Clinical Uses and Short-Term Safety Profile of Ethiodized Poppy Seed Oil Contrast Agent in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Anomalies and Tumors

BACKGROUND There is a sparsity of data on the use of ethiodized poppy seed oil (EPO) contrast agent (Lipiodol) in patients. We investigated the safety of EPO in children, adolescents, and some adults for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. METHODS All patients who underwent procedures with EPO between 1995 and 2014 were retrospectively included. Demographic characteristics, diagnosis, dose, route of administration, preparation of EPO in combination with other agents, and complications were recorded. RESULTS In 1422 procedures, EPO was used for diagnostic or treatment purposes performed in 683 patients. The mean patient age was 13.4 years (range: 2 months-50 years); 58% of patients were female. Venous malformations (n = 402, 58.9%) and arteriovenous malformations (n = 60, 8.8%) were the most common diagnosis. Combined vascular anomalies included capillary-lymphatic-venous malformations, fibroadipose vascular anomalies (n = 54, 7.9%), central conducting lymphatic anomalies (n = 31, 4.5%), lymphatic malformations (n = 24, 3.5%), aneurysmal bone cysts (n = 22, 3.2%), and vascularized tumors (n = 11, 1.6%). In 1384 procedures (96%), EPO was used in various combinations with sclerosing and embolization agents, including sodium tetradecyl sulfate, ethanol, and glue. The mean volume of EPO used in interventions was 3.85 mL (range: 0.1-25 mL) per procedure with a mean patient weight of 45.9 kg (range: 3.7-122.6 kg) and a weight-adjusted dose of 0.12 mL/kg (range: 0.001-1.73 mL/kg). In 56 procedures (4%), EPO was used as a single agent for diagnostic lymphangiography. The mean volume was 4.8 mL (range: 0.3-13 mL) per procedure with a mean patient weight of 27.4 kg (range: 2.4-79.3 kg) and a weight-adjusted dose of 0.2 mL/kg (range: 0.04-0.54 mL/kg). Procedural-related complications occurred in 25 (1.8%) procedures. The 20 minor and 5 major complications were related to the primary treatment agents. None of them were directly related to EPO. No allergic reactions were no