TQM in Higher Education: What Does the Literature Say?

The implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) in an organization implies a fundamental change in the way that organization functions. Therefore an examination of the adoption of the TQM philosophy necessitates a review of the most significant and latest literature on change theory and on the impact of organizational culture on change, as well as a review of the historical development of TQM. The three major figures in the TQM movement are: W. Edwards Deming, originator of the Fourteen Points of TQM; Dr. J. M. Juran, author of the Juran Trilogy; and Philip B. Crosby, who outlined the "Four Absolutes of Quality Management." Undertaking any quality program calls for sweeping organizational changes. American corporations initiated TQM programs in response to falling market shares and educational institutions followed suit. TQM programs have been undertaken at Fox Valley Technical College in Wisconsin, Lamar Community College in Colorado, and the Maricopa County Community College District in Arizona. TQM principles have been applied to classroom management and curriculum reform. A survey of 22 higher education institutions beginning TQM programs found participants frustrated by resistance to change. Factors necessary for successful TQM adoption include the development of a long-range leadership team working towards a shared vision, institutional commitment, and the need for those affected by the changes to play a role in its design. Authorities agree there is great potential for TQM in higher education if properly implemented and given sufficient time. (KP)