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The development and growth of fish farming are hindered by viral and bacterial infectious diseases, which necessitate effective disease control measures. Furunculosis, primarily caused by Aeromonas salmonicida, stands out as a significant bacterial disease affecting salmonid fish farms, particularly rainbow trout. Vaccination has emerged as a crucial tool in combating this disease. The objective of this experiment was to assess and compare the efficacy and duration of different vaccine protocols against furunculosis in large trout under controlled rearing conditions, utilizing single and booster administrations via intraperitoneal, oral, and immersion routes. Among the various vaccination protocols tested, only those involving intraperitoneal injection, administered at least once, proved truly effective in preventing the expression of clinical signs of furunculosis and reducing mortality rates. A single intraperitoneal administration provided protection for up to 2352°-days, equivalent to approximately 5 months in water at 16 °C. However, intraperitoneal vaccination may lead to reduced growth in the fish due to resultant intraperitoneal adhesions. Additionally, protocols incorporating booster doses via intraperitoneal injection demonstrated efficacy regardless of the administration route of the primary vaccination. Nevertheless, the use of booster vaccinations via the intraperitoneal route did not confer any significant advantage over a single intraperitoneal injection in terms of efficacy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Here, we provide evidence that the freshwater parasitic copepod, Salmincola californiensis, acts as a vector for Aeromonas salmonicida. While investigating the effects of S. californiensis on Chinoook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), we tangentially observed that fish infected with the copepod developed furunculosis, caused by A. salmonicida. This occurred despite being reared in pathogen-free well water in a research facility with no prior history of spontaneous infection. We further investigated the possibility of S. californiensis to serve as a vector for the bacterium via detection of fluorescently labelled A. salmonicida inside the egg sacs from copepods in which the fish hosts were experimentally infected with GFP-A449 A. salmonicida. We then evaluated copepod egg sacs that were collected from adult Chinook salmon from a freshwater hatchery with A. salmonicida infections confirmed by either culture or PCR. The bacterium was cultured on tryptic soy agar plates from 75% of the egg sacs, and 61% were positive by PCR. These three separate experiments indicate an alternative tactic of transmission in addition to direct transmission of A. salmonicida in captivity. The copepod may play an important role in transmission of the bacterium when fish are more dispersed, such as in the wild., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Grass awn migration and furunculosis are common diseases in dogs that can lead to interdigital subcutaneous lesions with a similar clinical presentation, and occasionally similar ultrasonographic images, but different treatments are required. This retrospective, multicentric, analytical study aimed to determine whether epidemiological, clinical, and ultrasonographic features could be used to differentiate interdigital furunculosis and abscesses secondary to migrating grass awns. Fifty-nine dogs that underwent interdigital ultrasonography were included (interdigital furunculosis [IDF], n = 27; interdigital abscess secondary to a migrating grass awn [IAGA], n = 32). Ultrasonographic images were reviewed by two observers blinded to the diagnosis, who graded nine qualitative and four quantitative parameters for each patient. In both groups, pruritus/licking (IDF 74%, IAGA 70%), a discharging interdigital wound (63% for each group), and thoracic limb involvement (IDF 88%, IAGA 75%) were common features. On ultrasound, a subcutaneous multilinear hyperechoic main element was identified in most dogs (IDF 85%, IAGA 100%). The ability to display this element in a single plane (P < 0.01), the absence of additional hyperechoic linear elements in different planes (P < 0.01), and a surrounding hypoechoic halo (P < 0.05) were significantly more common in dogs with interdigital abscesses secondary to migrating grass awns. A cut-off value of 0.83 cm for the length of the main multilinear element provided a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 87% in the diagnosis of a migrating grass awn. Findings supported prioritizing a differential diagnosis of interdigital abscesses secondary to grass awns in dogs with these ultrasonographic characteristics., (© 2023 The Authors. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Radiology.)

