The Concept of Education ('Bildung') as a Cultural Heritage: Transcultural Traditions and Perspectives

This article is based on a theoretical study about the concept of Bildung in world society. The concept of "Bildung" (in German) refers to a special dimension of education. It focuses on personal development and self-education and is not utilitarian. The study, which investigated different traditions of thinking about education in the sense of "Bildung," begins with German and European educational theories from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Next, older Christian traditions in Europe, pre-Christian concepts in the European ancient world, and educational thinking in Judaism and the Islamic world were analyzed. Confucius was also examined as an educational thinker. Finally, the study investigated educational traditions in Buddhism and Hinduism. Findings clearly show that the ideas connected with this concept of "Bildung" are represented in different cultural traditions within and beyond Europe. The concept of "Bildung" seems to constitute a common cultural heritage of humankind since at least the Axial Age. This concept can therefore contribute to an overlapping consensus in world society as defined by John Rawls: a consensus endorsed by conflicting religious, philosophical, and moral doctrines--each from its own point of view.