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity, particularly under UV light, achieving an 87.11% degradation of Alizarin Red S dye within 60 minutes. Under sunlight, the degradation efficiency was 73.02%, while under visible light, it was 56.19%. The introduction of copper into the TiO2 matrix effectively reduced the bandgap energy, thus improving the material's responsiveness to visible light. In conclusion, Cu-doped TiO2 nanoparticles significantly enhance the photocatalytic degradation of Alizarin Red S dye, particularly under UV light. The reduction in bandgap energy due to copper doping improves the material's responsiveness to visible light, making it a promising candidate for wastewater treatment applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First synthesized in 1868, alizarin became one of the first synthetic dyes and was widely used as a red dye in the textile industry, making it more affordable and readily available than the traditional red dyes derived from natural sources. Despite extensive both experimental and computational analyses on the electronic effects of substituents on the shape of the visible spectrum of alizarin and alizarin Red S, no previous systematic work has been undertaken with the aim to fine tune the dominant absorption region defining its color by introducing other electron‐withdrawing or electron‐donor groups. For such, we have performed a comprehensive study of electronic effects of substituents in position C3 of alizarin by means of a time dependent DFT approach. These auxochromes attached to the chromophore are proven to alter both the wavelength and intensity of absorption. It is shown that the introduction of an electron‐donor group in alizarin causes the transition bands to be significantly red‐shifted whereas electron‐withdrawing groups cause a minor blue‐shifting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current work, a rapid, selective, and sensitive technique was developed for the detection of Alizarin Red S (ARS) by applying poly leucine modified carbon paste electrode (PLMCPE). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to study the surface morphology of unmodified carbon paste electrode (UMCPE) and PLMCPE. The active surface area for UMCPE and PLMCPE was found to be 0.0012 cm2 and 0.0026 cm2 respectively. The electrochemical response of ARS at UMCPE and PLMCPE was analyzed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) in the potential window of 0.4 to 1.0 V. The cyclic voltammogram obtained for varying the pH of 0.2 M phosphate buffer (PB) solution showed maximum current for the oxidation of ARS at pH 6.5. The electrochemical reaction of ARS was found to be irreversible and adsorption controlled. The effect of variation of concentration of ARS on the oxidation peak current was evaluated using CV and linear scan voltammetry (LSV). A linear relationship between the concentration variation and current was obtained in the linear range of 1.5 μM–3.5 μM and 0.2 μM–5.0 μM for CV and LSV respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) of 0.68 μM for the CV method and 0.29 μM for the LSV method was exhibited by the developed sensor. The simultaneous study of ARS along with tartrazine (TZ) showed good selectivity for ARS. The interferents of foreign molecules showed no effect on the selectivity of the electrode. The applicability of PLMCPE on real samples gave good recovery ranging from 97.46–101.2%; hence, the sensor can be utilized on real samples. The developed sensor has good stability and sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]