Abstract Objective Nasal vestibular furunculosis (NVF) is characterized by an acute localized infection of the hair follicle in the skin lining of the nasal vestibule. This study provides an up‐to‐date narrative analysis on NVF, its presentation, complications and management. Methods A literature search was conducted electronically with no time constraints using “Nasal Vestibular Furuncolosis” or “NVF” through Medline, Cochrane Library and Web of Science, including MeSH terms with no language restrictions. Included were: Studies that described NVF's presentation and subsequent management and excluded were: Irrelevant studies that did not provide details about NVF's presentation or management, furthermore studies that alluded to Nasal vestibulitis without furunculosis were excluded. There were no limitations on time, up until the review was commenced in May 2020. Results Seven articles complied with the inclusion criteria. All papers reviewed were from 2015 to 2020. Three out of 4 studies reported duration of symptomatic NVF between 3 and 4 days. The most common presentation of NVF was reported as erythema, swelling, tender over the nasal tip. The most frequent, successful management of NVF frequently included intranasal topical mupirocin and in some cases oral sodium fusidate. NVF was reported to clear within 7 days by 2 studies. There were no randomised studies exploring NVF or NVF management. Conclusion Although a very common condition, much research is required to allude to the pathophysiology and management of NVF. Future studies should explore the reasons as to the resistance of topical antibiotics in some patients, the differing strains of staphylococcus aureus and their resulting complications, the reasons behind the familiar connection and the most effective management plan for NVF.

Introduction: recurrent furunculosis consists of the sequential appearance of several boils in the patient over a period of months or years. Most cases are attributable to Staphylococcus aureus. Objective: to identify genetic susceptibility in individuals affected by recurrent furunculosis according to the true familial aggregation of the disease in a group of families with affected individuals. Methods: through an analytical study of a cross-sectional reconstructed through a family strategy design, the information obtained from 132 patients aged three to 74 years and 43 healthy adults with no personal history of furunculosis in five municipalities of the Province of Villa Clara was analyzed. 2019 and 2022. Family aggregation was established using two different criteria. The variables were analyzed in accordance with their nature and the objectives of the study. Results: true family aggregation was identified for both criteria, both for all relatives and for specific degrees of relationship, as well as the risk of furunculosis possessed by blood relatives of sick people. Conclusions: the existence of other family members with the disease underlies the susceptibility to recurrent furunculosis in the individuals studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish culture accounts for about 40 percent of the total protein intake of households in Nigeria. However, disease outbreaks have negatively affected the growth of the aquaculture subsector in the absence of measures targeted at effective disease prevention and control. Between the 9th and 14th of March 2023, a suspected outbreak of furunculosis in cultured Clarias gariepinus was reported at a backyard fishpond in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Clinical symptoms seen on affected fishes were furuncles on the skin, bleeding sores (ulcers) on the dorsal, anal fins, mouth of the fish, and exophthalmos. A retrospective and prospective disease investigation was conducted by reviewing case history, sources of fish, hatchery records, stocking density, water quality, sources of breeding stock and treatment regimen. The samples collected were whole fish (fresh carcasses) packaged in a Giostyle and a sample of pond water for laboratory analysis. Mortality was 2%, P.H of pond water was 7.3 (6.5-9) dissolved oxygen (D.O) in pond water was 8.2 ppm (5-20 ppm). The farmer introduced new stock of catfish into the pond from an adjoining farm without proper quarantine measures. This apparently healthy stock was suspected to be the source of the primary infection. Tissue samples from fish tested positive by fluorescent antibody test (FAT) for Aeromonas species and gave an apple green sheen on microscopy. We recommend that fish farmers should ensure proper quarantine of new stock before introducing the same into their fishponds. Prophylaxis with tetracycline may reduce the chances of disease outbreaks. Ensure pond hygiene and eliminate water lice, which could serve as intermediate hosts for Aeromonas salmonicida in the pond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical and paraclinical investigations (morpho-pathologic, bacterioscopic, bacteriologic and sensitiveness test to antibodies) done on 20 fish (rainbow trout), dead or in agony state, taken from a furunculosis pesthole in Salmonidae and proceeded from an intensive exploitation unit of trout, in Cluj county, put in evidence the following aspects :To clinical exam, in breeding basins, it appears individuals (5 %) which have presented locomotor troubles, listless and untidy swimming in water surface, lateral swimming anorexia, and on tegument it is observed diffuse hemorrhagic zones, lost of fish scale and necrosis of fins. It appears also secondary infections with fungi of Saprolegnia genus under the form of a white- dirty, downy film. From the 20 trut corpses were isolated 2 bacterial strains, from anterior kidney and from raclage in fin basis, with congestive lesions. Bacteria isolated are developing only after an incubation at 20 – 250 C and does not grow up to 370 C, and to microscopic exam directly from sauce, the mobility is absent Classic biochemical tests put in evidence the following positive biochemic properties: cataloze, oxidaze, indolal and the presence of hemolytic activity. Biochemical properties testing on API20E gallery also puts in evidence properties as : positive gelatinousis and sucraze fermentation. Based on bacterial strains development isolated only to 20 - 25 0C and the above mentioned biochemic properties, respectively the absence of pigment, bacterial strains isolated are appointed in Aeromonas genus, Aeromonas salmonicida species, achromogenes subspecies. By sensitiveness test in different medicine substances, using antibiogram technique, bacterial strains isolated from pesthole are sensitive in a decreasing order to: nalidixic acid, oxitetracycline, florfenicol and eurofloxacin and resistant to ampicyline, amoxiclav and colistin.

