Health Educational Methods for Improving Self-Efficacy Among Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: A Scoping Review

Firman Sugiharto,1,* Hartiah Haroen,2,* Fania Putri Alya,1,* Ruth Jamlaay,1,* Freda Mai,1,* Hadi Abdillah,1,* Irma Yusanti,1,* Birry Assidiqy,1,* Aan Nuraeni3,* 1Master Study Program, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia; 2Department of Community Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia; 3Department of Emergency and Critical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Firman Sugiharto, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Ir. Soekarno KM. 21, Hegarmanah, Jatinangor, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia, Tel +6282218235600, Fax +6202287793411, Email firman17001@mail.unpad.ac.idBackground: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with higher prevalence in low and middle-income countries. Self-efficacy (SE) is an essential element that affects a patients ability to manage their care, and low SE levels in patients with CHD can lead to poor health outcomes and quality of life. Planning suitable methods to improve SE in CHD patients is essential.Purpose: This review explores health education methods to improve SE in patients with CHD.Methods: Scoping review is reported based on the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). A literature search was conducted using relevant keywords from six primary databases, such as CINAHL Plus with Full Text and Academic Search Complete, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Taylor and Francis, and one search engine, Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria were full-text articles in English that were accessible, research articles with experimental designs. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist, and data synthesis was used thematically with an explorative