Agronomic adaptations to heat stress: sowing summer crops early in late winter

CONTEXT: Summer crops are exposed to heat and drought stresses at critical stages during and after flowering, and their intensity and frequency are likely to increase with climate change. Agronomic stress avoidance offers the opportunity to temporally separate critical crop stages from heat and drought events, though it might require sowing cold sensitive summer crops early in late winter into colder than recommended soil temperatures. There is a need to understand how cold is too cold to sow summer crops early in late winter as well as what are the yield benefits and risks. OBJECTIVE: Here we quantify the likely benefits and trade-offs of sowing sorghum, a summer cereal, early in late winter as an adaptation to the increased frequency and intensity of heat and water stresses during flowering and grain filling.