In the present study, the modulation of the transcriptional immune response (microarray analysis) in the head kidney (HK) of the anadromous fish Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) fed a diet supplemented with an olive fruit extract (AQUOLIVE ® ) was evaluated. At the end of the trial (133 days), in order to investigate the immunomodulatory properties of the phytogenic tested against a bacterial infection, an in vivo challenge with Aeromonas salmonicida was performed. A total number of 1,027 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (805 up- and 222 downregulated) were found when comparing the transcriptomic profiling of the HK from fish fed the control and AQUOLIVE ® diets. The HK transcripteractome revealed an expression profile that mainly favored biological processes related to immunity. Particularly, the signaling of i-kappa B kinase/NF-kappa and the activation of leukocytes, such as granulocytes and neutrophils degranulation, were suggested to be the primary actors of the innate immune response promoted by the tested functional feed additive in the HK. Moreover, the bacterial challenge with A . salmonicida that lasted 12 days showed that the cumulative survival was higher in fish fed the AQUOLIVE ® diet (96.9 ± 6.4%) than the control group (60.7 ± 13.5%). These results indicate that the dietary supplementation of AQUOLIVE ® at the level of 0.15% enhanced the systemic immune response and reduced the A . salmonicida cumulative mortality in Atlantic salmon smolts., Competing Interests: JQ and JP are current NATAC BIOTECH S.L. employers. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Salomón, Furones, Reyes-López, Tort, Firmino, Esteban, Espinosa Ruíz, Quintela, Pinilla-Rosas, Vallejos-Vidal and Gisbert.)

India has a long history of using sudation therapy and oil massage as Ayurvedic treatments. However, nothing is known about its side effects, and just two studies have identified side effects as cutaneous adverse drug reactions brought on by Ayurvedic oil massage. We are presenting the example of a 72-year-old adult man who visited our hospital and had his right knee massaged with Nirgudi oil followed by sudation therapy. Erythema, papules, itchiness, and scorching pain were some of his symptoms. However, these sensations only partially abated once we quit sudation therapy. Our investigation demonstrates that a Nirgudi oil massage or sudation causes the skin reaction associated with furunculosis. This case report illustrates the necessity of being aware of Panchakarma-related consequences and suggests that medical practitioners, patients, and product makers take into account the likelihood of such a reaction following Nirgudi oil massage and sudation therapy as a precaution.

Previously, Aeromonas sobria and A. salmonicida were identified to be the most prevalent species in salmonid farms in Korea. In this study, we evaluated the biochemical characteristics, antibiotic susceptibility and pathogenicity of A. salmonicida (3 isolates) and A. sobria (8 isolates) isolated from salmonids, and further investigated efficacy of A. salmonicida vaccine. In antibiotic susceptibility test, all of A. sobria isolates were resistant to amoxicillin and ampicillin. Six A. sobria and two A. salmonicida isolates were resistant to oxytetracycline. In challenge test, A. sobria isolates exhibited low pathogenicity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) while one A. salmonicida isolate showed high pathogenicity with LD 50 of 6.4 × 10 3  CFU/fish in rainbow trout and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Among virulence factors, secretion apparatus (ascV and ascC) and transcription regulatory protein (exsA) of type 3 secretion system and A-layer protein genes were differentially detected in DNA or cDNA of A. salmonicida isolates, indicating their contribution to the pathogenicity. A formalin-killed vaccine of highly pathogenic A. salmonicida isolate exhibited a protective effect with relative survival rate of 81.8% and 82.9% at 8 weeks and 16 weeks post-vaccination, respectively, in challenge test., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Furunculosis, which is caused by Aeromonas salmonicida, can induce septicemia, leading to the rapid death of fishes belonging to Salmonidae, Cyprinidae, and Fuscheridae, and lamprey. Targeting A. salmonicida, five DNAzyme sequences with the highest enrichment rates were selected through the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX). The enrichment rates were 34.78, 23.60, 8.91, 2.89, and 2.34%, respectively. The DNAzyme with the highest activity, named D-AS-2, showed specificity and sensitivity. D-AS-2 was combined with carboxyl-functionalized graphene to construct a biosensor, which showed good fluorescence response to scabies lesion samples. The diagnostic procedure was completed in

