'San Min' and Its Spencerian Origin

Purpose: The aim of this article is two-fold. First, it offers a unique account of "San Min," the prototype of the current Chinese educational principle proposed by Yan Fu (1854-1921) that aimed at improving people's physical, intellectual and moral capacities. This system of educational thinking has received only marginal attention in Anglophone research literature. Second, given the influence of Yan Fu's interpretation and promulgation of Herbert Spencer's educational philosophy during that period, it investigates the extent to which "San Min" is derived from Spencer's educational thought (the "Spencerian Triad"). This article focusses on how Yan Fu adapted the ideas of "San Min" from Spencer's account. Design/methodology/approach: This article considers Yan Fu's principle of "San Min" in relation to Spencer's educational triad through a close reading and comparison of key primary texts (including Yan Fu's original writing). It explores the similarities and differences between each account of education's goals and its proposed means of attainment. Findings: Yan Fu's principle of "San Min" is shown to have been adapted from the Spencerian Triad. However, using the theory of Social Organism, Yan Fu re-interpreted Spencer's individual liberty as liberty for the nation. While Spencer's goal was to empower individuals, Yan Fu aimed to serve collective independence, wealth and power. Originality/value: This article addresses oversights concerning "San Min's" Western origins in the Spencerian Triad and its influence on Chinese education under Yan Fu's sway. It is significant because San Min is still at the core of the current Chinese educational policy.