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3. Farklı soğutma devresi elemanlarının R134a ve R1234yf kullanılan bir otomobil klima sisteminin performansına etkisinin deneysel araştırılması

Author

İnan, Mehmet Sait and Alkan, Alpaslan

Subjects
Mechanical Engineering, Cooling energy, Isı enerjisi, Heat energy, Engineering Sciences, Makine Mühendisliği, Mühendislik Bilimleri, Soğutma enerjisi
Abstract

Bu çalışmada, otomobil iklimlendirme sistemlerinde kullanılan R134a soğutucu akışkanına alternatif R1234yf soğutucu akışkanı ile beraber değişken (DKK) ve sabit (SKK) kapasiteli kompresörlerin performansları deneysel olarak incelenmiştir. Sakarya Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi Teknoloji Fakültesi Makine Mühendisliği labaratuvarlarında gerçek otomobil kliması elemanlarından deneysel bir iklimlendirme cihazı kurulmuştur. Soğutma çevrim elemanları olan evaporatör, kondenser, sıvı tankı, SKK ve DKK kompresörleri, genleşme elemanı ve iç ısı değiştiriciye (IHX) ilaveten elektriksel kontrol elemanları bulunmaktadır. Deneysel otomobil iklimlendirme cihazında istenilen deney şartları bilgisayar yardımı ile oluşturulabilmekte ve kontrol edilebilmektedir. Anlık veri değerleri deney süresi boyunca takip edilebilmektedir. Farklı kondenser ve evaporatör giriş hava akım sıcaklıkları ve hızları ile farklı kompresör devirlerini içeren 862 adet deney yapılmıştır. Elde edilen deney verileri enerji ve ekserji denklemleri ile analizleri yapılmış ve sonuçlar grafikler haline getirilerek çalışmada sunulmuştur. DKK ile çalışılan farklı soğutucu akışkan deneyleri sonucunda, düşük hava akım giriş sıcaklıklarında kapasite kontrol sisteminin R1234yf soğutucu akışkanı kullanımında R134a kullanımına göre daha etkin olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Bunun sonucu olarak; düşük hava akım sıcaklıklarında R1234yf'li sistemin kompresör gücü, kütlesel debisi, toplam yok edilen ekserji değerlerinin R134a'lı sisteme göre daha az olduğu soğutma tesir katsayısının (STK) artan kompresör devrine bağlı olarak çok az yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Yüksek hava akım sıcaklıklarında R1234yf'li sistemde dolaşan soğutucu akışkan debisi miktarının R134a'lı sisteme göre yaklaşık %55 yüksek olmasına bağlı olarak soğutma kapasitesi, kompresör gücü ve toplam yok edilen ekserji değerlerinin daha fazla ancak STK değeri R134a'lı sisteme göre daha az olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. R1234yf soğutucu akışkanı ile çalışan değişken ve sabit kapasiteli kompresör deneylerinin sonucunda; düşük hava akımı giriş sıcaklıklarında DKK kompresörün kapasite kontrol sisteminin etkisi ile SKK'ye göre yaklaşık %63,6 daha yüksek STK'ye sahip olduğu görülmüştür. DKK kullanılan sistemde R1234yf ve R134a soğutucu akışkanların performansına IHX'in etkisinin gözlemlendiği deneylerde; R134a'lı sistemin yüksek hava akımı giriş sıcaklıkları hariç IHX'in STK değerini genel olarak arttırdığı görülmüştür. Evaporatör hava akımı hızının artması ile DKK'nin kapasite kontrol sistemi etkisini azaltmasına bağlı olarak STK değerinin azalmasına neden olurken SKK sisteminin STK değerinin çok az artmasına neden olmakta olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. In this study, the performance of variable (VCC) and fixed (FCC) capacity compressors together with the R1234yf refrigerant alternative to R134a refrigerant used in automobile air conditioning systems were experimentally investigated. An experimental air conditioning device from real automobile air conditioners was installed in the Mechanical Engineering Laboratories of Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Technology. There are electrical control elements in addition to the refrigeration cycle elements such as evaporator, condenser, liquid tank, FCC and VCC compressors, expansion element and internal heat exchanger (IHX). The experimental conditions desired in the experimental automobile air conditioning device can be conditioned and controlled with the help of a computer. Instant data values can be followed throughout the experiment period. 862 experiments were carried out including different condenser and evaporator inlet air flow temperatures and speeds and different compressor speeds. The obtained experimental data were analyzed with energy and exergy equations and the results were presented in the study by being graphed. As a result of different refrigerant experiments working with VCC compressor, it has been observed that the capacity control system is more effective than R134a in the use of R1234yf refrigerant at low air flow inlet temperatures. As a result of this; It has been observed that the cooling capacity, compressor power, mass flow rate, discharge, total destroyed exergy values of the system with R1234yf at low air flow temperatures are lower than the system with R134a and the cooling of performance (COP) is slightly higher due to the increasing compressor speed. . Due to the fact that the amount of refrigerant flow circulating in the R1234yf system at high air flow temperatures is approximately 55% higher than the system with R34a, the cooling capacity, compressor power and total destroyed exergy values are higher, but the COP are it was observed to be less than the system with R134a. As a result of variable and fixed capacity compressor tests working with R1234yf refrigerant; With the effect of the capacity control system of the VCC compressor at low airflow inlet temperatures, it has been observed that it has approximately 63.6% higher COP than the FCC compressor. In the experiments where the effect of IHX was observed on the performance of R1234yf and R134a refrigerants in the system using VCC compressor; It has been observed that the system with R134a generally increases the COP value of IHX, except for high airflow inlet temperatures. It has been observed that the increase in the evaporator air flow velocity causes the COP value to decrease due to the decrease in the effect of the capacity control system of the VCC compressor, while the COP value of the FCC system slightly increases.