Interdigital furunculosis is a common multifactorial, inflammatory disease of the canine interdigital skin in which lesions commonly become secondarily infected. Fluorescence biomodulation (FBM) administered twice weekly has shown to effectively control clinical manifestation as adjunct therapy to systemic antibiotic. Since twice weekly regimen could be unaffordable for some pet owners, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of once weekly application of FBM in combination with systemic antibiotic on clinical manifestations of canine interdigital pyoderma, comparing the results to those present in literature. Twelve dogs diagnosed with interdigital pyoderma received antibiotic plus once weekly FBM application. Dogs were scored until complete healing based on global lesion score and neutrophil engulfing bacterial score. The results obtained demonstrated that once weekly application of FBM exerts the same beneficial effect on interdigital furunculosis healing as per twice weekly, indicating that once weekly regimen is well tolerated and is yielding similar results to twice weekly applications.

Furunculosis in renal transplant recipients may be associated with increased morbidity. With the aim to study the presentation, morbidity, and risk factors for furunculosis, this observational study was conducted at the Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, between January to December 2014. All patients with furuncles or abscesses were included. The clinical presentation and risk factors were recorded. A morbidity scale of 0 and 1 was made on the basis of hospital stay for ≥7 days, bacteraemia, large abscesses and repeated furunculosis. Out of 38 patients, 29 (76%) had large abscesses and 9 (24%) had furuncles, with gluteal region being the most common site. Twelve (32%) had severe disease; 29 (76%) had morbidity scale of ≥1. High dose immunosuppression was significantly associated with severe disease while repeated furunculosis had significantly more risk factors. Furunculosis is a severe disease with high morbidity in renal transplant recipients and more studies are needed on skin colonisation and preventive strategies.

Programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) is one of the major immune checkpoints. Due to the lack of reports on PD-1- and PD-L1-positive lymphocyte proportions in patients with recurrent furunculosis, we aimed to evaluate percentages of those cells in the peripheral blood and to assess their correlations with other lymphocyte subsets, and the level of cell activation measured by the expression of CD25 and CD69 molecules on T lymphocytes. We recruited 30 patients with recurrent furunculosis and 15 controls. The amount of 5 mL of peripheral blood was collected for laboratory tests. Patients with chronic furunculosis presented with the similar number of lymphocytes, CD4 + T lymphocytes, CD8 + CD3 + T suppressor lymphocytes, and CD19  +  B lymphocytes to controls, but significant differences were found between subpopulation of those cells. Furunculosis patients had the significantly elevated percentage of lymphocytes with PD-1 and PD-L1 on their surface. Early onset of furunculosis was correlated with a higher percentage of CD19 + PD1 B lymphocytes. Greater number of skin lesions correlated with a decrease in the CD4PDL1+ cells, which subsequently was associated with an increase in the percentage of Treg cells, NKT cells, CD8 + CD3 + lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. Changes in the proportion of immune cells may lead to reduced inflammatory reactions in patients with recurrent furunculosis. In the light of mechanisms of S. aureus invasion, the degree of immune impairments in the scope of adaptive immunity seems to play a significant role in the course of furunculosis. PD-1 and PD-L1 molecules change the host response and affect the ongoing inflammatory process., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

