3D semantic segmentation of indoor and outdoor scenes

3D semantic segmentation is an indispensable cornerstone for thorough 3D scene understanding, and it faces different challenges in indoor and outdoor scenes due to their respective characteristics. In indoor scenes, objects are densely placed and have various structures, which brings two major challenges for 3D semantic segmentation: 1. how to generate accurate and clear segmentation boundaries; 2. how to extract surface information from complex and irregular geometries. Compared with indoor scenes, outdoor scenes have much larger scanning ranges perceiving millions of points, posing a fundamental question for 3D semantic segmentation: how to effectively label outdoor scene datasets. This thesis presents three methods that aim to address the above challenges. To address the first challenge in indoor scenes, we introduce the task of semantic edge detection to the 3D field. It serves as the dual task of 3D semantic segmentation and focuses on the segmentation boundaries. We adopt the idea of complementary learning and present JSENet, a novel joint learning framework that brings significant improvements to the segmentation boundaries of indoor scenes by explicitly exploiting the duality between the two tasks. Further, to address the second challenge of extracting surface information from complex and irregular geometries of objects in indoor scenes, we adopt the often-overlooked mesh representation in which valuable geodesic information of geometric surfaces is naturally embedded. We propose VMNet, a novel deep architecture that operates on voxel and mesh representations simultaneously. By leveraging both the Euclidean information embedded in voxels and the geodesic information embedded in meshes, for indoor scenes, we develop a geodesic-aware 3D semantic segmentation method that generates accurate segmentation results on complex geometries. Finally, to address the third challenge in outdoor scenes, we study the task of label-efficient 3D semantic segmentation. Outdoor