Optimisation of electron irradiation for creating spin ensembles in hexagonal boron nitride

Boron vacancy centre ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>B</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) ensembles in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) have attracted recent interest for their potential as two-dimensional solid-state quantum sensors. Irradiation is necessary for <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>B</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> creation, however, to date only limited attention has been given to optimising the defect production process, especially in the case of bulk irradiation with high-energy particles, which offers scalability through the potential for creating ensembles in large volumes of material. Here we systematically investigate the effect of electron irradiation by varying the dose delivered to a range of hBN samples, which differ in their purity, and search for an optimum in measurement sensitivity. We find that moderate electron irradiation doses ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>≈</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mstyle scriptlevel="0"/> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>18</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> cm−2) appear to offer the best sensitivity, and also observe a dependence on the initial crystal purity. These results pave the way for the scalable and cost-effective production of hBN quantum sensors, and provide insight into the mechanisms limiting <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>B</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> spin properties.