With respect to salmonid aquaculture, one of the most important bacterial pathogens due to high mortality and antibiotic usage is the causative agent of typical furunculosis, Aeromonas salmonicida spp. salmonicida ( Asal ). In Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar , the host response during infections with Asal is well-documented, with furunculosis outbreaks resulting in significant mortality in commercial settings. However, less is known about the host-pathogen interactions in the emerging aquaculture species, Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus . Furthermore, there is no data on the efficacy or response of this species after vaccination with commonly administered vaccines against furunculosis. To this end, we examined the immunological response of S. alpinus during infection with Asal , with or without administration of vaccines (Forte Micro®, Forte Micro® + Renogen®, Elanco Animal Health). Artic charr (vaccinated or unvaccinated) were i.p.-injected with a virulent strain of Asal (10 6 CFUs/mL) and tissues were collected pre-infection/post-vaccination, 8, and 29 days post-infection. Unvaccinated Arctic charr were susceptible to Asal with 72% mortalities observed after 31 days. However, there was 72-82% protection in fish vaccinated with either the single or dual-vaccine, respectively. Protection in vaccinated fish was concordant with significantly higher serum IgM concentrations, and following RNA sequencing and transcriptome assembly, differential expression analysis revealed several patterns and pathways associated with the improved survival of vaccinated fish. Most striking was the dramatically higher basal expression of complement/coagulation factors, acute phase-proteins, and iron hemostasis proteins in pre-challenged, vaccinated fish. Remarkably, following Asal infection, this response was abrogated and instead the transcriptome was characterized by a lack of immune-stimulation compared to that of unvaccinated fish. Furthermore, where pathways of actin assembly and FcγR-mediated phagocytosis were significantly differentially regulated in unvaccinated fish, vaccinated fish showed either the opposite regulation (ForteMicro®), or no impact at all (ForteMicro®Renogen®). The present data indicates that vaccine-induced protection against Asal relies on the pre-activation and immediate control of humoral immune parameters that is coincident with reduced activation of apoptotic (e.g., NF-κB) and actin-associated pathways.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the severest and most persistent bacterial pathogens. The most frequent S. aureus infections include impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, furunculosis, abscesses, hidradenitis suppurativa, and mastitis. S. aureus produces a great variety of cellular and extracellular factors responsible for its invasiveness and ability to cause pathological lesions. Their expression depends on the growth phase, environmental factors, and location of the infection. Susceptibility to staphylococcal infections is rooted in multiple mechanisms of host immune responses and reactions to bacterial colonization. Immunological and inflammatory processes of chronic furunculosis are based on the pathogenicity of S. aureus as well as innate and acquired immunity. In-depth knowledge about them may help to discover the whole pathomechanism of the disease and to develop effective therapeutic options. In this review, we focus on the S. aureus-host immune interactions in the pathogenesis of recurrent furunculosis according to the most recent experimental and clinical findings., (© 2019 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

In this study, Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the causative agent of furunculosis in 64 (27.5%) out of 233 Iraqi patients presented with furunculosis. 16SrRNA gene was located in all isolates. Nevertheless, mecA and lukS-lukF genes were located in 60% and 4% of S. aureus isolates, respectively. Interestingly, the lukSlukF carrying S. aureus isolates were mecA positive as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpinia officinarum is a representative of the Zingiberaceae family, which is known for its wide use in the food and pharmaceutical industries also due to its precious pharmacological potential. The major aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of thermal treatment on the composition of the rhizome of Alpinia officinarum and its antioxidant activity. The fresh rhizome was subjected to various thermal treatment processes-boiling, frying and microwave heating during various time intervals-and their composition and antioxidant activity were determined using chromatographic (HPLC - High Performance Liquid Chromatography and HPLC-MS - High Performance Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry) and spectrophotometric (DPPH and TPC - Total Phenolic Content) methods. Pinobanksin was the main compound found in the extract of the fresh rhizome (537.79 mg/kg), followed by galangin (197.7 mg/kg) and zingerone (185.5 mg/kg). The effect of thermal treatment on the rhizome composition was varied. In general, thermal processing significantly decreased the content of active compounds in the rhizome. However, there were some exceptions-boiling for 4 min significantly increased the content of pinobanksin (1162.4 mg/kg) and galangin (280.7 mg/kg), and microwave processing for 4 min increased the content of pinocembrin (213 mg/kg). It was found that boiling and microwave treatment significantly increased the antioxidant activity of the processed rhizomes.

