Incorporating Face-to-Face and Online Learning Features to Propose Blended Learning Framework for Post-COVID Classrooms in India

Purpose: This study examines learner readiness and satisfaction with blended learning systems in India's post-vaccine classrooms, focusing on the relationship between face-to-face (F2F), online learning (OL), and blended learning (BL) indicators and identifying which predictors within these systems most significantly affect learners' satisfaction (LS). Design/methodology/approach: An online survey was conducted with 451 students from both public and private universities in India. The data were analyzed using factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, followed by multiple regression to test the hypotheses. Findings: The findings reveal a significant positive correlation between learners' satisfaction and online learning and blended learning, with [beta] values of 28.3 and 27.2, bearing a p-value of 0.000. In contrast, face-to-face (F2F) learning was insignificant, with a [beta] value of 0.070 and a p-value of 0.119. These insights underscore the effectiveness of online and blended learning formats in enhancing learner satisfaction in higher education while also suggesting a re-evaluation of the role of traditional F2F learning methods. The research supports the integration of online learning in higher education due to its balanced mix of teacher-led and student-centered instruction, alongside the practical benefits of reduced travel costs and access to independent study resources. Practical implications: This study provides insights into student perceptions and attitudes towards blended learning in India's post-vaccine classrooms. It highlights the importance of tailoring blended learning strategies to meet colleges' and universities' diverse learning needs and goals in this evolving context. The findings serve as a valuable resource for educators and administrators, aiding in designing effective blended learning frameworks suited explicitly for higher education in India. Originality/value: While there is extensive literature on F2F, OL, and BL, limited research compares these learning approaches and their impact on learner satisfaction within the Indian higher education context. This study fills this gap by providing valuable insights for shaping educational strategies in India's post-vaccine classrooms.