Published
2021

4. Responses to the Proinflammatory Cytokines Interleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor α in Cells Derived From Rheumatoid Synovium and Other Joint Tissues Involve Nuclear Factor κB-Mediated Induction of the Ets Transcription Factor ESE-1

Author

Grall, Franck, Gu, Xuesong, Tan, Lujian, Cho, Je-Yoel, Inan, Mehmet Sait, Pettit, Allison R., Thamrongsak, Usanee, Choy, Bob K., Manning, Cathy, Akbarali, Yasmin, Zerbini, Luiz, Rudders, Susan, Goldring, Steven R., Gravallese, Ellen M., Oettgen, Peter, Goldring, Mary B., and Libermann, Towia A.

Published
2003

5. Transcription factor NF-[Kappa]B participates in regulation of epithelial cell turnover in the colon

Author

INAN, MEHMET SAIT, TOLMACHEVA, VERONICA, WANG, QIANG-SHU, ROSENBERG, DANIEL W., and GIARDINA, CHARLES

Subjects
Cell proliferation -- Research, Tumor necrosis factor -- Research, Nerve growth factor -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

Inan, Mehmet Sait, Veronica Tolmacheva, Qiang-Shu Wang, Daniel W. Rosenberg, and Charles Giardina. Transcription factor NF-[Kappa]B participates in regulation of epithelial cell turnover in the colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 279: G1282-G1291, 2000.--The transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-[Kappa]B regulates the expression of genes that can influence cell proliferation and death. Here we analyze the contribution of NF-[Kappa]B to the regulation of epithelial cell turnover in the colon. Immunohistochemical, immunoblot, and DNA binding analyses indicate that NF-[Kappa]B complexes change as colonocytes mature: p65-p50 complexes predominate in proliferating epithelial cells of the colon, whereas the p50-p50 dimer is prevalent in mature epithelial cells. NF-[Kappa]B1 (p50) knockout mice were used to study the role of NF-[Kappa]B in regulating epithelial cell turnover. Knockout animals lacked detectable NF-[Kappa]B DNA binding activity in isolated epithelial cells and had significantly longer crypts with a more extensive proliferative zone than their wild-type counterparts (as determined by proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining and in vivo bromodeoxyuridine labeling). Gene expression profiling reveals that the NF-[Kappa]B1 knockout mice express the potentially growth-enhancing tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-[Alpha]. and nerve growth factor-[Alpha], genes at elevated levels, with in situ hybridization localizing some of the TNF-[Alpha]. expression to epithelial cells. TNF-[Alpha]. is NF-[Kappa]B regulated, and its upregulation in NF-[Kappa]B1 knockouts may result from an alleviation of p50-p50 repression. NF-[Kappa]B complexes may therefore influence cell proliferation in the colon through their ability to selectively activate and/or repress gene expression. nuclear factor-[Kappa]B; cell proliferation; tumor necrosis factor-[Alpha] nerve growth factor-[Alpha]

Published
2000

7. Responses to the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor ? in cells derived from rheumatoid synovium and other joint tissues involve nuclear factor ?B-mediated induction of the Ets transcription factor ESE-1