Nasal vestibular furunculosis is a common bacterial skin infection among the general population mostly affecting adults and children.It is characterized by acute localized infection of hair follicle in the skin lining of the nasal vestibule caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Immunodeficiency also plays an important role in recurrent skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) including Nasal furunculosis. Though, the lesion is small, it is extremely painful and tender. Treatment is mostly conservative which consists of warm compresses, analgesics to relieve pain, topical and systemic antibiotics directed against staphylococcus. With rapidly increasing resistance to antibacterial agents, management of these bacterial infections is becoming increasingly difficult. In Ayurveda, it can be correlated with Nāsāruṇaśikhā (Nasal furunculosis). Morphologically, it appears like pīḍikā (Furuncle) which is characterized by Rāgayuktaśotha (inflammation with reddening. Jalaukāvacaraṇa (Leech therapy) is one of the ancient and important parasurgical procedures described in Ayurveda for treatment of various diseases. In this case, a leech has been applied at the affected area. After leech treatment, throbbing pain was reduced in its intensity followed by gradual reduction in swelling and reddening in two days.This case suggests the utility of leech application in Nasal vestibular furunculosis.

With respect to salmonid aquaculture, one of the most important bacterial pathogens due to high mortality and antibiotic usage is the causative agent of typical furunculosis, Aeromonas salmonicida spp. salmonicida (Asal). In Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, the host response during infections with Asal is well-documented, with furunculosis outbreaks resulting in significant mortality in commercial settings. However, less is known about the host-pathogen interactions in the emerging aquaculture species, Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus. Furthermore, there is no data on the efficacy or response of this species after vaccination with commonly administered vaccines against furunculosis. To this end, we examined the immunological response of S. alpinus during infection with Asal, with or without administration of vaccines (Forte Micro®, Forte Micro® + Renogen®, Elanco Animal Health). Artic charr (vaccinated or unvaccinated) were i.p.-injected with a virulent strain of Asal (106 CFUs/mL) and tissues were collected pre-infection/post-vaccination, 8, and 29 days post-infection. Unvaccinated Arctic charr were susceptible to Asal with 72% mortalities observed after 31 days. However, there was 72–82% protection in fish vaccinated with either the single or dual-vaccine, respectively. Protection in vaccinated fish was concordant with significantly higher serum IgM concentrations, and following RNA sequencing and transcriptome assembly, differential expression analysis revealed several patterns and pathways associated with the improved survival of vaccinated fish. Most striking was the dramatically higher basal expression of complement/coagulation factors, acute phase-proteins, and iron hemostasis proteins in pre-challenged, vaccinated fish. Remarkably, following Asal infection, this response was abrogated and instead the transcriptome was characterized by a lack of immune-stimulation compared to that of unvaccinated fish. Furthermore, where pathways of actin assembly and FcγR-mediated phagocytosis were significantly differentially regulated in unvaccinated fish, vaccinated fish showed either the opposite regulation (ForteMicro®), or no impact at all (ForteMicro®Renogen®). The present data indicates that vaccine-induced protection against Asal relies on the pre-activation and immediate control of humoral immune parameters that is coincident with reduced activation of apoptotic (e.g., NF-κB) and actin-associated pathways.

Aeromonas salmonicida , a Gram-negative bacterium, causes the disease furunculosis in multiple fish species. We present the complete genome sequence of the atypical A. salmonicida strain T30, which was isolated from furunculosis in sablefish in Manchester, WA, USA. Analyzing this genome will help to identify the bacterium's role in marine aquaculture., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis represents cyclical, pruritic eruptions of variable morphology of lesions corresponding to upsurge of the levels of progesterone in second half of the menstrual cycle. Eczematous, urticarial, target lesions are the most common manifestations, though unrelatable presentations like fixed drug eruption, anaphylactic shock, purpuric lesions, and acute generalized pustules are also reported in the literature. The authors report a case of a 38-year-old woman who first presented to our OPD with gravida 2, para 2, 32 weeks of gestation, being treated for recurrent furunculosis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with antibiotics. Biopsy of the lesions for histopathology and direct immunofluorescence was suggestive of furunculosis. The patient was reviewed 1.5-year after delivery and emphasized on history of premenstrual flare-ups and flare-up during third trimester of first pregnancy as well. Based on consolidating history by the patient, intradermal progesterone test conducted with progesterone 50 mg/ml showed a wheal and flare response of 18 mm as opposed to 3 mm of negative control. The patient was advised oral contraceptives containing desogestrel-ethinyl estradiol, after which the patient reported significant long-lasting improvement, preventing relapses premenstrually every month. This case highlights the versatile clinical presentation of autoimmune progesterone dermatitis, but consistent history of premenstrual flare-up with positive intradermal progesterone test helps in confirming the diagnosis and providing targeted treatment by temporary or permanent cessation of ovulation, resulting in cessation of apprehended flare-ups.

Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is a Gam-negative bacterium responsible for furunculosis in fish. Because this aquatic bacterial pathogen has a rich reservoir of antibiotic-resistant genes, it is essential to investigate antibacterial alternatives, including the use of phages. Yet, we have previously demonstrated the inefficiency of a phage cocktail designed against A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strains due to a phage resistance phenotype associated to a prophage, namely Prophage 3. To bypass this resistance, one of the solutions is to isolate novel phages capable of infecting Prophage 3-bearing strains. Here we report on the isolation and characterization of the new virulent phage vB&#95;AsaP&#95;MQM1 (or MQM1), which is highly specific to A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strains. Phage MQM1 inhibited the growth of 01-B516, a strain carrying Prophage 3, including when combined to the previous phage cocktail. MQM1 infected 26 out of the 30 (87%) Prophage 3-bearing strains tested. Its linear dsDNA genome contains 63,343 bp, with a GC content of 50.2%. MQM1 genome can encode 88 proteins and 8 tRNAs, while no integrase or transposase-encoding genes were found. This podophage has an icosahedral capsid and a non-contractile short tail. We suggest that MQM1 may be a good addition to future phage cocktails against furunculosis to resolve the Prophage 3-resistance issue., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Oranda goldfish is an ornamental fish that developed worldwide. This industry faces serious problems such as Aeromonas salmonicida infection (furunculosis). Alternative therapy is required to be developed. One of them is using desert rose (Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult.). This study aimed to elucidate the potency of desert rose flower extract (DRFE) against artificially induced furunculosis in oranda goldfish. The desert rose was extracted and its quercetin content was analyzed. Sixty oranda goldfish were used as a model. Fish were separated into I (healthy); II (infected); III (infected + 55 ppm ciprofloxacin); IV (infected + 1,000 ppm DRFE); V (infected + 2,000 ppm DRFE); VI (infected + 4,000 ppm DRFE). The therapy was given 5-days. On day six, the fish's blood and organs were collected. The samples were tested against haematology, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. The data were analyzed by SPSS26. The results showed that DRFE contained quercetin (5.32±0.18%). The DRFE has potential benefits as healing promoters against furunculosis in oranda goldfish. It is indicated by significant differences in parameters: erythrocytes, haemoglobin, PCV, erythrocyte indices, leucocytes, differential leucocytes, histopathology, serology, and immune-expression of CD4+, CD8+, and ratio CD4+/CD8+ compared to the infected group (P=0.05). The most significant concentration of DRFE was 4,000 ppm and it has no differences compared to 55 ppm ciprofloxacin (P=0.05). The DRFE can be used as the alternative treatment against artificially induced furunculosis in oranda goldfish and it must be explored further against another type of bacterial infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To assess the efficacy of combination therapy of clindamycin and rifampicin in recurrent furunculosis. Methods This study was conducted at the outpatient Department of Dermatology (Khalifa Gul Nawaz teaching hospital MTI, Bannu, Bannu Medical College) from December 2019 to December 2020. A total of 150 patients aged between 18 and 65 years of recurrent furunculosis were enrolled. Mupirocin 2 percent was applied on the lesions involving the nostrils, and anal region twice daily, and took oral 400mg tablet of metronidazole three times daily for 10 days. They were prescribed Clindamycin 300 mg twice daily and Rifampicin 600 mg OD for 10 days. The drug is considered efficacious if the patient had no episode of furuncles during a 2-3 month follow-up period. Results There were 74 patients in Group A and 76 in Group B. Patients in Groups A and B had 30 (40.54%) and 46 (60.52%) male patients and 44 (59.45%) and 30 (39.47%) female patients, respectively. Patients had five major sites of disease recurrence; face 31 (20.6%), neck 30 (20%), axilla 32 (21.3%), buttock 36 (24%) and groin in 21 (14%) patients. Conclusion It is concluded that combination therapy of clindamycin and Rifampicin in recurrent furunculosis is far better than a patient receiving no treatment for recurrent furunculosis. So, combination therapy of Clindamycin and Rifampicin should be considered a promising alternative for treating recurrent furunculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]