Author

Grall, Franck, primary, Gu, Xuesong, additional, Tan, Lujian, additional, Cho, Je-Yoel, additional, Inan, Mehmet Sait, additional, Pettit, Allison R., additional, Thamrongsak, Usanee, additional, Choy, Bob K., additional, Manning, Cathy, additional, Akbarali, Yasmin, additional, Zerbini, Luiz, additional, Rudders, Susan, additional, Goldring, Steven R., additional, Gravallese, Ellen M., additional, Oettgen, Peter, additional, Goldring, Mary B., additional, and Libermann, Towia A., additional

Published
2003
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12. Transcriptional profiling of granulosa cells from a patient with recurrent empty follicle syndrome.

Author

Inan, Mehmet Sait, Al-Hassan, Saad, Ozand, Pinar, and Coskun, Serdar

Subjects
*FOLLICLE-stimulating hormone, *OVUM, *GENE expression, *GENETIC regulation, *GROWTH factors, *APOPTOSIS
Abstract

Empty follicle syndrome (EFS) is characterized by the absence of oocytes after apparently normal follicular development and the pathogenesis of this syndrome is not well characterized. The aim of this study was to analyse whole gene expression of granulosa cells (GC) from a patient with recurrent EFS by using Affymetrix GeneChip. A total of 160 genes were identified as being differentially expressed (by at least two-fold) between EFS GC and the control GC. Most of the differentially expressed genes were involved in cell growth and death. Among these were MAPK3, which plays an important role in the inhibition of apoptosis, was down-regulated 2.3-fold in EFS GC. Moreover, secretory phospholipase A2 and transforming growth factor receptor H, key regulators of cell death pathway, were down-regulated 3.54- and 2.82-fold respectively in EFS. Gene expression of granulosa cells from the EFS patient was significantly altered. The absence of the oocytes might be due to the increased apoptotic gene expression and the reduction of transcripts whose products are responsible for healthy follicular growth. Gene expression analyses might be a useful technique in identifying markers to follow a healthy follicular maturation and understanding the events that lead to EFS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2006
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13. Transcription factor NF-kappa B participates in regulation of epithelial cell turnover in the colon.

Author

Inan, Mehmet Sait and Tolmacheva, Veronica

Subjects
*TRANSCRIPTION factors, *EPITHELIAL cells, *COLON (Anatomy)
Abstract

Analyzes the contribution of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B to the regulation of epithelial cell turnover in the colon. Protein expression and nuclear factor-kappa B activity in isolated populations of colonic epithelial cells; Expression of nuclear factor-kappa B subunits p50 and p65 in isolated epithelial cells.

Published
2000

14. Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases

Author

Namrita Lall and Namrita Lall

Subjects
Cosmetics, Diseases--Alternative medicine, Materia medica, Vegetable--Therapeutic use, Medicinal plants
Abstract

'A book is like a garden carried in the pocket.'– Chinese proverb This Chinese proverb simply means: Reading helps strengthen one's intellect, which correlates with the feeling one will have, once they have read this book. Medicinal Plants in Cosmetics, Health and Disease describes diseases and ailments occurring in individuals worldwide including acne, ageing, various cancers, eczema and other conditions. This book explains each disease and ailment, allowing the reader to gain a better perspective on misunderstood and underestimated assumptions accompanying the ailment or condition. Not only does this book present information on different diseases and ailments, it presents a variety of plants and plant-based compounds demonstrating potential health benefits. Features: Provides details on a broad range of diseases and conditions prevalent throughout the world. Includes information on how plant bioactives can aid in the prevention, treatment and management of diseases and conditions including cancer, tuberculosis and anti-coagulants, acne, wrinkle formation and eczema. Each chapter provides a list of plants and plant-based compounds found globally, demonstrating their potential in treating various diseases and conditions. This book is appropriate for individuals having interest in learning several potential health benefits using bioactives derived from medicinal plants and phytomedicine. About the EditorNamrita Lall is a professor of Medicinal Plant Sciences, DST/ NRF SARCHII Chair in Plant Health Products from IKS, and is based at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. In addition to this, she holds numerous appointments, including an adjunct faculty position at the University of Missouri, JSS College of Pharmacy, India and a senior research fellow at the Bio-Tech R&D Institute, Jamaica. She has an interest in investigating medicinal plants and evaluating their potential for pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical purposes.

Published
2022

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